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Capstone > Sociology Terms > Flashcards

Sociology Terms Flashcards

1
Q

The condition of having too little income
to buy the necessities– food, shelter, clothing, health care

A

Absolute Poverty

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2
Q

A social position obtained through an individual’s own talents and efforts

A

Achieved status

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3
Q

A collection of unrelated people who do not know one another but who may occupy a common space - for example, a crowd of people crossing a city street

A

Aggregate

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4
Q

societies in which large scale cultivation using plows and draft animals is the primary means of subsistence

A

Agrarian societies

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5
Q

The theory suggesting that deviance and crime occur when there is an acute gap between cultural norms and goals and the socially structured opportunities for individuals to achieve those goals

A

Anomia Theory

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6
Q

The process of taking on the attitudes, values, and behaviors of a status or role one expects to occupy in the future

A

Anticipatory socialization

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7
Q

the belief that one’s religious faith exempts one from the legal or moral codes in the wider society

A

Antinomianism

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8
Q

Universally received self-evident truth (real or not)

A

Axiom

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9
Q

An economic system that includes public ownership of or control over all productive resources and whose activity is planned by the government

A

Centrally planned economy

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10
Q

The branch of law that deals largely with wrongs against the individual

A

Civil law

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11
Q

The interweaving of religious and political symbols in public life

A

Civil Religion

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12
Q

Suggests that individuals try to pattern their lives and experiences to form a reasonably consistent picture of their beliefs, actions, and values

A

Cognitive development theory

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13
Q

A policy of equal pay for men and women doing similar work, even if the jobs are labeled differently by sex

A

Comparable worth

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14
Q

A form of Family organization centered around the husband-wife relationship rather than around blood relationships

A

Conjugal family

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15
Q

A “supercity” with more than one million people

A

Consolidated metropolitan statistical area (CMSA)

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16
Q

Le Bon’s theory that the anonymity people feel in a crowd makes them susceptible to the suggestions of fanatical leaders, and that emotions can sweep through such a crowd like a virus

A

Contagion theory

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17
Q

A theory suggesting that modernizing nations come to resemble one another over time. In collective behavior, a theory suggesting that certain crowds attract particular types of people, who may behave irrationally

A

Convergence theory

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18
Q

A social process by which people who might otherwise threaten the stability of existence of an organization are brought into the leadership or policy-making structure of that organization

A

Cooptation

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19
Q

The total number of live births per 1000 persons in a population within a particular year

A

Crude birth rate

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20
Q

The number of deaths per 1000 persons occuring within a once-year period in a particualr population

A

Crude death rate

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21
Q

The view that the nature of a society is shaped primarily by the ideas and values of the people living in it

A

Cultural determinism

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22
Q

the process whereby an aspect of culture spreads throughout a culture or from one culture to another

A

Cultural diffusion

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23
Q

a situation in which a person’s place in the occupational world is determined by his or her culutral markers (such as ethnicity)

A

cultural division of labor

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24
Q

the frocing of members of one culture to adopt the practices of another culture

A

cultural imposition

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25
Q

Cultural features, such as the use of language, shared by all human societies

A

cultural universals

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26
Q

the functionalist phrase that oscar lewis used to describe the idea that poor people do not learn the norms and values that can help them improve their circumstances and hence get trapped in a repeated pattern of poverty

A

culture of poverty

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27
Q

in the sociology of sport, a theory that explains aggression and violence in sport as learned behavior that mirrors the degree of aggression and violence in the society

A

culture pattern theory

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28
Q

reasoning from the general to the specific

A

deduction

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29
Q

A theory about the place of developing nations in the world economy suggesting that major industrial nations take advantage of the cheap labor and raw materials of developing nations and hence are reluctant to see them become industrialized

A

dependency theory

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30
Q

the process of breaking down jobs into less complex segments that require less knowledge and judgement on the part of the workers

A

deskilling

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31
Q

A theory by sutherland that attributes the existence of deviant behavior to learning from friends or associates

A

differential association

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32
Q

the conceptual division of the private sector of the economy into monopoly (core) and competitve (periphery) sectors

A

dual economy

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33
Q

a group composed of two people

A

dyad

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34
Q

in urban sociology, the replacement of one group by another over time

A

ecological sucession

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35
Q

the sector of the economy characterized by large, generally very profitable, oligopolistic firms that are national or multination in scope; also called the monopoly sector

A

economic core

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36
Q

the sector of the economy characterized by small, local, barely profitable firms; also called the competitive sector

A

economic periphery

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37
Q

the ratio between the number of the elderly (65 and over) and the number of working-age people (ages 18-64)

A

elderly dependency ratio

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38
Q

a theory of collective behavior suggesting that people move to fform a shared definition of the situation in relatively normless situations

A

emergent norm theory

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39
Q

Marriage between members of the same category, class, or group

A

endogamy

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40
Q

the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion

A

epistemology

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41
Q

the view that categories of people have intrinsically different and characteristic natures or dispositions

A

essentialism

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42
Q

the three-tiered stratification system used during the middle ages

A

estate system

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43
Q

a detailed study based on actual observation of the way of life of a human group or society

A

ethnography

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44
Q

marriage between members of different categories, classes, or groups

A

exogamy

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45
Q

a term used by goffman to refer to the actions taken by individuals to make their behavior appear consistent with the image they want to present

A

face-work

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46
Q

an intrinsically worthless object, such as paper money, that is deemed to be money by law

A

fiat currency

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47
Q

social norms to which people generally conform, although they receive little pressure to do so

A

folkways

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48
Q

A general idea of the expectations, attitudes, and values of a group or community

A

generalized other

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49
Q

the tendency of individuals to follow the ideas or actions of a group

A

groupthink

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50
Q

the assumption that a physically attractive person also possesses other good qualities

A

halo effect

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51
Q

the change in a subject’s behavior caused by the wareness of being studied

A

Hawthorne effect

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52
Q

when socially powerful people use their influence to convince less powerful people it is in their best interest to do what is actually in the most powerful people’s best interest

A

hegemony

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53
Q

movement from one social status to another of about equal rank in the social hierarchy

A

horizontal mobility

54
Q

societies in which the cultivation of plants with hoes is the primary means of subsistence

A

horticultural societies

55
Q

an economic system that blends features of both centrally planned and capitalist economies

A

hybrid economy

56
Q

views suggesting that children learn gender roles by identifying with and copying the same-sex parent

A

identification theories

57
Q

cloward and ohlin’s term for opportunities for crimes that are a basic part of our society

A

Illegitimate opportunity structures

58
Q

reasoning from the particular to the general

A

induction

59
Q

the practice of voerlapping memberships on corporate boards of directors

A

interlocking directorates

60
Q

in learning theory, the provision of a reward sometimes but not always when a desired behavior is shown

A

intermitent reinforcement

61
Q

In george herbert mead’s view, the spontaneous or impulsive portion of the self

A

“i” portion of the self

62
Q

in Robert michel’s view, the diea that power in an organization tends to become concentrated in the hands of a small group of leaders

A

iron law of oligarchy

63
Q

the economic theory advanced by john maynard keynes which holds that government intervention, through deficit spending, may be necessary to maintain high levels of employment

A

Keynesian economics

64
Q

the existence of two or more distinct labor markets, one of which is open only to individuals of a particular gender or ethnicity

A

Labor-market segmentation

65
Q

the economic theory advanced by adam smith which holds that the economic system develops and functions best when left ot market forces, without government intervention

A

Laissez-faire economics

66
Q

the unintended and/or unrecognized function or consequences of some thing or process in a social system

A

latent function

67
Q

a job that i spart of the central operations of an organization rather than one that provides support services for the operating structure

A

line job

68
Q

the sense of self an individual derives from the way others view and treat him or her

A

looking glass self

69
Q

the intended function or consequence of some thing or process in a social system

A

manifest function

70
Q

a situation in which the eligible individuals of one sex outnumber the supply of potential marriage partners of the other sex

A

marriage squeeze

71
Q

a large impersonal society in which individual achievement is valued over kinship ties and in which people often feel isolated from one another

A

mass society

72
Q

a social custom in which married couples live in the home of the wifes family

A

matrilocality

73
Q

the social process whereby one advantage an indivdua; has is likely to lead to additional advantages

A

matthew effect

74
Q

a federal-state matching program that provides medical assistance to certain low income persons

A

medicaid

75
Q

a federl health insurance program. Individuals are eligible if they receive social security benefits or federal disability benefits

A

medicare

76
Q

in george herbert meads’s view, the portion of the self that brings the influence of others into the indivdual’s consciousness

A

“me” portion of the self

77
Q

social movements based on the expectation that society will be suddenly transformed through supernatural intervention

A

millenarian movements

78
Q

strongly held social norms, a violation of which causes a sense of moral outrage

A

mores

79
Q

a social custom in which married couples move to a new home of their own together

A

neolocality

80
Q

procedures researchers follow to minimize distortions in observation or interpretation due to personal or social values

A

objectivity

81
Q

the control of a particular industry, market, service, or commodity by a few large organizations

A

oligopoly

82
Q

dealing with the nature of being (what is believed to be part of human nature)

A

ontology

83
Q

a form of behvaior in organizations, particulary in bureaucracies, in which people follow the rules and regulations so closely that they forget the purpose of those rules and regulations

A

organizational ritualism

84
Q

the inefficient use of ideas, expertise, money, or material in an organization

A

organizational waste

85
Q

in the sociology of science, a coherent tradition of scientific law, theory, and assumptions that forms a distinct approach to problems

A

paradigm

86
Q

societies in which the raising and herding of animals such as sheep, goats, and cows is the primary means of subsistence

A

pastoral societies

87
Q

the science or art of teaching

A

pedagogy

88
Q

in ethnic relations, the condition that exists when both majority and minority groups value their distinct cultural identities, and at the same time seek economic and political unity. In political sociology, the view that society is composed of competing interest groups, with power diffused among them

A

pluralism

89
Q

research designed to assess alternative possibilities for public or social actions, in terms of their costs and/or consequences

A

policy research

90
Q

the efforts of a society to prevent ethnically different groups from joining it

A

population exclusion

91
Q

an appraoch to explaining human action that does not take inot account the individual’s interpretation of the situation

A

positivist

92
Q

deviant behavior that is invisible to others, short lived, or unimportant, and therefore does not contribute to the public labeling of an individual as being deviant

A

primary deviance

93
Q

a process whereby the positive features of some institutions help to generate further benefits for them

A

principle of cumultive advantage

94
Q

the difference between birth and death rates, excluding immigration

A

rate of natural increase

95
Q

the process of subjecting social relationships to calculation and administration

A

rationalization

96
Q

weber’s theory that bureacracies would gain increasing power over modern life, eventually governing almost every aspect of society

A

rationalization of society

97
Q

a type of social movement that accepts the status quo but seeks certain specific social reforms

A

reform movement

98
Q

a type of social movement whose aim is to move the social world back to where members believe it was at an earlier time

A

regressive movement

99
Q

people regard human relations, actions, and ideas as independent of themselves, sometimes governing them

A

reification

100
Q

investments in basic research and in the practical application of basic research discoveries

A

research and development

101
Q

the process of socializing people away from a group or activity in which they are involved

A

resocialization

102
Q

the theory that social movements are affected by their ability to marshal various key resources

A

resource mobilization theory

103
Q

in anomie theory, a form of deviance that occurs when individuals abandon culturally valued means and goals

A

retreatism

104
Q

in anomie theory, a form of deviance in which indivdiuals lose sight of socially valued goals but conform closely to socially prescribed means

A

ritualism

105
Q

a systematic method of collecting information from respondents, using personal interviews or written questionaires

A

sample survey

106
Q

the dramatic overthrow of one intellectual paradigm by another

A

scientific revolution

107
Q

according to lemert, repeated deviant behavior that is brought on by other people’s negative reactions to the original act of deviance

A

secondary deviance

108
Q

the sector of an economy in which raw materials are turned into manufactured goods

A

secondary economic sector

109
Q

a social group bound together for the accomplishment of common tasks, with few emotional ties amoong members

A

secondary group

110
Q

a theory of urban development explaining that cities develop in wedge-shaped patterns following transportation systems

A

sector theory

111
Q

Goffman’s term for the ,echanisms we use to present ourselves to others. consist of setting, appearance, and manner of interacting

A

sign vehicles

112
Q

groups of people who may not interact but who share certain social characteristics or statuses

A

social categories

113
Q

the process of socially creating definitions of situations so that they appear to be natural

A

social construction of reality

114
Q

the organization of economic life on the basis of owning or not owning the means of production, purchasing or selling labor power, and controlling or not controlling other people’s labor power

A

social relations of production

115
Q

a theory suggesting that nations go through various systematic stages of development

A

stage theory

116
Q

a system under which resources and means of production are privately owned but closely monitored and regulated by the government

A

state capitalism

117
Q

a view of social mobility suggesting the importance of father’s education, father’s occupation, son’s education, and son’s first job for a man’s adult status (early research was based only on men)

A

status-attainment model

118
Q

may occur when an individual occupies two or more unequal statuses in a society

A

status inconsistency

119
Q

people who share a social identity based on similar values and life-styles

A

status group

120
Q

a person’s own perception of his or her class positino

A

subjective social class

121
Q

the belief that technological development shapes social life in rather fixed ways

A

technological determinism

122
Q

a view of organizational behavior suggesting that people hate their jobs, want to avoid responsibility, rsist change, and do not care about organizational needs

A

theory x

123
Q

a view of organizational behaviro suggesting that people have the desire to work, to be creative, and to take responsibility for their jobs and for the organization

A

theory y

124
Q

a form of organizational culture that values long-term employment, trust, and close personal relationships between workers and managers

A

theory z

125
Q

the theory espousing sociologist W. I. Thomas’s idea that “ if a person perceives a situation as real, it is real in its consequence

A

thomas theorem

126
Q

a place where peole spend 24 hours every day for an extended part of their lives, cut off from the rest of society and tightly controled by ther people in charge

A

total institution

127
Q

the practice of grouping students by ability, curriculum, or both

A

tracking

128
Q

the hiriing of people in jobs that are not customarily filled by individuals with their relatively high levels of experience or education

A

underemployment

129
Q

a theory suggesting that many instances of collective behavior represent efforts to change the social environment

A

value-added theory

130
Q

a form of business organization that attempts to control the business environment by assuming control of one or more of its resources or business outlets

A

vertical integration

131
Q

wallerstein’s theory that as societies industrialized, capitalism became the dominant economic system, leadsing to the globalization of capitalism

A

world systems analysis

132
Q

the situation that occurs when the population of a nation or the world remains stable from one year to the next by only replacing oneself

A

zero population growth

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