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Environmental Health > Sociology Midterm > Flashcards

Sociology Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Interaction: How do you interact with the physical world?
(5)

A

1) sight
2) hearing
3) smell
4) taste
5) touch

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2
Q

How is a human categorized?

A

A human is something with specific biological components.

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3
Q

Typification

A

A process of creating a standard (typical) social construction based on standard assumptions.
*this is something that is projected from humans to the world.

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4
Q

Object

A

Something on which attention or action is focused on.

Not necessarily a physical thing.
Not primarily in sociology.

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5
Q

We look at things through a conceptual lens

A

Reality - ones mental thoughts - the idea/concept - reality

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6
Q

Social Construct

A

An interpreted social phenomenon that was invented by individuals and is shaped by the social forces present in the time and place of its creation.
*Defining things in your own life.

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7
Q

Social Construction of Reality

A

The interactive process by which knowledge is produced and codified, making it specific to a certain group or society.

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8
Q

MENTAL MODEL

A

Based on how we define what is going on dictates what we decide to do.

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9
Q

The Definition of the Situation

A

The process of sense-making required to determine how one should act and to predict how others may act.

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9
Q

Impression Management

A

A process through which we (consciously or subconsciously) influence the perceptions of others by regulating and controlling the information we give off in social interactions.

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9
Q

Front Stage

A

A region where one’s performance & behavior is open to judgement by those who observe it.

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10
Q

Expressions Given

A

Expressions that one gives in order to intentionally convey information.

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10
Q

Expressions Given Off

A

Expressions that one gives off as a byproduct of behavior presumably exhibited for reasons other than conveying information.

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10
Q

Back Stage

A

A region where actors can discuss, polish, or refine their performance without revealing themselves to their audience.

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11
Q

The Three Elements to the Self-Concept
(2)

A

(2) The imagination of their judgement of that appearance. (our appearance).

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11
Q

Self

A

An organized, stable sense of who you are.

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11
Q

The Three Elements to the Self-Concept
(1)

A

(1) The imagination of our appearance to another person.

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12
Q

The Three Elements to the Self-Concept
(3)

A

(3) Some sort of self-feeling, such as pride or mortification.

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13
Q

The “I”

A

The “I”, the self that is able to act/do things.
(we create an object in terms of action or definition).

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14
Q

Generalized Other

A

An organized and generalized attitude of a social group.

~ A collection of the generalized social construct which we keep in our head.
~**This does not necessarily mean what we do/already have done, but now we analyze our options. The I, the Me, and the Generalized Other.

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15
Q

The Internal Dialogue

A

The conversations we have with ourselves in our minds, both verbal (when your thoughts take the shape of our words) and non-verbal (when they are just feelings and attitude).

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16
Q

Internal Dialogue Triangle

A

Generalized Other - Objectified Self “me” - Agent Self “I”

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17
Q

The “I”

A

The “I” is the acting subject whose attention is focused on taking actions.

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18
Q

The “Me”

A

The “Me” is the object of one’s own actions, with attention focused on one’s own real or imagined actions in the eyes of the others.

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19
Q

(1) Preparatory Stage

A

The Preparatory Stage occurs around ages two or below.
During this stage, children begin to imitate the people around them.

Ex. babies mimicking sounds and faces and actions -this is important in the realization that the babies are just doing what you are doing, they (at that time) do not intentionally know what they are doing with a meaning. * they are gathering the tools that they will need later on.

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20
Q

(2) Play Stage

A

The Play Stage: Children begin to develop skills in communication through symbols, taking their first steps into role-taking.
*Occurs between the ages of two & six.

~Pretend to make food, play, & imagination.
Starts to contain meaning.
*Play is an essential part of social development and sense of self.

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21
Q

(3) The Game Stage

A

The Game Stage: Children of about 8 or 9 consider several actual tasks and relationships simultaneously.

  • Most children in many different cultures play a game or sport at this stage in their life - building the last of the foundational muscles.
22
Q

Role Taking

A

Role Taking is the process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined point of view.

23
Q

Significant Other

A

Those persons who are of sufficient importance in an individual’s life to affect an individual’s emotions and sense of self.
- Typically some of the first roles we take.

24
Q

The Looking Glass

A

Seeing ourselves through our parents influence. We build ourselves by seeing others and how they act towards us.

25
Q

Integration

A

The degree to which individuals are connected to their community.

26
Q

Regulation

A

The sense of order and direction that society provides.

27
Q

DOXA

A

Doxa is the learned, fundamental, deep-founded, unconscious beliefs, and values, that are taken as self-evident universals within a society.
*If you have to label it, it is no longer the Doxa. ~~an UNCONSCIOUS state.

28
Q

Heterodoxy

A

The position held by those who want to move away from the old Doxa towards a new belief or way of life.

29
Q

The Sphere of Opinion

A

The universe of things that may be openly contested and discussed.

30
Q

Orthodoxy

A

The position held by those who wish to return to the original Doxa, in which a belief, truth, or way of life was taken for granted.

31
Q

Two Categories of Objects

A

Sacred & Profane

32
Q

Sacred

A

Those things that are worthy of awe and special treatment and are not mundane or everyday parts of life.

33
Q

Profane

A

Things that are not worthy of awe and special treatment; not devoted to holy or religious purposes; unconsecrated.

34
Q

Culture

A

The values, norms and material goods characteristic of a given group.

35
Q

Culture Shock

A

The disorientation experienced when coming into contact with a fundamentally different culture.

36
Q

Material Culture

A

Includes physical objects that members of a society create, use, and share that influence the ways in which people live.

(Clothes, food, technology, communication).

37
Q

Non-Material Culture

A

Made up of the shared set of meanings that people in society use to interpret and understand the world.

38
Q

Values

A

Our ideas of what is worthy of seeking in life, what is good or bad, and what is beautiful and ugly.

-could value in terms of money/financial freedom
-we as a society create norms **

39
Q

Norms

A

More specific rules and expectations that arise out of our values and tell us what we should, ought, and must do.

40
Q

4 Types of Norms

A

1) Folkways
2) Mores
3) Laws
4) Taboos

41
Q

Folkways

A

Norms that are not strictly enforced.

42
Q

Mores

A

Norms that are seen as essential to our core values, which must be conformed to protect the moral order.

~These things tend to be seen as bad because they may disrupt society.

43
Q

Laws

A

Norms that are defined by a political authority that has the power to punish violators.

(cheating on an exam, the university is the authority in this situation).

44
Q

Taboos

A

Norms that are so strongly ingrained that even the thought of their violation are greeted with revulsion.
(ex. murder)

**Words can be taboos, racial slurs
cannibalism
incest

45
Q

Capital

A

Any factor of production that is not wanted for itself but for its ability to help in producing other goods.

-property, money

46
Q

Economic Capital

A

Economic resources such as money or property that can be exchanged or leverage to obtain other goods.

-Can be linked to status as well.

47
Q

Forms of Capital

A

-economic
-human
-symbolic
-social
-cultural

48
Q

Cultural Capital

A

Wealth in the form of knowledge, tasks, ideas, or competencies that legitimates the maintenance of status and power.

49
Q

Human Capital

A

The skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by works, viewed in terms of their value or cost to an organization or country.

-Teaching knowledge, PHD beneficial to universities.

50
Q

Symbolic Capital

A

The resources available to an individual on the basis of honor, prestige, or recognition.

(cool points, can use status to get things).

51
Q

Social Capital

A

Opportunities or resources gained through the networks to which one belongs.

-not the number of people or resources themselves it is the forms of resources that you gain from knowing them.

52
Q

Three Types of Cultural Capital

A

Objectified: objects, often tangible, that can be transmitted directly.

Embodied: consciously acquired or passively “inherited “properties of ones self developed over time.

Institutionalized: recognition received from an institution often through educational degrees or certificates.

53
Q

Cultural Capital Examples

A

cultural knowledge-signals-education-ways of speaking-taste in art that can be exchanged for economic, social, or symbolic capital.

54
Q

Nomos

A

An individual’s fundamental assumptions about how the universe works, its purpose, and its order.

(the definition of the situation on the cosmic level).

55
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

Shows how social forces have an impact on peoples lives.
*studied suicide, religious affiliation

56
Q

Anomic Suicide

A

Arises from a lack of regulation, from moral confusion - can come from both good and bad fortune.

57
Q

Egoistic Suicide

A

Arises from a lack of integration within a community - prevalent among unmarried males.

58
Q

Altruistic Suicide

A

Arises when one is overwhelmed by the goals and needs of a group.
-Rare, except when individuals must sacrifice themselves for the benefit of their group.

59
Q

Fatalistic Suicide

A

Arises from too much regulation.
-occurs in overly oppressive societies.

60
Q

Anomie

A

A condition which society provides little moral guidance to individuals.

Environmental Health (14 decks)

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