Sociology Unit 2 Revision

Question 1

Deviance definition

Answer 1

A collection of persons or acts that society finds offensive or condemns

Question 2

Four roles of deviance

Answer 2

1. Affirms society’s cultural norms and values
2. Clarifies moral boundaries
3. Unifies people
4. Encourages social change

Question 3

What is relativity of deviance?

Answer 3

Deviance can not be explained in explicit terms, rather varies over time and between cultures. Example: Smoking was once accepted but is now condemned by health officials

Question 4

Why do functionalists believe deviance exist?

Answer 4

Helps to maintain social control and stability

Question 5

Why do social control theorists believe deviance exists?

Answer 5

Occurs when a lack of social bonds is present

Question 6

Hirschi’s four principles of deviance

Answer 6

Attachment - Caring about influential others opinions

Commitment - Goals and commitments

Involvement - Engaged in socially approved activities

Belief - Knowing what is right or wrong

Question 7

How do interactionists view deviance?

Answer 7

Argue that deviance is linked with labelling and self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 8

What is labelling?

Answer 8

Explains when the way an individual acts is influenced by the way society sees and classifies them

Question 9

Positive deviance definition

Answer 9

Behaviours that are deviant but are seen as positive in society

Question 10

Six types of positive deviance

Answer 10

Altruism - Help others

Charisma - Has unique characteristics (e.g. natural leader)

Innovation - Ideas or creations that alter society

Supra-conformity - Performing beyond normal expectations

Innate characteristics - Natural traits (intelligence, beauty)

Ex-deviant

Question 11

Moral panic

Answer 11

A widespread, but disproportionate, reaction to a form of deviance

Question 12

Moral entrepreneur

Answer 12

Start moral panic

Question 13

Folk devils

Answer 13

Being panicked about

Question 14

5 stages of moral panic

Answer 14

1. Initial deviance
2. Media involvement
3. Sensitisation
4. Overestimation
5. Escalation

Question 15

5 types of crime

Answer 15

1. Against the person
2. Against property
3. Victimless crime
4. White collar crime
5. Corporate crime

Question 16

White collar crime definition

Answer 16

Financially motivated, non-violent crimes such as tax-fraud, land frauds and embezzlement

Question 17

Corporate crime definition

Answer 17

Crimes committed by large corporations

Question 18

4 aims of punishment

Answer 18

Retribution

Deterrence

Rehabilitation

Societal Protection

Question 19

Retribution

Answer 19

A deserved punishment, equal in severity to crime committed

Question 20

Deterrence

Answer 20

Aims to prevent future crime

Question 21

Rehabilitation

Answer 21

Motivating offender to conform to socially acceptable behaviours

Question 22

Braithwaite’s theory of reintegrative shaming

Answer 22

Labels the person as good but the actions as bad and enables individual to be reintegrated back into society

Question 23

Difference between stigmatisation and reintegration

Answer 23

Stigmatisation is humiliating and labels individual and their actions as bad.

Reintegration labels person as good but action as bad and enables societal reintegration.

Question 24

Restorative justice definition and purpose

Answer 24

Focuses on the harm caused by the crime and aims to get offenders to take responsibility and see the extent of the harm caused by their actions