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Sociology > Sociology Unit 2 > Flashcards

Sociology Unit 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society

A

Culture

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2
Q

large social grouping that occupies the same geographic territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant culture expectations

A

Society

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3
Q

Anything that is made in or used in that territorial area/society (car)

A

material aspect of culture

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4
Q

beliefs of that society or how people think and what they do

A

Nonmaterial aspect of culture

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5
Q

Something that is found widely across all cultures (sports)

A

cross cultural universal

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6
Q

something that is found widely in a specific society (football, monogamy)

A

cultural universal

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7
Q

subsections of the main culture; share the wider beliefs of society even though they do things their own way

A

subculture

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8
Q

their beliefs directly counter the culture

A

Counter culture

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9
Q

those people who believe that they shouldn’t pay taxes; everything should be their way; in direct opposition to the way things are done; believe they can overtake and correct things the way they want sometimes violently; tend not to be tolerated

A

Survivalists

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10
Q

3 ways to introduce change into a social group

A

discovery, invention, diffusion

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11
Q

coming up with a new way of perceiving something

A

discovery

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12
Q

putting something together in a different way to come up with something new

A

invention

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13
Q

to spread; when one cultural group meets another cultural group, you might bring back something from their culture and share it with others

A

diffusion

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14
Q

our material and nonmaterial aspects are spread/diffused throughout the world

A

culture imperialism

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15
Q

one element of the culture lagged behind the other; explains why groups in society struggle in adapting to change

A

cultural lag

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16
Q

something that stands for something else

A

symbol

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17
Q

the words that we use shape how we think about things

A

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

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18
Q

what your position is in regard to something

A

status

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19
Q

something that is given to you at birth and you have no control over

A

ascribed status

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20
Q

status you earn

A

Achieved status

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21
Q

status that overrides the other; the primary status of which one gets their self an identity

A

master status

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22
Q

how you’re expected to act in a society

A

roles

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23
Q

how you’re supposed to act according to gender

A

gender roles

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24
Q

when the role expectations are unclear

A

role ambiguity

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25
Q

beliefs of society

A

values

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26
Q

critical value that runs through the whole society

A

core values

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27
Q

how you’re supposed to act

A

norms

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28
Q

general guidelines for behavior; more prevalent in society

A

folkways (weak norms)

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29
Q

required behavior

A

Mores (strong norms)

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30
Q

laws

A

codified mores

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31
Q

something that is so hateful in society that you wouldn’t even think about doing it

A

taboos

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32
Q

official stamp that society gives to something ; grades

A

formal sanction

33
Q

non official; smile or frown

A

informal sanction

34
Q

most prevalent especially when one culture meets another culture; judging others from your own point of view; most pronounced for those who have travelled internationally

A

ethnocentrism

35
Q

when you judge the other person as better because they are different from you

A

Xenocentrism

36
Q

shock or confusion at what the other people are doing

A

cultural shock

37
Q

be relative in your judgement of other cultures; suspend your judgement and try to understand why people do what they do

A

cultural relativism

38
Q

learning how to act within a social group; the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society

A

socialization

39
Q

the systematic study of “social behavior from a biological perspective”

A

sociobiology

40
Q

loneliness, not around people

A

social isolation

41
Q

psychologist that explained how people act

A

Freud

42
Q

Freud’s term for the conscience that consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality

A

super ego

43
Q

Freud’s term for the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of the id.

A

ego

44
Q

Freud’s term for the component of personality that includes all of the individual’s basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification

A

id

45
Q

psychologist who dealt with the stages of cognitive development; our mind develops at a certain pace along with our body

A

Jean Piaget

46
Q

“significant other”; refers to the way in which a person’s sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others

A

Looking-glass self

47
Q

“general other”; the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person’s or group’s point of view

A

Role-taking

48
Q

The totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves

A

self-concept

49
Q

those persons who care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self

A

significant others

50
Q

“general other”; Mead’s term for the child’s awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child’s subculture

A

generalized other

51
Q

the process of learning that begins at birth and occurs in the home and family

A

primary socialization

52
Q

the process of learning that takes place outside the home - in settings such as school, religious organizations, and the workplace - and helps individuals learn how to act in appropriate ways in various situations

A

secondary socialization

53
Q

change according to who you are around; constantly someone different depending on their “stage”

A

dramaturgical approach

54
Q

the process of learning that takes place when adult move into new settings where they must accept certain ideas or engage in specific behaviors that are appropriate to that specific setting

A

tertiary socialization

55
Q

we by our interpretation of events make our own reality

A

social construction of reality

56
Q

always managing our impressions so others will think better of us

A

managing face/impression management

57
Q

social blunder occurs; our mask falls for impressions

A

mask slippage

58
Q

when we are trying to fix mask slippage

A

face work

59
Q

when someone else is trying to hep us reassert our face

A

studied nonobservation

60
Q

when the person pretends not to see

A

passive nonobservation

61
Q

when the person notices and helps the person over up their blunder

A

active nonobservation

62
Q

persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society

A

agents of socialization

63
Q

what are the 4 main agents of socialization?

A

family, peers, school, and media

64
Q

others or the media have told us how to act when we move to a new stage of the live course; the process of which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles

A

anticipatory socialization

65
Q

the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being male or female in a specific group or society

A

gender socialization

66
Q

the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of our racial or ethnic status as it relates to our identity, interpersonal relationships, and location in the social hierarchy

A

racial socialization

67
Q

a situation in which a person or group is considered to have less social value than other individuals or groups

A

social devaluation

68
Q

prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age

A

ageism

69
Q

the parent teaches the child but the child can also teach the parent

A

reverse socialization

70
Q

the process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one’s background and previous experience

A

resocialization

71
Q

Goffman’s term for a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and are under the control of the officials who run the institution ; some have control over your life 24/7

A

total institution

72
Q

someone who has been exposed to a total institution and has taken on the personality of it

A

institutional personality

73
Q

What are the 3 components of society?

A

Culture, geographical territory, shared political structure

74
Q

Things we believe we should be doing

A

ideal

75
Q

things we actually do

A

real

76
Q

when we are supposed to do one thing but do something else

A

value contradiction

77
Q

Fear things that are foreign

A

xenophobia

78
Q

should judge their culture from their vantage point

A

cultural relativism

79
Q

people try to manage their impressions so that others will think well of them

A

impression management

Sociology (2 decks)

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