SOCIOLOGY TEST #1 FLASHCARDS
DEFINE SOCIOLOGY?
THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR AND HUMAN GROUPS. THIS INCLUDES SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS, SOCIAL INTERACTIONS, AND SOCIAL MEMBERSHIP
DEFINE MICROSOCIOLOGY AND MACROSOCIOLOGY?
MACROSOCIOLOGY: EXAMINES LARGER SCALE PHENOMONA AND BROADER SOCIAL PATTERS OVER A LONGER PERIOD OF TIME.
MICROSOCIOLOGY: IT IS THE STUDY OF SMALLER GROUPS, FOCUSING ON FACE TO FACE INTERACTIONS
HOW IS SOCIOLOGY DISTINCT FROM THE OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES?
IT SEEKS TO STUDY THE OTHER DISCIPLINES BECAUSE SOCIETY ITSELF, ONLY OPERATES USING THE OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES SUCH AS PSYCHOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, ECONOMICS, GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY)
DESCRIBE WHAT IT MEANS TO USE A “SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION”
- YOU HAVE TO OBSERVE TAKEN-FOR GRANTED PRACTICES AND IDEAS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A STRANGER. USING ONE PARTICULAR THING AND OPENING IT UP TO HOW ELSE IT CAN BE VIEWED FROM ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE. (EXAMPLE; DRINKING TEA FOR ME MAY BE A PART OF RELAXATION, BUT FOR OTHERS, TEA MAY BE PART OF AN EXERCISE, FOR ANOTHER IT COULD BE A RELIGIOUS RITUAL AND OR ANOTHER IT COULD BE MERELY A SOCIAL ACTIVITY)
- FINDING THE CONNECTION BETWEEN YOUR OWN PERSONAL TROUBLES AND THE WORLDS TROUBLES (EXAMPLE: MAKING THE DECISION TO ATTEND POST SECONDARY SCHOOL, ITS A PERSONAL DECISION. IF WE WERE TO USE OUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION, WE WOULD THINK ABOUT THE WORLD AROUND US AND THE JOB THAT WOULD COME OUT OF THAT POST SECONDARY EDUCATION)
LIST AND DESCRIBE EACH OF THE SOCIAL CONDITIONS THAT GAVE RISE TO THE DISCIPLINE OF SOCIOLOGY
- POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS - IT BEGAN ALLOWING PEOPLE TO THINK OF THE POWER OF DIFFERENT SOCIAL CLASSES, NOTICING SOCIAL CHANGE AND WHY SOME SOCIETIES ARE CHANGING AND WHY SOME ARE NOT. THERE ARE A VAST VARIETY OF REVOLUTIONS GOING ON AROUND THE WORLD WHEN THIS WAS OCCURING. IT DISTRUPTED THE POLITICAL ORDER OF THINGS.
- INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION/RISE OF CAPITALISM - (MORE ONE ON ONE CONTACT TRANSACTIONS) PEOPLE WOULD SELL THEIR LABOUR IN ORDER TO RECIEVE COMPENSATION. THE OWNER OF MEANS OF PRODUCTION, WOULD SELL THEIR GOODS BACK TO THE MAKER IN ORDER TO RECIEVE COMPENSATION. WE HAD A FUNDAMENTAL SHIFT ON HOW WE PRODUCE GOODS AND HOW WE TRADE THOSE GOODS AS WELL AS WHO BENEFITS FROM IT. THAT RESULTED IN A SOCIALLY COMPLETEX SYSTEM THAT EMERGED FROM THAT
- RISE OF SOCIALISM - N PART OF A RESPONSE TO CAPILITSIM. CAP. BROUHGT WITH IT ALOT OF ISSUES. THERE ALOT OF POVERTY, UNEMPLOYMENT, WE DIDNT HAVE A SOCIAL SAFETY NET AND IN RESPONSE TO THAT SOME SOCIETIES REPSONDED WITH SYSTEMS OF SOCIALISM. IT IS A DIFFERENT WAY OF ORGANIZING WHERE ALL THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION ARE OWNED BY THE PUBLIC. (EXAMPLE: THE CREATION OF FACTORIES BEGAN AS A MEANS OF ONE PRODUCT BEING MADE COLLECTIVELY TO A COLLECTION OF PEOPLE (IN OTHER WORDS, SOCIALLY)
- URBANIZATION - WE HAD A LOT OF PEOPLE MOVING FROM URBAN AREAS TO RURAL AREAS. A LOT OF THE CITIES DIDN’T HAVE URBAN INFRISTRUCTURE, HOUSING CRISIS, NOT A LOT OF PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEMS (SUAGE, SAFE DRINKING WATER), CITIES WERE VERY VERY CROWDED, THERE WERE A LOT OF PEOPLE WHO WERE ESSENTIALLY STRANGERS.THERE ARE DIFFERENT SOCIAL EXPERIENCES: CITY = MORE CRIME, FAMILY STRUCTURES THAT WERE ASSUMED TO BE DONE BY THE CITY AND THE WAY THAT THEY LIVE.
- SECULARIZATION - DE CREASING IMPORTANCE OF RELIGION IN PEOPLES LIVES. WITH THE EMMERGION OF RATIONALITY AND ENLIGHTMENT OF THE SCIENTIC EXPLANATIONS OF HOW THINGS CAME TO BE. MORE POV’S BECAME. RELIGION WAS STILL IMPORTANT BUT IT WAS DEFNINILTY CHANGING.
IDENTIFY THE SELECTED IDEAS OF EARLY SOCIOLOGISTS?
- AUGUSTINE COMTE - COINED THE TERM SOCIOLOGY. HE BELIEVED THAT THE WORLD IS SOMETHING WE CAN LOOK AT AND STUDY TO MAKE GRAND THEORIES ABOUT. HE BELIEVED THAT THERE IS ONLY ONE PERSPECTIVE ON THE WORLD AND WE AS SOCIOLOGISTS MUST UNDERSTAND IT.
- HARRIET MARINTEAU - SHE SPOKE AND WROTE ABOUT SOCIAL CUSTOMS AND LOOKED AT THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE INDUSTRIALIZATION
- EMILE DURKHEIM- HE HAD TRAINING IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES AND APPLIED WHAT WE KNEW ABOUT ORGANISMS TO STUDYING SOCIETY. HE BELIEVED THAT THERE WAS A TRUTH OUT THERE THAT WE NEEDED TO KNOW (EXAMPLE: ANALYZING WHAT MAKES UP CELLS VS WHAT MAKES UP SOCIETY)
- KARL MARX - HE WAS A CONFLICT THEORIST. HE SAW SOCIETY AS A POWER STRUGGLE. A STRUGGLE BETWEEN THE FACTORY WORKERS (THE POWER) AND THE WORKING CLASS (THE MINORITY)
- MAX WEBER - HE STUDIED THAT WE CAN NEUTRALLY OBSERVE THE WORLD. HE STUDIED HOW WE ORGANIZE THE WORLD AND ORGANIZATION AND WHAT THAT MEANS FOR THE GROUPS OF WORLDS AND THE ECONOMY.
DEFINE A SOCIAL THEORY AND EXPLAIN HOW THEORIES ARE USED IN SOCIOLOGY?
SOCIAL THEORIES INVOLVE A SYSTEMATIC PROCESS TO STUDY THE WORLD. THEY HAVE FIVE DIFFERENCE THEORIES:
1. ONTOLOGY - THE KNOWLEDGE OF REALITY (WHAT IS? WHAT IS REALITY? HOW DO PEOPLE EXIST IN THE WORLD? )
2. EPISTEMOLOGY - THE THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE ITSELF ( HOW CAN WE KNOW ABOUT THE WORLD? HOW DO WE GET KNOWLEDGE FROM THE WORLD?)
3. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE - (WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD WE BE ASKING TO GAIN THEORY? WHAT WILL BE THE FOCUS OF MY RESEARCH? WHAT LENS AM I GOING TO USE?)
4. METHODOLOGY - HOW SHOULD I GO ABOUT FINDING THE ANSWER TO MY QUESTIONS? WHAT TYPE OF ANALYSIS APPROACH SHOULD I USE?
5. METHODS AND DATA - WHAT SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES AND DATA SHOULD I NEED IN ORDER TO COLLECT MY DATA? WHAT DOES “DATA” LOOK LIKE IN MY RESEARCH? HOW AM I GOING TO THEN ANALYZE THAT DATA?
ccONTOLOGY VS EPISTEMOLOGY AND EXPLAIN HOW THESE CONCEPTS RELATE TO DIFFERENT PHILOSOPHIES OF KNOWLEDGE?
ONTOLOGY VS EPISTEMOLOGY: ONTOLOGY IS HAVING THE EXACT KNOWLEDGE OF REALITY. EPISTEMOLOGY IS HAVING A THEORY OR THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE.
PHILOSOPHIES OF KNOWLEDGE:
POSITIVIST - ONTOLOGY = REALITY EXISTS INDEPENDANTLY VS EPISTEMOLOGY = SOCIAL WORLD CAN BE MEASURED AND UNDERSTOOD OBJECTIVELY (NOT INFLUENCED BY PERSONAL VIEWS OR OPINIONS)
CONSTRUCTIVIST/INTERPREVIST - ONTOLOGY = REALITY IS CREATED BY INDIVIDUALS OR GROUPS VS. EPISTEMOLOGY = MEANING ATTRIBUTED BY INDIVIDUALS TO CONSTRUCT THEIR OWN REALITY
SUBJECTIVISM - ONTOLOGY = THE REALITY THAT ONE PERCIEVES IT TO BE VS. EPISTEMOLOGY = ONES OWN KNOWLEDGE IS A MATTER OF PERSPECTIVE
CRITICAL - ONTOLOGY = REALITY IS CONSTRUCTED AND INFLUENCED BY POWER RELATIONS VS EPISTEMOLOGY = KNOWLEDGE IS SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED AND MODERATED BY POWER RELATIONS
DESCRIBE THE KEY THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES THAT ARE USED IN SOCIOLOGY?
FUNCTIONALISM /STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM = PROVISED A PERSPECTIVE THAT IS STRUCTURED AND STRICT. IT CAN ANALYZE THE BASIC FUNCTIONS OF INSTITUTIONS
CONFLICT = THE UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIOLOGY AS A POWER STRUGGLE
FEMINIST/INTERSECTIONAL FEMINIST/ ANTI - RACIST FEMINIST = CENTERS AROUND GENDER ROLES AND LOOKS AT SOCIAL IDENTITIES THAT HAVE INTERSECTED WITH GENDER IDENTITIES TO CREATE DIFFERENT EXPERIENCES
POST - MODERNIST = FOCUSES ON THE POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
DECOLONIAL = IT FOCUSES ON THE SELF - DETERMINATION, EMPOYERMENT, SOCIAL JUSTICE, AND MOST IMPORTANTLY THE RECOVERY PROCESS OF COLOIZED PEOPLE WHO
DESCRIBE THE KEY THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES THAT ARE USED IN SOCIOLOGY?
FUNCTIONALISM /STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM = PROVISED A PERSPECTIVE THAT IS STRUCTURED AND STRICT. IT CAN ANALYZE THE BASIC FUNCTIONS OF INSTITUTIONS
CONFLICT = THE UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIOLOGY AS A POWER STRUGGLE
FEMINIST/INTERSECTIONAL FEMINIST/ ANTI - RACIST FEMINIST = CENTERS AROUND GENDER ROLES AND LOOKS AT SOCIAL IDENTITIES THAT HAVE INTERSECTED WITH GENDER IDENTITIES TO CREATE DIFFERENT EXPERIENCES
POST - MODERNIST = FOCUSES ON THE POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
DECOLONIAL = IT FOCUSES ON THE SELF - DETERMINATION, EMPOWERMENT, SOCIAL JUSTICE, AND MOST IMPORTANTLY THE RECOVERY PROCESS OF COLONIZED PEOPLE
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST - CREATES THE ASSUMPTION THAT PEOPLE RESPOND TO ELEMENTS OF THEIR ENVIORMENT BASED UPON THE SUBJECTIVE MEANING THAT THEY ATTACH TO THAT ENVIOURMENT
QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHOD AND WHEN THEY ARE USEFUL!
quantitative research method = number values (how many, how much, how often)
qualitative research method = categorical variable ( methods, audio recordings, transcriptions, documents)
DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESEARCH METHODS THAT SOCIOLOGISTS USE?
surveys, interviews, observation/participation observation, arts based method, experiments.
EXPLAIN TCPS 2 PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH ETHICS & CONSIDERATIONS THAT MUST BE MADE TO ENSURE THEY CONDUCT RESEARCH ETHICALLY ?
PRINCIPLES:
1. respect of persons
2. concern for welfare
3. justice
CONDUCTING RESEARCH ETHICALLY
When conducting research ethically, consider:
. conflicts of interest
. fairness and equity on research participation
. safeguarding information
. vulnerable persons and marginalized groups
DEFINE THE FOLLOWING CONCEPTS:
Social class
Capitalism
Colonialism
Neo-colonialism
Culture
Socialization and cultural capital
Cultural imperialism and ethnocentrism
Ideology
Ideology of meritocracy
social class - what someone has access to based upon their individual or group identity (e.i. the rich vs the poor)
capitalism - an economic system in which the means of production are largely in the private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits
colonialism - a foreign power maintains political, social, economic and cultural domination over a people for an extended period
neo - colonalism - THE NEWER EXPERIENCE OF COLONIALISM (HOW THE RELATIONS CONTINUE TO EXIST TODAY)
culture - A whole way of life of a people that includes the norms, values, beliefs, ideas, images, behaviours, practices, symbols, language, and material things and places shared by a group and that help to define the group
socialization and cultural capital - The lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs, language, values, and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating in a given society. in other words (T ALLOWS YOU TO LEARN HOW TO INTERACT WITHIN SOCIETY AND AMONGST PEERS. (E.I. THE SOCIAL CLASSES OF LIFE SUCH AS YOUR FAMILY, SCHOOL, THE INTERNET, YOUR WORKPLACE)
cultural imperalism and ethnocentrism - the tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life are “normal” or superior to others. ethnocentrism = ELEMENTS OF ONE CULTURE MAY BE IMPOSED ON ANOTHER CULTURE (CULTURAL IMPERIALISM)
ideology and meritocracy = A system of belief (not always accurate) that people use to make sense of the social world and their experiences in it. An ideology creates taken-for-granted or ‘common sense’ notions about how the world is organized and how it works.” THE IDEOLOGY OF A RULING OR INFLUENCIAL CLASS OF EDUCATED OR SKILLED PEOPLE. (EXAMPLE: if you were to search for a new lamp online, you’ll be able to compare reviews (e.g., out of 5 stars) online and find out which product is most highly reviewed. This product is likely to become the most widely purchased, as well. This process is a process of meritocracy.)
DEFINE THE FOLLOWING CONCEPTS:
Social class
Capitalism
Colonialism
Neo-colonialism
Culture
Socialization and cultural capital
Cultural imperialism and ethnocentrism
Ideology
Ideology of meritocracy
social class - what someone has access to based upon their individual or group identity (e.i. the rich vs the poor)
capitalism - an economic system in which the means of production are largely in the private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits
colonialism - a foreign power maintains political, social, economic and cultural domination over a people for an extended period
neo - colonalism - THE NEWER EXPERIENCE OF COLONIALISM (HOW THE RELATIONS CONTINUE TO EXIST TODAY)
culture - A whole way of life of a people that includes the norms, values, beliefs, ideas, images, behaviours, practices, symbols, language, and material things and places shared by a group and that help to define the group
socialization and cultural capital - The lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs, language, values, and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating in a given society. in other words (T ALLOWS YOU TO LEARN HOW TO INTERACT WITHIN SOCIETY AND AMONGST PEERS. (E.I. THE SOCIAL CLASSES OF LIFE SUCH AS YOUR FAMILY, SCHOOL, THE INTERNET, YOUR WORKPLACE)
cultural imperalism and ethnocentrism - the tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life are “normal” or superior to others. ethnocentrism = ELEMENTS OF ONE CULTURE MAY BE IMPOSED ON ANOTHER CULTURE (CULTURAL IMPERIALISM)
ideology and meritocracy = A system of belief (not always accurate) that people use to make sense of the social world and their experiences in it. An ideology creates taken-for-granted or ‘common sense’ notions about how the world is organized and how it works.” THE IDEOLOGY OF A RULING OR INFLUENCIAL CLASS OF EDUCATED OR SKILLED PEOPLE. (EXAMPLE: if you were to search for a new lamp online, you’ll be able to compare reviews (e.g., out of 5 stars) online and find out which product is most highly reviewed. This product is likely to become the most widely purchased, as well. This process is a process of meritocracy.)
