Sociology terms Flashcards
What is Edwin Suthlerland known for?
Considered to be the father of the differential association theory. He maintained that people learn deviant behaviours by associating with people who commit deviant acts.
Howard Becker?
he is a labelling theorist and founder. He suggests that behaviours and individuals become deviant only when people with some social power label them as deviant. –druggie.
Frances Fox Priven?
this person is considered to be a hardworking social scientist. She used her knowledge to expand welfare benefits and was also involved in the motor voter act.
Adrian Chevraux-Fitzhugh ?
Adrian used sociological too to examine peoples knowledge about ‘corporate personhood’ . Designed a comprehensive telephone survey. (corporations having legal rights)
Gender roles?
this term refers to how gender roles confine members of both sexes (f/m) to certain types of behaviour and limits their freedom to act without fear of social disapproval. Negative consequences arise, if you become deviant of role.
Gender socialization ?
human beings learn to apply dissimilar social roles to girls and boys. The result being that we treat boys and girls differently and they in turn, learn to act ‘feminine’ and ‘masculine’ ways. Gender has traditional been seen as binary.
race?
Race refers to a persons physical appearance, such as skin colour , hair colour, etc.
ethnicity?
ethnicity refers to the cultural factors such as nationality, culture, ancestry, languages, and beliefs. shared group history.
heteronormativity ?
this term is the belief that there is only one kind of sexuality, which is heterosexuality. society (the system) stigmatizes any behaviour which deviates from this presumption
social construction of race (& ethnicity) ?
the notion of race is a social construct that essentially means that race has no scientific basis or biological reality. A product of human though, race as a way to differientiate human beings is a social concept. Race as an idea effects educational system, cj system, etc.
social differentiation ?
social characteristics- differences, identities, and roles are used to differentiate people and divide them into different categories. it can be a hierarchy of rank, power, class, occupation, etc.
social stratification?
refers to an institutionalized system of social inequality. This term refers to a situation in which the divisions and relationships of social inequality have solidified into a system that them determines who gets what, when and why.
folkways?
are considered to be a subset of norms that are enforced through formal awards and sanctions. a violation of folkways may result in unhappy looks but rarely ever serious or legal repercussions.
mores?
mores are norms related to behaviour that reflect the values that society holds most dear. If you violate these norms, there will be more severe consequences. - like criminal charges. You will find more people support these laws. (ex. naked in public )
NELP National Employment Law Project?
creating fairer minimum wage laws with their “raise the minimum wage” campaign. NELP helped many us states 72% in favour of raising the minimum wage- and pushed for such legislations in states and cities.
National Urban League?
This organization has a mission to “enable African Americans and over underserved urban residents to secure economic self reliance, party, power and civil rights.
FAM? friends and mentors for change?
a mentoring program for inner city youth kids who were at high risk of not graduating, Jonathon, with initial research revealed that negative home life will effect graduation and act deviantly. so they spend more time with the FAM , positive reinforcement and more likely to graduate.
race entered theory?
race entered theorists focus on how and why racial hierarchies are actively maintained by those who benefit from them. Maintain that racism is a indestructiblee component of society. Maintain that divisions in society are based on race, rather than class. glaring gaps in pay, income, education etc.
critical race theory?
coined by the legal scholar Kimberle Crewshaw in the late 1980s, was a response by legal scholars to the idea that the US had become colourblind society where race, inequality and discrimination was no longer in effect. Derrick bell is thought to be the forefather.
Labelling theory?
Labelling theorists focus on the categorization of people as deviant, and stress that deviance is socially constructed and the deviant behaviour is learnt. Shared assumptions is the notion of social constructionism.
Charles derber?
conflict perspective into play. He maintains that the government acts disproportionately to the global corporations over their own citizens and describes a world in which corporations rather than nations dominate the world “ put people before profit”
sociology?
the scientific study of society; sociologists seek to understand how individuals shape and are shaped by larger social forces.
democracy?
a system of governance that instills state power in citizenship rather than in government.
2 core commitments of sociology?
- using the sociological eye 2. using social activism
c. wright mills
coined the term ‘sociological imagination’ wrote a book titled THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION . wanted society to stop boxing their personal situations into isolated corners.
Randall colins?
a prominent sociologist. Said the 2 core commitments of society are a. to better understand how society works and b. to use that knowledge to make society better.
Betty Friedan?
her book was called the feminine mystique shattered the myth that women could find fulfillment only as wives and house makers, and became part of the case for the women’s movement. in 1960’s and 70s’
democratic governments: ?
using the sociological tools to strengthen our society, make our nation more democratic and work towards making the rights and well being of people all around the world
USAS united students against sweatshops
duke university kids noticed how sweatshops labour the clothes were and created the USAS, prompting convo and change for uni against sweatshops “sweat free”
what university was first to change their sweatshop labour policies?
Duke university
Obergfell v. Hodges?
gay couple that took their case to court. The Supreme Court of the US ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same sex couples.
Workers rights consortium WRC
a group of students in 2000, established this to assist in the enforcement of the codes of conduct between established colleges and universities and the companies that manufacture their clothing. fair trade universities.
mechanical solidarity ?
Emile Durkheim believed that there was little room for individualism. people are bound to one another through tradition/ a common way of life. - seen in pre modern societies. simpler societies. in which everyone shares a common life.
organic solidarity?
seen in modern societies. complex societies, in which people perform different and often selective tasks. people come together to exchange services with one another. more room for individualism. weaker ties though. more complex societies.
external inequalities
imposed on individuals at birth- social circumstances. the existence of external inequality on an industrial society indicates that institutions aren’t working properly. FORCED ON PEOPLE.
internal inequalities.
based on peoples nature. let you be what you want to be.
sociology of knowledge
sociologists study the relationship between human thought and social context without which it arises and explains and make sense of social pattern.
positionality
is the social and political context that creates your identity. in terms of race, class, gender, sexuality, ability and status.
what are the 3 dimensions of stratification ?
class, property and party.
who was pessimistic about eliminating inequality from society? that if you eliminate one inequality, another one would grow bigger.
max weber.
which theorist believed that society was like a biological organism and each organ functioned to depend one each other. and that society is held together by a sense of connectedness or solidarity ?
emile Durkheim
which theorist helped mold Frances public school ?
emile Durkheim
which theorist helped Germany out in many ways and their biggest achievement wasn’t met until the end of their life at the end of ww1
Marx weber.
who is the founder of symbolic interactionism ?
George hebert mead.
who theorist helped establish the immigrants protection league , promoting social scientific studies in Chicago and created the department of public welfare.?
George hebert mead
who edited the journal called the elementary school teacher?
George hebert mead. also believed that you are not truly human unless you interact with one another.
which theorist was the first women to receive the Nobel prize in USA and 2nd in world?
Jane Addams.
which theorist studied and produced the “garbage can project “ to bring into light inequality and rights ?
Jane Addams.
THIS theorist and their friend Ellen star gates founded the first ?
settlement house in the USA
which theorist was the first black man to graduate from Harvard?
WEB DU BOIS
which theorist had “ the Philadelphia negro” study?
web du bois
which theorists lived in full houses or among their research ?
Jane Addams and web du bois
Brian J reed?
used his sociology background to help locate and crackdown Hussein.
the worlds first sociologist?
IBN KHALDUN
who was Auguste compte?
a French philosopher known as the founder of sociology and of positivism. Compte gave the science of sociology its name . not really in the public eye
who are the conflict theorists?
Marx and weber - noticing inequality, struggles for power in society.
who are the symbolic interactionists?
mead and Addams. looking at symbols and interactions.
what is a subfield of symbolic interactionism?
what we think of as “reality” in large part is seen that way because it has been “constructed” as what we think/ what we know to be reality. The sociology of knowledge
what are norms ?
the rules and expectations that guide people to how they act in society . established by society and are ever-changing.
artifacts?
are the tangible objects that people from a particular culture create and use . norms and values will influence which artifacts members of a society will develop .
an idea within phenomenology that analyzes the process by which the objective facts of social life acquire their objectivity?
social constructions
totemism ?
Durkheim studied this among indigenous Australian aborigines. saw that totemism as the most basic form of religion. could be an animal or natural object.
non material culture?
refers to the ideas or behaviours associated with a given culture, including beliefs. )ex/ religion . values and assumptions.
material culture?
the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use and share.
a group of people with cultural patterns that distinguish them from the dominant culture?
subculture
3 ways we rely on culture?
all of our decisions, our goals and the way we think
how others affect our self image ? a persons self grows out of a persons social interactions with others.
looking glass self
generalized other?
George hebert mead established a theory of social behaviour to show how individuals personalities are developed through social experience. - when we imagine what is expected of us .
donna yang and al.?
students at William paterson uni. used their sociological knowdleged to educate students about KIVA, a Microfinance project assigned to aid women and abolish poverty globally, and to participate in he organization efforts.
ethnography?
living among those that you study (Addams, du bois did that)
what did Marx believe that the bourgeoisie control ?
- the means of production in society 2. the means for production of the ideas
describe a functionalist approach
stressed the necessary interconnectivity of all its elements.
Durkheim maintained that society was held together by ?
a sense of connectedness
describe symbollic interaction
mbolic interactionism has roots in phenomenology, which emphasizes the subjective meaning of reality.Symbolic interactionism proposes a social theory of the self, or a looking glass self.Symbolic interactionists study meaning and communication; they tend to use qualitative methods.Symbolic interactionism has been criticized for failing to take into account large-scale macro social structures and
three basic questions sociologists ask for findings;
- now what (do we do with these findings?) 2. so what? (why does this matter to the world) 3. how do you know (if your findings are well founded)
three categories of culture?
values, norms, artifacts.
social constructions?
an idea within phenomenology that analyzes the process by which the objective facts of social life acquire their objectivity
what are values?
values are what members of society deem important. they can change overtime.
what is the American Indian Movement?
a Native American grassroots movement that was founded in July 1968 in Minneapolis. it was initially formed to address systematic issues of poverty and police brutality against native Americans.
how many Americans used a Social Networking Site for political activity in 2014?
2/3
what are the five primary socializing agents?
- family 2. peers. 3. education 4. media. 5. religion (nature) nature is as in what you were born with
generalized other?
according to mead— anytime we try to imagine what is expected of us, we are taking on this term. the part of personality that is in combination of self image and self awareness by interaction with others through the use of symbols and being able to see ourselves through the perspective of others. how we might be seen by the eyes of any other person.
who coined the term looking glass self?
Charles hoorton Cooley
factionalism and deviant?
Durkheimsaid that deviant behaviour can have some positive effects on society. ex unite people, make them realize the laws.
ethnography?
refers to the study of cultural information
Daniel Nicholas Paul ?
social advocate. author of one of the first indigenous books from a native perspective WE WERE NOT SAVAGES. he long campaigned for the removal of the controversial founder in Halifax Edward corneliisus.
Kathleen Livingstone?
founded the Canadian negro women association in 1951. she coined the term visible minority in 1975. radio host and advocate to black women.
Peter l berger and thomas luckman?
wrote the book the social construction of reality. taken from a point of the sociology of knowledge perspective
social inequality?
term used to describe the unequal distribution of valued resources, rewards and positions in a society.
conflict theory is most valuable when examining?
social stratification
c. wright mills?
power elite theorist. who argued that many people do not bother to participate in political processes because they feel alienated from it
g. William domhoff?
power elite theorist who said that it is the power elite that influence politics. 3 groups that hold power; the political, the corporate community and the policy planning network .
for race to be more than skin deep one has to have cordanance
but most human variation is non-concordant. (ex basketball— black people people? baseball ? white? )
white fragility?
white people have an extremely low threshold for endearing any kind of discerning discomfort associate to our values of racial world views. white people become defensive . the push back is called white fragility.
cisgender?
a term which refers to their gender identity which matches what they were assigned at birth.
heteronormativity?
the belief that there is only one of sexuality. (sex between man and woman )
gender roles?
masculine and feminine
