Sociology Unit 2 Revision Flashcards
Deviance definition
A collection of persons or acts that society finds offensive or condemns
Four roles of deviance
- Affirms society’s cultural norms and values
- Clarifies moral boundaries
- Unifies people
- Encourages social change
What is relativity of deviance?
Deviance can not be explained in explicit terms, rather varies over time and between cultures. Example: Smoking was once accepted but is now condemned by health officials
Why do functionalists believe deviance exist?
Helps to maintain social control and stability
Why do social control theorists believe deviance exists?
Occurs when a lack of social bonds is present
Hirschi’s four principles of deviance
Attachment - Caring about influential others opinions
Commitment - Goals and commitments
Involvement - Engaged in socially approved activities
Belief - Knowing what is right or wrong
How do interactionists view deviance?
Argue that deviance is linked with labelling and self-fulfilling prophecies
What is labelling?
Explains when the way an individual acts is influenced by the way society sees and classifies them
Positive deviance definition
Behaviours that are deviant but are seen as positive in society
Six types of positive deviance
Altruism - Help others
Charisma - Has unique characteristics (e.g. natural leader)
Innovation - Ideas or creations that alter society
Supra-conformity - Performing beyond normal expectations
Innate characteristics - Natural traits (intelligence, beauty)
Ex-deviant
Moral panic
A widespread, but disproportionate, reaction to a form of deviance
Moral entrepreneur
Start moral panic
Folk devils
Being panicked about
5 stages of moral panic
- Initial deviance
- Media involvement
- Sensitisation
- Overestimation
- Escalation
5 types of crime
- Against the person
- Against property
- Victimless crime
- White collar crime
- Corporate crime
White collar crime definition
Financially motivated, non-violent crimes such as tax-fraud, land frauds and embezzlement
Corporate crime definition
Crimes committed by large corporations
4 aims of punishment
Retribution
Deterrence
Rehabilitation
Societal Protection
Retribution
A deserved punishment, equal in severity to crime committed
Deterrence
Aims to prevent future crime
Rehabilitation
Motivating offender to conform to socially acceptable behaviours
Braithwaite’s theory of reintegrative shaming
Labels the person as good but the actions as bad and enables individual to be reintegrated back into society
Difference between stigmatisation and reintegration
Stigmatisation is humiliating and labels individual and their actions as bad.
Reintegration labels person as good but action as bad and enables societal reintegration.
Restorative justice definition and purpose
Focuses on the harm caused by the crime and aims to get offenders to take responsibility and see the extent of the harm caused by their actions
