Sociology Test 2 Flashcards
etiology
identification of the causes of disease patterns
physical environment
potential for and impact of exposure to disease-inducing substances
social environment
stressful vs. secure life; health implications
differential susceptibility
individual opportunities for occupational success are influenced by their physical characteristics, such as appearance and height
individual lifestyle
health habits and personal and social behaviors; impact of education
differential access/response to health care services
institutionally-based and systematic differences in access to and propensity to use services
reverse causality
health issues impact position in social structure as opposed to social structure influencing health status
proximate risk factors
health-related individual behaviors (diet, exercise, use of tabacco and alcohol, control of stress, and other aspects of lifestyle)
fundamental causes
underlying social conditions (socioeconomic status, social inequality, community, exposure to stressful events, presence or absence of supportive social networks, etc).
The Human Genome Project (HGP)
generating the first sequence of the human genome - provided fundamental information about the human blueprint
coronary heart disease (CHD)
due to buildup of plaque of cholesterol and other fatty substances or a blood clot, the blood flow is severely restricted and the heart may not receive enough blood to meet its needs.
hypertension (high blood pressure)
an abnormally large amount of force is exerted against the arterial walls
stroke
part of the brain does not receive the amount of blood it requires
cancer
a group of diseases that are characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
benign tumors
not cancerous
malignant tumors
cancerous
localized
when cancer cells remain at the original site
metastasized
when cancer cells spread
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
an infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
alzheimer’s disease
a chronic, degenerative illness of the central nervous system
stress
a state of imbalance within a person, elicited by an actual or perceived disparity between environmental demands and the person’s capacity to cope with these demands
homeostasis
a state in which the body’s physiologic processes are in balance and are properly coordinated
general adaptation syndrome
physiological reaction to events we experience
macro perspective
social forces and social organization
micro perspective
personal social environments in which people function on a day-to-day basis
role overload
demands exceed our ability to meet them
role overload
demands exceed our ability to meet them
interrole conflict
demands of two or more roles are conflicting
role captivity
individual is in an unwanted role
role restructuring
long established patterns need restructuring
the thomas theorem
if situations are defined as real, they are real in their consequences
mediators of stress
factors that modify the stressor/stress outcome relationship
coping
responses people make to prevent, avoid, or control stress
exposure hypothesis
people in the lower social classes are exposed to more stressful life experiences
vulnerability hypothesis
the lower class is more vulnerable to health problems because of inadequate financial resources and social support
prescriptive
doing the right thing
proscriptive
avoid doing the wrong thing
agency
our actions as individuals, choices, decisions, etc.
structure
resources that empower or constrain social action
