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SOCY 210 > SOCY 210 Final > Flashcards

SOCY 210 Final Flashcards

1
Q

Two Common Realities: Experimental and Agreement

A

Experimental Reality
The things we know from direct experience
Agreement Reality
Things we consider real because we have been told they are real, and the majority seem to agree

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2
Q

Empirical

A

Based on, concerned with or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic

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3
Q

The Role of Science

A

Science offers a special approach to discovering reality through experience

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4
Q

Agreement Reality

A

Tradition
Things that are known through an accumulated body of knowledge

Authority
Trusting the judgement of someone believed to have special expertise

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5
Q

Population

A

All possible cases that represent what you are interested in studying

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6
Q

Sample

A

A subset of a population

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7
Q

Common Errors Made in Casual Observation

A

Inaccurate observation
Overgeneralization
Selective observation
Illogical reasoning

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8
Q

A scientific understanding of the world must…

A

Provide an understanding of reality that makes sense (logic - theory)

Correspond to what we empirically observe

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9
Q

Theoretical Approach

A

Inductive
Moves from the specific to the general
From a set of observations to the discovery of a pattern among them

Deductive
Moves from the general to the specific
From a theoretically expected pattern to observations that test the presence of the pattern

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10
Q

Purpose of Research: Description

A

Observe and describe the scope of a problem or policy response
Describe the characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied

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11
Q

Purpose of Research: Explanation

A

A researcher has an explanatory purpose if they want to learn about causal relationships between variables
Accounting for events that have occurred in the past

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12
Q

Science

A

Causal reasoning
Recognition that future circumstances are rooted or conditioned by present ones

Probabilistic reasoning
The idea that effects occur more often when causes are absent

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13
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Tendency to seek out and interpret information that supports one’s existing views

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14
Q

Gambler’s Fallacy

A

The mistaken belief that random events will “balance” out over time

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15
Q

Concrete Experience

A

Empirical experience of sensation
(Touch, taste, smell, etc. )

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16
Q

Percepts

A

Components of concrete experience

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17
Q

Abstract Experience

A

Imaginary experiences occurring in the mind

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18
Q

Concepts

A

Properties of objects that can change

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19
Q

Propositions

A

Ideas expressing the relationship between concepts

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20
Q

Values

A

Statements of what is preferable or desirable

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21
Q

Variables

A

Properties of objects that can change
E.g. Gender, blood type, social class

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22
Q

Attributes

A

Different scores that comprise a variable
E.g. Male, A, Middle

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23
Q

Constants

A

Properties that do not change across objects over

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24
Q

Relationship

A

A connection identified by a change in one thing being associated with a systematic change in another

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25
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Changes based on the independent variable
It is examined and explained

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26
Q

Independent Variable

A

Manipulated by researcher
Produces changes in dependent variables

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27
Q

Idiographic Explanation

A

Accounting that aims to understand or make sense of the multiple causes of a specific event

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28
Q

Nomothetic Explanation

A

Identifies a few common causes of a broad category of events

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29
Q

Pure Research

A

Investigations driven by curiosity and satisfied by understanding something previously unknown

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30
Q

Applied Research

A

Investigations directed toward insights to allow us to live more effectively or efficiently

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31
Q

Mixed Methods Research (MMR)

A

Research that combines quantitive and qualitative

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32
Q

Why Use MMR?

A

Triangulation
Advantage of using different methods to get multiple views
Uses different methods, observers or data sources
Compares different viewpoints and detects what they have in common

Offsetting Strengths and Weaknesses
Takes advantage of / compensates for differences
Experiments may not capture the contextual complexity of the real world

Complementarity
Can generate an understanding of different aspects of a phenomenon
These findings can be generated to more comprehensive conclusions
Seeks to increase meaningfulness and completeness of conclusions

Development
Findings can help shape or inform the findings of another method in order to strengthen and enrich results

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33
Q

MMR Notational System

A

Primary Method
Written in uppercase (QUAL or QUAN)
Secondary Method
Written in lowercase (qual or quan)
A plus sign indicates a concurrent/parallel design in which both approaches are employed simultaneously
An arrow indicates a sequential design in which one approach follows
If both methods are given equal priority, then they are both uppercase

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34
Q

Theory

A

A set of interrelated propositions providing a logical explanation of empirical regularities and used for understanding observed realities

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35
Q

Macro Theory

A

Deals with large, aggregate entities of society or even whole societies

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36
Q

Micro Theory

A

Deals with issues of social life at the levels of individuals and small groups

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37
Q

Paradigm

A

A theoretical perspective including a set of assumptions about reality that guide research questions

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38
Q

Hypothesis

A

An expectation about an empirical reality, based on theory, that can then be tested through research

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39
Q

The Traditional Model of Science – The Research Process

A

Conceptualization
Specifying the abstract concepts that make up a theory and the nature of the relationships at work

Operationalization
Specifying the observable indicators of the concepts under consideration

Observation
Look at the world systematically and observe our variables based on how we’ve operationalized them

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40
Q

Inductive and Grounded Theory

A

Identify theory for observations, as opposed to starting with theory
Inductive approaches sometimes build new social science theory
Grounded theory = a type of theory built based on observation

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41
Q

How Social Science is Related to Public Policy

A

Theory should guide research, and results from research should be used to develop policies
Policies are specified expectations about empirical reality, policies should be confirmed with research

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42
Q

Social Regularities

A

Represent probabilistic patterns
A general pattern does not have to be reflected 100% of the observable cases to be a pattern

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43
Q

Aggregate

A

The whole formed by combining disparate elements
Social scientists study social patterns (aggregate information), not individual ones

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44
Q

Two Categories of Ethical Obligations

A

Ethical obligations to subjects
Ethical obligations to the scientific community

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45
Q

Ethical Obligations to Subjects

A
  1. No harm
  2. Voluntary participation
  3. Anonymity/confidentiality
    Anonymity
    When a researcher ensures that information collected cannot be linked with the identity of subjects
  4. Confidentiality
    When a researcher can link information collected with the identity of a subject, but not publically
  5. Deception
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46
Q

Ethical Obligations to Scientific Community

A

Make shortcomings and/or negative findings known
Must tell the truth about pitfalls and problems experiences

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47
Q

Theories Function in 3 Ways

A
  1. Prevent being taken in by flukes
  2. Make sense of observed patterns and suggestions
  3. Shape and direct research efforts
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48
Q

Four Sociological Patterns

A
  1. Functionalism
    Macro
    Values
    A state of equilibrium
  2. Conflict Theory
    Macro
    Class inequality
    Elimination of privilege
  3. Symbolic Interactionism
    Micro
    Meaning
    Respect for and the validity of minority views
  4. Feminist Theory
    Micro and macro
    Patriarchy
    Elimination of gender inequality
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49
Q

Rationality

A

Criterion for assessing thinking in terms of its logical consistency

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50
Q

Reasonableness

A

A quality of mind that is open to new ideas and evidence

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51
Q

Objectivity

A

A series of observations with high intersubjective reliability

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52
Q

Positivism

A

Belief in an objective reality independent of human experience

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53
Q

Empirical Deduction

A

Logical process for transforming a theoretical proposition into a research hypothesis

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54
Q

Hypothesis Testing

A

Determining if expectations specified in a hypothesis are confirmed by empirical patterns

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55
Q

Framing a Research Hypothesis

A
  1. Indicators
  2. Hypothesis statement
  3. Falsifiability
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56
Q

Operational Definition

A

Specific steps of measuring abstract concepts at the concrete level

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57
Q

Measurement

A

The process of quantifying observations by assigning numbers to attributes composing a variable

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58
Q

Falsification

A

Criterion possible for empirical evidence to disconfirm a hypothesis

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59
Q

Axioms

A

Theoretical propositions that are assumed to be true

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60
Q

3 Core Principals of Research Ethics Boards (REBs)

A
  1. Respect for persons
    Consent
    Respect and production for autonomy
  2. Concern for welfare
    Quality of life
    Privacy and control of information about participants
  3. Justice
    Treating people fairly and equitably
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61
Q

Disclosure

A

Data that can be attributed to individual respondents are released

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62
Q

Types of Disclosure

A

Identity Disclosure
An Individual can be identified from the released output, leading to information being provided about the identified subject
Attribute Disclosure
When confidential information is revealed and can be attributed to an individual. It is not necessary for the individual to be identified/for a specific value to be given for attribute disclosure to occur
Residual Disclosure
When released information can be combined to obtain confidential data

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63
Q

Generability

A

The goal of research findings being applicable to as broad a population as possible

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64
Q

Debriefing

A

Interviewing subjects following their participation in a research project to ensure they’re fully informed and not harmed

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65
Q

Purpose of Research: Exploration

A

Explore a topic or to familiarize the researcher with that topic
Researcher examines a new interest/relatively new subject

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66
Q

Units of Analysis

A

The object of a study’s interest

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67
Q

Case

A

A specific object to which evidence refers, objects from which evidence is collected

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68
Q

Individual Data

A

Evidence gathered about cases that are about specific individuals

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69
Q

Aggregate Data

A

Evidence gathered about cases that are about a collection of individuals

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70
Q

Social Artifact

A

Product of human activity

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71
Q

3 Conditions for Casual Connection

A

Variables systematically change together
The independent variable changed before observed changes in the dependent variable
The observed relationship is authentic

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72
Q

Causes

A

Mechanisms or reasons leading to an outcome

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73
Q

Establishing Causality Criteria

A
  1. Variables are correlated
  2. Cause occurs before the effect
  3. Variable connection is a nonspurious
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74
Q

Ecological Fallacy

A

The reasoning error that occurs when conclusions about individuals are based solely on group observation

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75
Q

Exception Fallacy

A

The reasoning error occurs when conclusions about aggregates are drawn from individual cases

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76
Q

Criteria for Nomothetic Causality

A

Correlation/Association
Time Oder/Sequence
Nonspuriousness/Authenticity

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77
Q

Control Variable

A

A variable identifying the context for the relationship between independent and dependent variables

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78
Q

Control Variable

A

A variable identifying the context for the relationship between independent and dependent variables

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79
Q

Necessary Condition

A

Condition that must be present for a specific outcome to occur

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80
Q

Sufficient Condition

A

Condition that when present produces a specific outcome

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81
Q

Analytic Induction

A

Understanding events relies on grounding concepts in empirical observation and progressively sharpening them through iteration

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82
Q

Panel Attrition

A

Increasing participants’ unresponsiveness over time that reduces the accuracy of longitudinal changes

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83
Q

Cross-Sectional Study

A

A study based on observations representing single point in time

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84
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

A study design involving the collection of data at different points in time

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85
Q

Trend Study

A

A type of longitudinal study in which a given characteristic of some population is monitored over time

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86
Q

Cohort Study

A

A study in which some specific subpopulation or cohort is studied overtime. Although, data may be collected from different members in each set of observations

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87
Q

Panel Study

A

A type of longitudinal study in which data are collected from the same set of people at several points in time

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88
Q

Reflection

A

Mistake of treating a conceptual construction as something real

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89
Q

Specification

A

Process of clarifying the meaning of concepts

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90
Q

Conceptual Definitions

A

Meaning of an abstract term by expressing it in other abstract terms

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91
Q

Dimensions

A

A specifiable aspect or facet of conception

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92
Q

Tautology

A

Thinking error that claims to explain something by referring to itself

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93
Q

Exhaustive

A

Property of a variable ensuring all objects can be classified

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94
Q

Mutually Exclusive

A

Ensuring that every object can be classified into only one attribute

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95
Q

Nominal Measure

A

A variable whose attributes have only the characteristics of being jointly exhaustive and mutually exclusive

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96
Q

Ordinal Measure

A

A level of measurement describing a variable with attributes one can rank-order along some dimension

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97
Q

Interval Measure

A

A level of measurement describing a variable whose attributes are rank-ordered and have equal distances between adjacent attributes

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98
Q

Ratio Measure

A

A level of measurement describing a variable whose attributes have all the qualities of nominal, ordinal, and interval measures and in addition are based on a “true zero” point
E.g. Age

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99
Q

Precision

A

The property that refers to the fineness of measurement distinctions

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100
Q

Accuracy

A

Refers to the correctness of measurements

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101
Q

Reliability

A

That quality of measurement method that suggests that the same data would have been collected each time in repeated observations of the same phenomenon

Reliability Tests
Test-retest method
Split half method
Using established measures
Reliability of research workers

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102
Q

Validity

A

A term describing a measure that accurately reflects the concept it is intended to measure

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103
Q

Face Validity

A

That quality of an indicator that makes it seem a reasonable measure of some variable

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104
Q

Criterion-Related Validity

A

The degree to which a measure relates with some external criterion

105
Q

Construct Validity

A

The degree to which a measure relates to other variables as expected within a system of theoretical relationships

106
Q

Content Validity

A

The degree to which a measure covers the range of meanings included within a concept

107
Q

Internal Validity

A

The approximate truth of claims about the specific nature of a causal relationship

108
Q

External Validity

A

Related to generalizing study results
The degree to which the conclusions in your study would hold for others in other places at other times

109
Q

Index

A

A type of composite measure that combines multiple items that when aggregated, are intended to represent some more general dimension

110
Q

Scale

A

A type of composite measure composed of several items that have a logical or empirical structure among them

111
Q

Types of Experiments

A

Randomized Experiment
An experiment in which units are assigned to treatment or control conditions randomly

Quasi-Experiement
An experiment in which units are not assigned to conditions randomly

Natural
An experiment in which units are outside of control because of a naturally occurring event

112
Q

Experiment Settings

A

Laboratory
An experiment conducted under highly controlled, artificial conditions – not necessarily a laboratory
Field
An experiment conducted in real-world settings

113
Q

Confederate

A

Fake participant who is in on the study

114
Q

Double-Blind Experiment

A

Both subjects and experimenters do not know which subjects are in the experimental group or control group

115
Q

Dichotomous Variable

A

Variable that has two attributes

116
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

The presence of researchers affected the behaviour of the participants
Consists of any impact of research on the subject of study

117
Q
A
118
Q

Matching

A

Pairs of subjects are matched on the basis of their similarities on one or more variable – one is assigned to the experiment group while one is assigned to the control group

119
Q

External Invalidity

A

Refers to the possibility that conclusions drawn from experimental results may not be generalizable to the “real” world

120
Q

Pygmalion Effect

A

Differences in study outcomes attributable to the researcher’s expectations of participants

121
Q

Solomon 4 - Group Design

A

Adds experimental and control groups that skip pre-testing or post-testing as it may effect subjects

122
Q

Two Fundamental Approaches to Sampling

A

Probability sampling
Known population
Generalize from observed to unobserved cases
All cases have an equal chance of being selected

Non-probability sampling
When it is impossible to select a probability sample

123
Q

Challenges of Sampling

A

Random and systematic
they produce biased samples, patterns of mistakes are more common than others

Samples are more representative of the population if sample aggregate characteristics approximate population characteristics

124
Q

Purposive Sample

A

Sample on basis of your judgement and purpose of study
Ideal if members are easily identified
Target places relevant to research

125
Q

Snowball Sampling

A

Identifying a single or small number of subjects
Asking subjects to identify others like them who may be willing to participate in the study

126
Q

Quota Sampling

A

Creates a matrix that breaks down target population with key variables necessary to mimic qualities of the population
Selects a sample available from cases until quota in the matrix is filled
Selected through reliance on available subjects

127
Q

Non-Probability Sample

A

Goal is to understand selected collective

Doesn’t guard against sampling error

128
Q

Sample Element

A

Who or what is being studied

129
Q

Sample Statistic

A

The summary description of a given variable in the sample

129
Q

Population Parameter

A

The actual or assumed value for a given variable in the whole population

130
Q

Simple Random Sampling

A
  1. Identifying the sampling frame
  2. Determining a necessary sample size
  3. Each element is assigned a number
  4. Random number generation is used to select which element will be included in the sample
131
Q

Stratified Sampling

A

Method for obtaining a greater degree of representation

132
Q

Systematic Sampling

A

Pattern to the overall selection of elements
Every “n”th element is selected
First the element is selected randomly, with every “n” element selected in the list

133
Q

Multistage Cluster Sampling

A

Research may require selection from the population that is not easily listed
Involves a multistage approach with an initial sampling of groups of elements within each of the selected clusters
Involves listing and sampling

133
Q

Informat

A

Someone well versed in the social phenomenon that you wish to study and is willing to tell you what he or she knows

134
Q

Sampling Bias

A

Systematic error derived from using nonprobability samples that produces unrepresentative results

134
Q

Saturation

A

A sample principle used in qualitative studies that encourages adding cases until new insights are unlikely

135
Q

Equal Probability of Selection Method (EPSEM)

A

Each member of a population has the same chance of being selected into the sample

135
Q

Representativeness

A

A sample having the same distribution of characteristics as the population from it was selected

136
Q

Sampling Error

A

Discrepancy between characteristics of a probability sample and population

137
Q

Element

A

Unit of population is composed and which is selected in the sample

138
Q

Study Population

A

Aggregation of elements from which a sample is actually selected

138
Q

Sampling Unit

A

An element or set considered for selection in some stage of sampling

139
Q

Sampling Frame

A

List of units that make up a population from which a sample is selected

140
Q

Sampling Interval

A

The standard distance (k) between elements selected from a population sample

Sampling Interval = Population Size ➗Sample Size

141
Q

Sampling Ratio

A

Proportion of elements in the population that are selected to be in a sample

Sampling Ratio = Sample Size ➗Population Size

142
Q

Stratification

A

Grouping of units making up a population into homogenous groups before sampling

143
Q

PPS (Probability Proportionate to Size)

A

Multistage cluster sample, clusters are selected with probabilities proportionate to their sizes

144
Q

Weighting

A

Units selected with unequal probabilities are assigned weights in such manner to make the sample representative of the population

145
Q

Data From Agency Records

A

Agencies collect a vast amount of data that they are occasionally willing to share with researchers

146
Q

Secondary Analysis

A

Analyzing data previously collected by another researcher

147
Q

Content Analysis

A

Examining a class of social artifacts

148
Q

Unobtrusive

A

Already would exist independent of research

149
Q

Obtrusive

A

Changed the way things operate for research

150
Q

Non-Public Agency Records

A

Produce data not released to public
Will make non-public data available upon request

151
Q

Meta-Form Analysis

A

Combines results of multiple secondary data sources to access findings

152
Q

Advantages of Secondary Research

A

Cheaper and faster
Benefit from quality researchers’ skills
Access international data easily

153
Q

Disadvantages of Secondary Research

A

Validity and reliability concerns
Limited to what exists
Quality of data acquired may be low
May be recorded inconsistently and haphazardly

154
Q

Coding

A

How data is measured in content analysis
Classifying or categorizing individual pieces of data

155
Q

Open Coding

A

Going over content in its totality and looking for overarching themes
The original conceptualization of the qualitative evidence into meaningful categories

156
Q

Selective Coding

A

Involves looking for themes in the reduced versions of your data

157
Q

Manifest Content

A

Visible, surface content that is directly observable

158
Q

Latent Content

A

Underlying content meaning that is not directly observable

159
Q

Nonreactive Research

A

Methods of studying social behaviour without affecting it
Analysis of existing statistics
Secondary analysis
Content analysis
Comparative research

160
Q

Unobtrusive Online Research

A

Observing activities online

161
Q

Historical and Comparative Research

A

Venerable history in the social sciences
Qualitative
Observation and analyze historical records
Examination of societies overtime and in comparison with each other

162
Q

Deviant Case Testing

A

Examines outliers in comparison to typical cases to gain a sense of how generalized an insight is

163
Q

Analytic Induction

A

Searching for general insights by systematically looking for patterns among individual cases

164
Q

Discourse Analysis

A

Qualitative methods for examining texts to explore how meaning, knowledge and power are created and recreated in everyday experience

165
Q

Visual Sociology

A

Study of society, culture and social relationships through the analysis of audio-visual artifacts

166
Q

Strengths of Content Analysis

A

Time and money
No research staff
No equipment
Permits the study process over a long time

167
Q

Weaknesses of Content Analysis

A

Limited to recorded communications

168
Q

Non-Experimental Surveys

A

Provide insight on how people feel about social policy

169
Q

Item Construction Guidelines

A

Choose appropriate item formats
Make items clear
Avoid “double-barreled” questions
Respondents muct be competent to answer
Respondents must be willing to answer
Items must be relevant
Short items are best
Avoid biased items and terms

170
Q

Main Methods of Survey Administration

A

Self-administered
Interviewer administered (face to face)
Telephone administered

171
Q

Survey Response Rate

A

Number of completed survey responses ➗total number of survey respondents

172
Q

Survey Strengths

A

Ideal for collecting information from a large population
High level of reliability

173
Q

Survey Weaknesses

A

Superficial in coverage of complex topics
Superficial in representing realities of sample elements
Artificial in capturing realities of sample elements
Inflexible to adjustment once initiated
Limited validity

174
Q

Push Poll

A

Telephone survey designed to influence respondents’ attitudes and opinions for political purposes

175
Q

Questionnaire

A

Research instrument containing questions and other types of items designed to gather information about specific variables

176
Q

Social Desirability

A

Form of bias occuring when respondents answer with socially acceptable views rather than their own

177
Q

Questionnaire Bias

A

Form of systematic error that occurs when properties of questions or statements encourage responses in a particular direction

178
Q

Contingency Question

A

Survey question intended for only some respondents, determined by their responses to some other question

179
Q

Matrix Question Format

A

Efficient format for presenting closed ended questionnaire items that have the same response categories

180
Q

Response Set

A

Form of bias occurring when respondents use a consistent physical pattern to answer

181
Q

Pre-Coding

A

Embedded numerical translation of questionnaire responses into the instrument

182
Q

Rate of Return Graph

A

A daily plot of total (cumulative) number of completed surveys

183
Q

Paradata

A

Any data that provides information about data collection throughout the data collection process

184
Q

Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI)

A

Face-to-face interviewing system
Questions are provided on a computer
Responses are entered into the computer by the interviewer

185
Q

Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing (CASI)

A

No interviewer
Participant reads and listens to questions on a computer
Types answers directly into computer

186
Q

Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing (CAWI)

A

Interviewee reads and fills out
questionnaire online

187
Q

Probe

A

Technique used to solicit a more complete answer to a question

187
Q

Specification

A

Explanatory or clarifying comment about handling a difficult or confusing situation that may occur regarding particular questions in an interview

188
Q

Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI)

A

Survey research technique in which the telephone interviewer reads the questions from the computer monitor and enters them in on the computer

189
Q

Field Research

A

Involves observing and potentially interacting with people and phenomena in their natural habitat
Encompasses direct observation and asking questions

190
Q

Observer Roles

A

Complete participant
Participants aren’t aware of the researcher and fully interact with them
E.g. 21 Jump Street
Participant as observer
Researcher is immersed and participants know, becomes friends or colleagues with them
Observer as participant
Plays a neutral role, is immersed and participants know
Complete observer
Just observes

191
Q

Inductive Field Research

A

Make initial observations
Develop tentative conclusions that suggest further focus for further observations
Make follow-up observations
Revisit prior observations
Continue cycle until a point of saturation is reached

192
Q

Saturation

A

When sampling more data will not lead to the production of new information

192
Q

Ethnography

A

Focused on detailed and accurate description rather than explanation
Gives comprehensive perspective
Observe phenomenon as completely as possible

193
Q

Unstructured Interviews

A

Least restrictive style of interviewing
Two main approaches
Conversations
Informal where conversation flows organically
Interview guide
A list of topical areas that will be covered but not a set of questions

194
Q

Focus Groups

A

A directed discussion with a small group of people
Led by a moderator who helps to facilitate discussion
Natural Groups
Individuals who are already acquainted
Artificial Groups
Consists of individuals brought together based on shared criteria

195
Q

Field Notes

A

Observations are recorded as written notes

196
Q

Structured Observations

A

Observers mark close-ended items that provide structured measures

197
Q

Transcription

A

Writing out recorded interview conversations verbatim

198
Q

Documenting Research Process Through Memoing

A

Operational
Steps taken at each stage
Coding
Documenting the process of coding your data
Analytic
Record of how you explored relationship in your data

199
Q

Elements of Social Life Appropriate For Field Research

A

Practices
Behaviour like talking
Episodes
Events like divorce, crime
Encounters
Two or more people meeting and interacting
Roles and social types
The positions people occupy and their behaviour
Social and personal relationships
Behaviour appropriate to pairs or sets of roles
Groups and cliques
Small groups like cliques and teams
Organizations
Formal organizations like hospitals or schools
Settlements and habitats
Villages, neighbourhoods
Subcultures and lifestyle

200
Q

Phenomenology

A

Idea that reality is socially constructed

201
Q

Case Study

A

Detailed, focused investigation of a single instance of some social phenomenon

202
Q

Reactivity

A

Change in behaviour that may result when people know that they’re being observed

203
Q

Ground Theory

A

Inductive approach that attempts to derive theory from analysis of patterns, categories discovered in observational data

204
Q

Theoretical Sampling

A

Selection of cases based on illustrative, theoretical relevance

205
Q

Constant Comparative Method

A

Researching moving back and forth between theory and data; concepts and categories and hypotheses are constantly checked against and elaborated in light of new data and observations

206
Q

Extended Case Method

A

Uses case study observations to discover flaws in and to improve existing social theories

207
Q

Institutional Ethnography

A

Uses personal experiences of individuals to uncover the institutional power relations that structure and govern their experiences

208
Q

Participatory Action Research

A

Researcher serves as a resource to those being studied
Goal of increasing their ability to act effectively in their own interest

209
Q

Types of Field Notes

A

Cryptic notes
Jotted down quick

Detailed descriptions

Analytic notes
Ideas

Subjective notes
Observation, reflection

210
Q

Strengths of Field Research

A

Depth
Inexpensive
Flexible

211
Q

Weaknesses of Field Research

A

Not appropriate for statistics of a larger population
Valid, but not reliable

212
Q

Qualitative Interview

A

Interviewer has a general plan of inquiry but not a rigid set of questions that must be asked in a specific way and order

213
Q

Semi-Structured Interview

A

Organized around a specific set of questions or themes

214
Q

Rapport

A

An open and trusting relationship between researcher and respondent

215
Q

Interview Process

A

Themarizing
Clairfying the purpose of the interviews and concepts

Designing
Laying out the process through which you will accomplish your purpose

Interviewing

Transcribing

Analyzing

216
Q

Interview Guide

A

Manual for consultation that helps organize the interview process

217
Q

Selected transcription

A

Only research relevant parts of a recorded interview into text

218
Q

In-Depth Interview Study

A

Qualitative, one-on-one interviewing is the primary means of data gathering

219
Q

Oral History

A

Uses in-depth interviews as means of gathering data about the past from individuals’ recollections. Focusing on specific events or periods of time

220
Q

Evaluation Research

A

A research purpose rather than a specific research method. It is applied research, intended on having some real world effect
undertaken to determine the effect of some social intervention, like programs aimed at slowing a social problem

221
Q

Social Intervention

A

An action taken in a given social context with the goal of producing an intended outcome

222
Q

Needs Assessment Studies

A

Determine the existence and extent of problems among a segment of the population

223
Q

Cost Benefit Studies

A

Whether results of a program can be justified by its expense

224
Q

Monitoring Studies

A

Providing flow of information about something of interests

225
Q

Evaluation Assessments are Conducted for Two Purposes

A

Formative Evaluations
Assessments aimed at improving the process of an intervention
Summative Evaluations
Assessments aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention in achieving its goals

226
Q

Response Variable

A

The outcome measured to determine a program’s effectiveness

227
Q

Time-Series Design

A

Involves measurements made over some period

228
Q

Nonequivalent Control Group

A

A control group that is similar to the experimental group but is not created by random assignment of subjects

229
Q

Multiple Time-Series Designs

A

The use of more than one set of data collected overtime in order to make comparisons

230
Q

Social Indicators

A

Measurements that reflect the quality and nature of social life. They are monitored to determine the nature of social change in a society

231
Q

Evidence-Based Policy

A

A policy intervention is a social action taken for the purpose of producing an intended result
Should be founded on evidence
Should have most supportive evidence

232
Q

Policy Demands

A

Consideration of ultimate goals and strategies for achieving goals
Resource allocation necessary for various strategies
Draft standard course of action to achieve goals

233
Q

Policy Outputs

A

Means to achieve desired policy goals

234
Q

Policy Impacts

A

Assess if the policy action is achieving the goal it was intended to achieve

235
Q

Qualitative Analysis

A

Methods for examining research without converting it into numerical form
Interplay between theory and analysis
Seeks to discover patterns such as changes overtime or possible causal links between variables

236
Q

Discovering Patterns in Qualitative Analysis

A

Search for similarities and dissimilarities
Similarities seek patterns of interaction and events
Notice a commonality and become more deliberate in observing its frequency

237
Q

Questions That Make Sense of Data

A

Frequency – how often something occurs
Magnitude – levels of something
Structures – different types of something
Processes – order
Causes – why something happens
Consequences

238
Q

Cross-Case Analysis

A

Use of either a case-oriented or a variable-oriented approach to compare cases in the search for pattern description and explanation

239
Q

Variable-Oriented Analysis

A

Examination of a limited set of considerations (variables) across a large number of cases in search of a nomothetic explanation

240
Q

Case Oriented Analysis

A

The detailed examination of limited set of particular cases in search of idiographic explanation

241
Q

Ground Theory Method

A

An inductive approach to theory construction using the constant comparative method

242
Q

Constant Comparative Method

A

Inductive approach that relies on continuously comparing observations with one another and the evolving inductive theory
Comparing incidents applicable to each category
Look for evidence of the same phenomenon in other cases
Integrating categories and their properties
Researcher begins to note relationships among concepts
Delaminating the theory
Researcher can ignore some concepts that were initially noted but are irrelevant to the inquiry
Theory becomes simpler
Writing theory
Researcher must put feelings into words to be shared with others

243
Q

Semiotics

A

The study of signs and the meanings associated with them

244
Q

Conversion Analysis

A

The search to understand basic structures of social interaction and social order through the detailed study of everyday talk

245
Q

Narrative Analysis

A

Strategies for analyzing text (talk, document) that focus on how people use stories to make sense of themselves, experiences and the world
Overall reading to get a sense of how the narrative is structured and the general theme
Do multiple readings to identify different “voices” and create a view of these selves
Read until there are contradictions. Different themes create sensible patterns and enter into a coherent unity
Work enters a larger theoretical literature so that the researcher can remain sensitive to nuances of meanings expressed and the different contexts into which meanings may enter

246
Q

Axial Coding

A

Re-Examination of open coding in search of conceptual refinements and connections

247
Q

Selective Coding

A

Search for conceptual themes that link the conceptualized evidence into an intergraded narrative

248
Q

Memoing

A

The process of writing memos containing ideas and insights developed during the collection and analysis of qualitative data

249
Q

Theoretical Notes

A

Reflections of the dimensions and deeper meanings of concepts, relationships among concepts, theoretical propositions

250
Q

Operational Notes

A

Deals with primarily methodological issues

251
Q

Concept Mapping

A

The process of putting emerging concepts and their relationships into a graphical format

252
Q

Thematic Analysis

A

Reviewing a dataset to identify patters within it that are described as themes
Familiarization
Coding
Generating themes
Reviewing themes
Defining and naming themes
Writing up

SOCY 210 (1 decks)

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