Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sociology > Sociology - Unit 1 > Flashcards

Sociology - Unit 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Functionalists emphasise…?

A

Positive role of family - ev. institution = essential to smooth running of society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Murdock - 4 basic functions of nf?

A

Stabilisation of sex driveReproduction of next genEconomic - pools resources & provides for membsEducational - teachers n&vs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Parsons…2 vital functions:

A

Primary socialisation - process by which children learn/accept n&vs like “factories” for next citizenStabilises personalities through emotional r’ships between parents = support & security needed to cope in wd. society - sanctuary from stress of evd. life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Functs ignore..? (3) *

A

ConflictClassViolenceFocus too much on positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Feminists on functs?

A

Ignore exploitation of women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Marxist view on family/system:How (2)

A

Family meets needs of capitalismBenefits minority in power - bourgeoisie Disadvantages maj w class - proleteriat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Marxist sociologists

A

EngelsZaretsky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Engels

A

family = eco function of keeping bourgoisie wealthy/rich through inheritance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Zaretsky

A

But at home, proleteriat man have power/control = helps them accept/deal with opposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Housewife role

A

Looked after/kept workers healthy = more productive = free benefit to bourgeoisie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Criticisms of Marxism:(3)

A

Too negativeIgnores benefits to indvs/society (not just eco/bourg)Women work too/not all housewivesAternatives to family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Feminists:(1)Believe that?Family’s role in that^ belief?Underlying causes (2)

A

Family exploits/Oppresses womenMaintains existing social order (like funcs/marx) - patriarchy= comb of system/ideology/cult practices that keep men in powerFamily supports/reproduces inequalities between m&wWomen = oppressed because they’re socialised to be dependent on men (by fam)+ Ideology about men/women’s roles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Diff feminists - root causes of patriarchy

A

Radical -> Power dom of menMarx - cap systemLib -> cultural attds & discrimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Marxist fem view: (2)

A

Exploitation of women = key to success of capitalismThey produce/care for next gen of workers at 0 cost to capt system - unpaid dom labour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Radical feminist: (3)

A

Housework = exploitation of women BUT root cause = dom. of men in society - men will alwys oppress women- women do most work & men benf most

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Liberal fem (2)Solution

A

Cultural norms & values = reinforced by fam/other instsFamily, only sexist because it supports sexist mainstream cultureSocial change possible - legislation to change policies/discrim laws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Feminists - criticisms (3)*?

A

Portray women as too positivePower could be shared in famLesbian/gay/single parents…power structures..not same*Ethnic backgrounds = diff experiences/worse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

New right perspective on family

A

Social policies on family/children/welfare/divorce = undermines trad nuclear which is best for family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

New Right - name

A

Charles Murray: welfare benefits, too high = culture of dependency - rely on benfts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

NR - Problems with families (2)

A

Biggest prob: welfare -> single mothersLone-pars/reconst’d + divorce => brk’down in trad values => crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Criticism of NR

A

Blames victim…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Post-modernists

A

Diversity is good thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Central idea of pm views of familyWhy?

A

N’days, wide range of living options avb - social/cultural changesBecause..we have CID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What changed family structure

A

Industrialisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

2 basic types of family

A

Extended & nuclear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

2 basic types of society

A

Pre-industrial: agri/farms Industrial: after ind - factory jobs/cities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Families & Societies (2)

A

Pre-industrial: extended - fams lived/worked together to produce goods/crops & sold surplusIndustrial: nuclear - separated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Parsons - family structure

A

Dom family structure changed from extended -> nuclear because more useful for ind society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why did nuclear become better fit for ind society: (3)Basic funct view:

A

Many functions of pre-ind family = taken over by state in ind society e.g. edc/healthcareSo nuclear can focus on function of socialisation of children into n/v’s of ind society”Isolated” = can move easily/geo portable for work=> Family structure adapts to needs of society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Functs say:

A

Industrialisation changed roles/status in family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

FunctsPre-industrial society:Industrial society:

A

Ascribed = born into stausAchieved by success outside family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

FunctsAchieved status in ind society means

A

Nuclear family is best for allowing indvs to achieve status/positions without conflictAllows social mobility - people can climb up social ladder/better themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Conjugal roles - Parsons also says:

A

Specialised roles for men/women devp’d within familyInstrumental/pract role & Expressive/emotionalThese roles came about because most effc for society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Functs - Fem/Marx Criticisms

A

Ideology/power => instrumental/expressive roles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Fam structs - functs criticisms:

A

Mod nuclear fam shouldnt be seen as superior - PMods say, CID/variety in fam div nowadays Some still lived with extended family after moving to cities - ind society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Functs: 3 stages of family developmentWho?3 Stages?

A

Willmott & Young - MOPs1. Pre-industrial = fam works together as eco prod unit2. Early ind: Extended fam broken up as men move to work but women = strong extended kinship3. Privatised nuclear:Family = unit of consmp not prodFocused on personal relships & lifestyles”Symmetrical family” - husband/wife have joint roles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Criticisms of W & Y

A

Assume family life has improvedIgnore neg aspects - dark side of fam - dom vioFems = equal roles in “symm fam” don’t actually exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Diff classes = Diff fam structures Working class (2)Sociologist? Means?

A

Working class = closer extended kinship networks than m-cWorking class = more freq contact/ties outside nuclear famWillmott => n’days, extended fam ties, still important to mod nuclear but held in reserve for times of crisis rather than part of evd lifeSo mod fam = “partially isolated fam”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Social policy (2)

A

Laws designed to influ fam life/structureCover areas such as divorce/benf system/edc/adoption/fst/empl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Trends in social policy (3)

A

After WW2 = interventionistWelfare state started supporting through benfs/pub housing/1948 free NHSNational insurance scheme to pay for welfare system + universal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

1979 Conservative/Maggy T:Did 3 things?

A

Reform = reduced state intvNew Right ideology: trad nuclear fam/cornerstone of society should be freed from intf as much as poss - UK/nanny state w too much gov control over indv’s livesMake indvs more respo for own lives/decs - state would intv less = benfs cut + taxes lowered + means testing intro’d = only those in gen need get benfsMums encg’d to stay at home + take care of elderly

42
Q

Conv leg to protect p in trad nuclear fam (3)

A

Child Support Agency = absent father/mother have to pay fair amount towards upkeep of childrenChildren act 1989 = rights for childTried to make divc more diffc through compulsory 1 year cooling period but abd

43
Q

New Labour 1997/Tony Blair (4)

A

Marriage = still preferred basis for fam life but awareness/concern for fam diversity= Civil parts 2005= Cohabiting can adoptBut NR fam policy ideas e.g cut lone parent fam benfd

44
Q

Fem on social policy:How? (2)

A

Protects patriarchyNR want to reinforce sexist/exploitative model of fam by keeping women as housewife looking after childrenCont to support patriarchy society - diff in mat/pat leave = reinforces idea that mother is primary carer/father is earner/provider

45
Q

Marx on social policy:How (2)

A

Protects capitalismOppose NR: reducing benfs to poor makes them poorer & means testing = degrading so likely to dissuade those who can claimMaintain capitalist system - by reinforcing trad gender roles, social policy moulds women into ‘reserve army of labour’ (there during times of crisis)

46
Q

Family diversity trends (2)

A

Avg size of fam smallerIncr in single-person & lone-parent h-hsMore reconst’dIncr in cohab

47
Q

2 overall patterns (2)

A

Incr in divBut nuclear still more common

48
Q

5 types of fam diversity idf’d by4 types?

A

Rapoport & RapoportOrg div = diff structures/nuclear/extdCult div = diffs arising from diff n/vs of diff culturesClass divLife-course div = div caused by diff stages in life

49
Q

Class/ethc/sexuality–>?2 exmpls?

A

Affccts which type of fam you expM-C = more in nuclear famW class - more lone parent

50
Q

Trends with classes: (3)

A

Afro-Carib, m likely to be divorced & Inds/Pakis = m likely to be marriedAfro-Carib => single-parent famsS Asian = trad extended + extd kinship links

51
Q

Trends in marriage (2)

A

More cohabiting - often just delay in marriage - 1/3 go on to mrgWomen live longer = elderly widows/single person h’hs + aging pop = more single-person h-hs overall

52
Q

Divorce trends (3)(Past figure)

A

Rise in divorce - 40% divMore re-marriages1% 1971

53
Q

Why had divorce increased (4)View:

A

Easier to obtain - avbMore socially acceptable/less stigma/secHigher expcs of marriage & better emplyp opps = less finc depcy needMarriage focuses on indv’s emotional fulfilment NR -> marriage, less supp’d by state n’days

54
Q

Can’t assume…about marriage

A

Less divs = Happier in the past - empty-shell marriage

55
Q

Having children, trends (3)

A

Fewer children - 1.6 avgLater in lifeMany choosing not to have any at all

56
Q

Why less children (4)

A

ContraceptionChanging position of women - prioritise career = put off until laterEco liability than asset - time/moneyChild-centredness - post-ind society

57
Q

Many new fam structures created from: Examples (2)

A

New techsFertility treatment = allow fam structs that were prev imposs = gay/les/older womenIVF = test tube babies/surrg

58
Q

NR view on fam diversity/caused by:3 things (1 study) (believe/solution)

A

Falling moral standardsResult of decline in trad values/div = threat to trad nuclear + leads to anti-social behaviour/crimeMurray = single-mother fams = lck of male role modelState benfs should be cut + social policy should be targ’d to dicg fam diversity & promote nuclear

59
Q

Fam div - functs thinkStudy:Why:Also*

A

Growth in div = exg’dRobert Chester: some growth but nuclear = still domDecreasing death rates/ageing pop => less nuclearNuclear fams becoming less trad + more symm

60
Q

Death rate decline:

A

Stand of livingHealthcare Decr in manual jobs

61
Q

Post modernists viewArgue:Why: (2)

A

Diversity = new normNo longer single dom fam structure - pm society = highly diverse + increasing divImprovs in women’s rights + contraception = more choice R’ships nowadays = to suit own needs rather than trad values of relg/gov

62
Q

PM study on fam diversity (3)

A

Beck = we now live in “negotiated family”More equal than trad nucl but less stableFamily commitment = now viewed as matter of ongoing neg rather than forever

63
Q

New Study - fam divIdea:ExplanaAlso

A

Jeffrey WeeksIncreased choice in moralityPersonal morality = indv choice rather tha nset of values by relg/societyLiberal attds towards marrg/div/cohab/homo = maj cause of irreversible div

64
Q

Conjugal roles

A

Roles of h/wife within home/marriage

65
Q

Study - conjugal roles:

A

Elizabeth Bott - studied how jobs/roles within family were allc’d

66
Q

Rise in nuclear family led to ….

A

Joint Conjugal roles

67
Q

Conjugal roles

A

Roles of h/wife within home

68
Q

Study 1 on conjugal roles

A

Bott => show jobs/roles within fam were allocated

69
Q

Bott findings:

A

Segregated roles = h/wife -> sep livings with distinct respos within fam (man works/DIY + woman at home/kids/emo)Joint roles = h/wife roles more flex/shared + less defined tasks + shared leisure time + shared resp for dec-making

70
Q

Study 2 - conjg roles:

A

W & Y mopsPredicted that after rise in nuclear fam, joint conjg roles would dev & equal/shared resps would be future norm

71
Q

Study - Criticism of W & Y

A

Oakley = joint roles meant men had to do few things around the house to qualify as having joint roles = overlooked amount of time spent on housework comp’d to women = pretty rare for men to do hw

72
Q

Conjugal roles nowadays

A

Still unequal, despite women being in paid work

73
Q

Trend in conjg roles:

A

New fam structure devs = more fams where both work but: Equal share of paid employment hasn’t led to equal share of dom labour

74
Q

Studies - 2 names + 3 facts

A

Edgell criticised W&Y theory - none of W&Y’s sample fam had joint conjg roles/h-work but increased sharing of childcareOakley => double burden - paid jobs + trad resp for home & childrenMen help out with childcare etc but more pleas actvts = women still prim resp for children2/3 full-time working mothers = resp for cooking/cleaningLARGE sample study - Br. Social Attds Survey = 3%/1000 men did h’work === clear division of labour

75
Q

Creation of housewife

A

Industrialisation

76
Q

Study - housewife:2 things

A

OakleyRole of housewife = socially constructed by social changes of Ind Rev/factoriesMarried women not allowed to work in facts = housewife role emergedCultural values of women/housework = so dominant that came to be seen as natura/bio role of women

77
Q

2Ways in which conjugal roles are unequal:

A

Division of labourDecision-making & sharing of resources

78
Q

Studies - conjg roles (2)

A

Edgell = men had decision-making control over major/long-term decision whilst women = minor thingsPahl/money management of dual-income couples = pooled but “husband-controlling pooling” in terms of spending

79
Q

Explanations for inequality - theories:::3

A

POWERFuncts: men/women have diff conj roles because most effective of keeping society running smoothlyMarxists: diffs are evidence of power of capitalism to control family life/best for captWorking “caring/nurturing” women will keep workers fitWoman’s role maintained ideologically through media/adsFems: demos inequality in power between men/womenPatriarchal society will produce unequal conjugal r’ships because society’s systems & values will inevitably benefXXXXXit men at expense of women

80
Q

Women’s needs/roles/resps in family

A

Women oft responsible for all emo work/reacting & responding to family memb’s emotions

81
Q

Women & Emotional work in fam - studies/2names1.2. (3)3. (4)

A

Women run “eco of emotion”Duncombe & Marsden => triple shiftMarried women often happier when husbands shared some burden of emo workEmo work - predominantly gendered - women have main resp for managing whole fam’s emotions/balancing fam’s emo budgetDunne = lesbian h-hs=More equal distrb of resp/childcare/h-w=Flexible/fair in how they shared workHetero = division of work less fair because of trad ideas about masc/fem

82
Q

Domestic Violence Child abuse according to sociologistsHow? (2)

A

Due to power relationshipsParent/care ca abuse child by manip’ing reps/trust parent holds + fams, private/separate inst = child less likely to report

83
Q

Laws affecting children?

A

Children Act 1989State can intervene if social workers concerned about safety

84
Q

Dom violence stats (2)

A

25% women experienceWoman killed by ex/partner every 3 days

85
Q

Rad Fems say

A

Dom v = form of patriarchal control.power

86
Q

Rad fem - probelms/studies

A

Dobash & Dobash: police didnt usually recordLow conv rate compared to other assaultaBefore 1991 = man could rape wife

87
Q

domestic violence - problems (2)what makes it worse1 study/name

A

Social climate/society = maintains situation by making women feel ashamed/stigmatised if reported = part of ideology of patriarchy (women should know their place)Tendency to blame victim - women should know better/not get involved with violentDobash & Dobash: fear of stigma/finc dependent = many women returned

88
Q

Radical feminists criticisms:(2)

A

overemphasise power of menoveremp place of dom violence in fam lifefuncts = most fam’s operate harmoniously pms = more choice/control - can leave abusive Presents men as all-powerful & women as powerlesswomen abuse men too & many male victims ignored by society/police

89
Q

CHILDHOODAll sociologists say…in terms of..So..

A

Childhood is socially constructed - values/behaviour/atts = not universal exp

90
Q

Example of diff childhood in UK

A

Sociallu unacceptable + illegal for 12 year old to be at work/not school but other countries..

91
Q

Study on childhood:Said (3)

A

PilcherChildhood/adult separatenessDifferent rights/dutiesProtected by special laws

92
Q

Study on dev of childhood

A

ARIES = Cult of childhood developed after industrialisationAfter ind, social attds changed & people began to value/nurture children + housewife role = job to look after

93
Q

Aries criticisms - study

A

Pollack = Aries’ work looks weak/used paintings as main evd

94
Q

How are children diff to ads (2)

A

Protected by special laws - restrict sexual behaviour/alcohol access/paid workChildren Act 1989 = allows them to be taken away from parents by the state if parents incapable/unsuitable

95
Q

Special laws affecting children (4)

A

Sexual behv/alco/paid work in add to laws affecting adultsChildren ActPrice reductions on g/s e.g. public transpNSPCC = more protc needed - 25% exp phys vio

96
Q

GB - childhood

A

More child-focused than ever Social policy —> unique human rightsChild Support Agency = parents have to finclly support kids whether living with or notMore power than before - have finc/”pester power” = adv targetted at kids

97
Q

Funct view on childhood:Study: (4)

A

Sign of ProgressShorter = mop argument:Society has functional need for better-edc citz & lower IMPSo school leaving ages have gone up + child protection improvedSo current position of children = result of postv progression from past

98
Q

Childhood varies - how (3)

A

Blacks/dual-heritage = more likely to end up in care than whiteAsian fams more stricts with daughtersBoys = more freedom in gen

99
Q

Negative childhood view - society….

A

Society oppresses childrenChild liberationists say age patriarchy means adults maintain authority over children - through enforced dependency

100
Q

Future of childhood - socio views/studies1. (3)

A

Postman => childhood, disappearing:Children grow up v quickly + exp things only open to adults in past= defs of childhood & adulthood will need to be changed soon

101
Q

Criticism of Postman:(3)

A

Nick LeeChildhood has become ambig/unclear but parents still have fncial control = children can only spend as much as parents allow= Paradox of childhood is both of dep+indep

Sociology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions