soft skills pdf Flashcards
What is pseudoscience?
A claim, belief, or practice presented as scientific but lacking adherence to valid scientific methods, supporting evidence, or scientific status.
Example: astrology
Name the four classifications of science.
- Formal Science
- Empirical Science
- Cultural Science
- Humanities Science
Examples include: Mathematics (Formal), Geography (Empirical), Economics (Cultural), Music (Humanities)
What is the purpose of hypothetical research?
To test specific hypotheses or research questions.
It starts with a clear hypothesis based on existing theories.
What is the starting point of exploratory research?
Limited existing knowledge or theories on the topic.
It does not start with a hypothesis.
What data collection methods are used in hypothetical research?
Focused on testing the hypothesis or answering the research question.
Methods include experiments and surveys.
What is the goal of exploratory research?
To generate insights, identify patterns, and form initial hypotheses or research questions.
It aims for a broader understanding of a topic.
True or False: Hypothetical research is also known as inductive research.
False
Hypothetical research is known as deductive research.
What are the expected findings of hypothetical research?
Specific answers or insights into a particular phenomenon.
It aims to confirm or refute a hypothesis.
Describe the structure of exploratory research.
Less structured and more flexible.
It allows for open-ended data collection methods.
Fill in the blank: Exploratory research collects data in a specific area and looks for _______.
[patterns or relationships in the data]
What is the difference between exploratory and hypothetical research in terms of their approach?
- Hypothetical research starts with a hypothesis
- Exploratory research does not start with a hypothesis
Hypothetical research tests existing theories while exploratory research seeks to discover new ideas.
What is hypothetical research?
Hypothetical research, also known as deductive research, starts with a hypothesis or theory and tests it through empirical observation and experimentation.
What is the goal of hypothetical research?
To confirm or refute a specific hypothesis or theory.
What is exploratory research?
Exploratory research, also known as inductive research, does not start with a hypothesis but collects data to look for patterns or relationships.
What is the goal of exploratory research?
To gain a better understanding of a topic or phenomenon.
Define ‘axiom’ in philosophy.
An axiom is a seemingly self-evident truth that cannot actually be proved.
What role do axioms play in formal sciences?
Axioms are starting points of a theory and are used to derive theorems by deduction.
Who is associated with the operational definition of paradigms?
Thomas S. Kuhn.
What is a paradigm in the context of science?
A commonly accepted set of beliefs, values, techniques, and methods that define a particular scientific discipline.
What are the three meanings of the term ‘science’?
- Knowledge and understanding of the natural world
- An institution consisting of people and objects aimed at gaining knowledge
- The totality of knowledge in a certain field.
What educational ideal did Wilhelm von Humboldt formulate regarding universities?
Unity of research and teaching.
What was Humboldt’s view on the role of teachers and university professors?
They should be advocates for the education of young people.
What did Humboldt believe was more important than strict vocational training?
The ability to think critically.
What is the concept of falsification in philosophy of science?
The idea that a scientific theory or hypothesis can be tested and potentially disproven by empirical evidence.
Who introduced the idea of falsifiability?
Karl Popper.
What is the primary goal of testing a hypothesis according to Karl Popper?
To prove that it is false.
Define deduction.
Conclusion from the general to the particular.
Provide an example of deduction.
All mammals are warm-blooded. A dog is a mammal. Therefore, the dog is warm-blooded.
Define induction.
Conclusion from the particular to the general.
Provide an example of induction.
I have observed five apples, and all of them are red. Therefore, I conclude that all apples are red.
Define abduction.
Reasoning based on the best possible explanation or inference.
Provide an example of abduction.
The pavement is wet, so it may have rained.
What is the deductive reasoning in the example provided?
All balls in the box are red; all balls on the table stem from the box; therefore, all balls on the table are red.
What is the inductive reasoning in the example provided?
All balls on the table are red; all balls on the table stem from the box; therefore, all balls in the box are red.
Diagram the following argument: (1) Everyone needs to understand how the structure of language can affect the way we think. (2) But since this is difficult to appreciate in the case of our native language (3) It is valuable to study a foreign language.
(2) It is difficult to appreciate how language structure affects thinking in the case of our native language.
(1) However, everyone needs to understand how the structure of language can affect the way we think.
(3) Therefore, it is valuable to study a foreign language.
What argumentation pattern is exemplified by a student arguing that a score of 49% should be considered passing due to its closeness to 50%?
Sorites Paradox
Emphasizes the ‘infinitesimally’ small difference.
What reasoning pattern does the speaker use to justify purchasing a machine from an unknown producer?
Proleptic Reasoning
Anticipates a counter-argument about the unknown producer and justifies the choice based on quality.
What conclusion does the speaker draw from past economic crises to the Euro crisis?
Induction
Argues that all economic crises have been solved sustainably after structural changes.
What argumentation pattern is used when a company plans to increase its market share from 20% to 25%?
Program
Analyzes the current situation and proposes measures to achieve the target.
What statement does the speaker make regarding remote work?
Declaration
Proposes remote work one day a week and provides supporting reasons.
What logical fallacy is exemplified by the economist’s statement about the Great Depression?
Confirmation Bias
Confirmation of the conclusion without justification for a cause-effect relationship.
What fallacy is present in Angela Merkel’s statement about the eurozone bailout policy?
False Dilemma
Presents a situation as having only two options when there may be others.
What logical fallacy is involved when analyzing weak points of companies that entered the market three years ago?
Outcome Bias
Evaluation based on information that was not available at the time of decision.
What statistical fallacy is indicated by the statement regarding elderly people using personal computers?
Stage Migration
‘Migrating’ sample as younger individuals age.
What emotional fallacy is associated with the suggestion to demolish Berlin’s Olympic stadium?
Emotional and Actionist Distractions
Reference to emotions related to its construction under the Nazi regime.
What illusion of attribution is demonstrated by avoiding discussion on corporate strategy to avoid trouble?
Omission Bias
Doing nothing also means doing something.
What is a key strategy for making a good impression in a job interview related to communication?
Visualization of words
Using vivid and descriptive language to engage the interviewer.
What skill is highlighted by showcasing multiple options during a job interview?
Critical Thinking
Demonstrates the ability to provide innovative solutions.
What is an important aspect of active listening during a job interview?
Engagement
Maintaining eye contact and asking clarifying questions.
What is a critical non-verbal communication aspect during an interview?
Body Language
Positive body language, including eye contact and good posture.
What does para-verbal communication include that can impact interview perception?
Tone of voice
Intonation, dialect, and sociolect also influence how responses are perceived.
