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Sociology media theorists > Sociology Media Theorists > Flashcards

Sociology Media Theorists Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bagdikian

A

OWNERSHIP
in 1980s 50 corporations controlled the majority of the media in the USA
BUT
by 2004 media ownership had concentrated to just 7 corporations

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2
Q

Murthy

A

GLOBALISATION & CULTURE

Sites such as Facebook and Twitter can be used to raise political awareness of issues and therefore help to coordinate a mass political response to these issues.
EG response to Arab Springs

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3
Q

Castles and Kosack

A

CAGE MEDIA USAGE AND REP

the media negatively represents ethnic minorities in order to distract and divide the w/c - they are seen as the threat rather than the elite and capitalism

EG Newspaper headlines about immigrants from the East Vs those seeking Asylum from the Ukraine.

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4
Q

Curran

A

OWNERSHIP

owners directly manipulate media content.
There have always been more conservative supporting newspapers which reflects them serving the interests of their wealthy owners.
in the early 20th century wealthy ‘press barons’ were very open about their propagandist role and today media owners are even more interventionist EG Rupert Murdoch

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5
Q

Jenkins

A

GLOBALISATION & CULTURE

Audiences enjoy media texts so much that they create content based off it (become Prosumers - EG film reviews on YT) and form communities based on it (fandoms)

Fans become ‘textual poachers’ who take elements of media texts to create their own culture. This leads to online communities who produce media texts and generates a ‘collective intelligence’.

Media creates a participatory culture where they create their own media texts and can express what they want.

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6
Q

Whale

A

OWNERSHIP

Owners are too occupied running a global corporation to be invested in intervening in every decision that is made reagrding media content and agenda setting. They trust the journalists.

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7
Q

Thompson

A

GLOBALISATION & CULTURE

The interaction between global media and local cultures can cause tensions
EG some Islamic commentators have used global media to convince their local cultures that Western culture is corrupt - caused tensions.

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8
Q

Marcuse

A

GLOBALISATION & CULTURE

The media controls the w/c through bread and circuses - providing enough entertainment to distract them from what is really going on.

the sheer amount of entertainment is creating a candyfloss culture which is making society intellectually illiterate and not question capitalism and making them more vulnerable to capitalist propaganda
EG 22 season of I’m A Celeb

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9
Q

Li and Kirkup

A

CAGE MEDIA USAGE AND REP

Men = more likely to use e-mail and chat rooms than women
Men play more computer games
Men = more self-confident in their computer skills and more likely to express the opinion that using computers is a male activity.

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10
Q

Turkle

A

NEW MEDIA - CULTURAL PESSIMISTS

people (especially young ppl) are too distracted by their phones (they see them as an extension of themselves) and so do not pay attention and make shallow relationships.

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11
Q

Olson et al

A

CAGE MEDIA USAGE & REP

Boys are more likely to play violent video games in order to express fantasies of power and control and work out anger.

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12
Q

Curran & Seaton

A

NEW MEDIA - CULTURAL PESSIMISTS

There are 2 attitudes to the emergence & growth of new media:

CULTURAL PESSIMISTS:
- critical about the new media
- new media = living in a state of increased surveillance
- Our data can be used by companies for targeted advertising which causes us to spend £££ and make the rich richer.

NEOPHILIACS:
- positive about the benefits of new media
- increased consumer choice
- revitalising democracy through more info
- gives audience more choice over the media they consume (through interactivity and choice)
- increases engagement in democracy and global affairs
- EG Arab Spring was partly sparked by action made on social media platforms like Facebook

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13
Q

Cornford and Robins

A

NEW MEDIA - CULTURAL PESSIMISTS

New media is not revolutionary as it is just an extension of old media - not so new.
EG in order to play a video game a TV is needed

Interactivity is not a new thing as people have always written to newspapers.

The only new thing about new media is its speed - it can deliver news in ‘real time’ - EG live streaming on Twitch.

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14
Q

Miliband

A

OWNERSHIP

Media moguls manipulate the media to justify class inequality and disseminate the dominant capitalist ideology.

They use their power and influence to discredit anyone who challenges their ideology and media agenda

EG Julian Assange - released classified info about the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan that he believed to be in the public interest and media moguls destroyed his reputation.

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15
Q

Keen

A

NEW MEDIA - CULTURAL PESSIMISTS

The new media’s democracy makes it dangerous.
The apparent freedom of the new media (and the internet in general) means it can be seen as full of possibility or danger - possibly even both.

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16
Q

Boyle

A

NEW MEDIA - CULTURAL PESSIMIST

New media have added to what was available in traditional media rather than replaced it
EG you can still watch TV the old way - you don’t have to stream or use Catch up

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17
Q

McLuhan

A

THE MEDIA AND GLOBAL CULTURE

New Media has created a global village

through global communications we have neighbours around the world.

We no longer need a gatekeeper of a professional media production to hear about what is going on around the globe.

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18
Q

Flew

A

THE MEDIA AND GLOBAL CULTURE

The internet has increased the development of the global village - we now understand a global culture.

Our norms and values are increasingly global than national.

The news increasingly offers a global outlook rather than just a national

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19
Q

Fenton

A

THE MEDIA AND GLOBAL CULTURE

the globalisation of the media has led to cultural imperialism - the Western world dominating the rest of the world.

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20
Q

Ritzer

A

THE MEDIA AND GLOBAL CULTURE

Through globalisationthe world is becoming more and more like McDonalds - Standardised and low-skilled.

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21
Q

Klein

A

THE MEDIA AND GLOBAL CULTURE

Globalisation caused by the media has created cultural homogenisation.
This is where local cultures are killed off and the whole world becomes the same (same shops, media, brands etc)

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22
Q

McRobbie

A

REPRESENTATION - GENDER

most of contemporary media targeted at young girls constitutes a new form of ‘popular feminism’ that promotes the idea of girl power through a raunchy language of shagging, snogging and having a good time.

EG Gossip Girl

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23
Q

Newson

A

MEDIA AUDIENCE AFFECTS - HSM

violent images are too easily available for young people
May lead to desensitisation

24
Q

Norris

A

MEDIA AUDIENCE AFFECTS - HSM

media coverage of political issues can influence our voting behaviour

Is society democratic if the elite set the media agenda? - Neo - Marxist

25
Q

Bandura

A

MEDIA AUDIENCE AFFECTS - HSM

Bobo doll lab experiment

There is a direct correlation between screen violence and real-life violence

media violence causes a disinhibition effect - the idea that normal rules can be replaced with violence

EG Jamie Bulger case - boys were influenced by horror films and violent video games.

26
Q

Orbach

A

MEDIA AUDIENCE AFFECTS - HSM

Media reps of women are creating a gen of females with EDs.

National Library of Meidicine = rate of anorexia in under 15s is increasing

27
Q

Bulmer and McQuail

A

MEDIA AUDIENCE AFFECTS - U&G

There are 4 basic need satisfied through media usage:
1) Diversion (escapism - lack of romance compensated for by watching 50 shades)
2) Personal relationships (better relationships with characters than neighbours - compesates for decline in community caused by globalisation)
3) Personal Identities (use media to ‘make over’ and construct identities - eg through social media or relating to a character and using their actions to help you make your own decisions - EG Kurt bullying Glee)
4) Surveillance (access info to help influence political decisions - keep up to date with what friends or old classmates are doing)

28
Q

Katz & Lazarfeld

A

MEDIA AUDIENCE AFFECTS - 2SF

the media is dominated by opinion leaders who judge & interpret media products and disseminate their interpretations.

EG Andrew Tate & Greta Thunburg

29
Q

Marcuse

A

MEDIA AUDIENCE AFFECTS - CEM

TV content has been dumbed down to create a candyfloss culture where audiences no longer think critically about the world.
causes intellectual illetaracy and subsequently a passive acceptance of current capitalist state.

EG 20+ seasons of I’m A Celeb and now 2 seasons of Love Island per year

30
Q

Seaton

A

The internet generates political activism.
can revitalise democracy
Like-minded people are given a voice and a chance to create social change

31
Q

Nairn

A

After WW2 the monarchy developed close ties with the media and reinvented themselves as the royal family and represented themselves as ‘like us but not like us’

EG The Queen is just a working mother

This reinforces a sense of National identity and social solidarity (Functionalist ideology) as well as encourages us to identify with the royals and Marxists argue that this maintains a FCC, justifies their elite status and creates a passive acceptance of capitalism

32
Q

Newman (Representation)

A

The media positively represents the wealthy elite and glamourizes their lifestyle instead of focusing on the inequality of capitalism (distraction)
EG The Kardashians

33
Q

Pluralists (representations)

A

The positive representations of the wealthy elite are justified because
1. the media views the UK as meritocratic - The media portrays the wealthy as talented ppl who are worthy of their rewards EG Alan Sugar
2. It increases motivation - positive portrayals of the ‘meritocratic’ wealthy may motivate ppl to work harder in the belief that they too can obtain these rewards. This benefits the economy

34
Q

Jones

A

Media = a m/c assault on the w/c
m/c journalists suffer from liberal bigotry - they assume all w/c are feckless foul-mouthed racists who hate multiculturalism and so represent them as such.

EG coverage of Brexit emphasises this.

35
Q

Lawler

A

The media use negative lang to vilify & socially stigmatise what they depict as white trash & the underclass
EG use the word ‘chav’ as discriminatory & offensive

36
Q

New Right (representations)

A

The media represents poverty as self-inflicted to exemplify welfare state dependency

Marxists argue this is because it defends capitalism and justifies social stratification.

37
Q

Killbourne

A

Women are often represented as mannequins
This image is often used to advertise cosmetic & health products - this plants the idea that women should aim to look this way (and will if they use the product)

38
Q

Orbach

A

The media perpetuates the idea that slimness = success, health, happiness and popularity
This creates the potential for eating disorders among young girl as they are constantly encouraging girls to be unhappy with their bodies and be concerned about their weight, shape, size and looks

39
Q

Wolf

A

The Beauty Myth
The media have created unattainable standards of female beauty which leads to EDs and poor self-esteem.

The dominant media message is aimed at women is that their bodies are a project in need of constant improvement
EG Advertising diets & weight loss products as well as journalists making comments on female appearances - Daily Mail ‘Never mind Brexit, who won Legs-it!’

40
Q

Tuchman et al

A

Women suffer symbolic annihilation in the media

They are shown in a limited range of roles and their acheivements are rarely reported on and when they are they are represented as less important than their looks or sex appeal - Daily Mail ‘Never mind Brexit, Who won Legs-it’

41
Q

McNamara

A

Reps fail to portray reality of masculine life
80% of media reps of men are negative (violent aggressive thugs, irresponsible deadbeat dads etc) - EG Mr Wormwood - Matilda

HOWEVER

20% pf male media reps focus on those in touch with their feminine side & expressed this through their appearance (metrosexual male) and fatherhood especially the need to connecct with their children EG Gru Despicable me
BUT
On the whole men are demonised through media reps of masculinity

42
Q

Gauntlett

A

Mens Magz that rep women for the male gaze are becoming obsolete (such as playboy and Nuts) These are signs that reps are moving from traditional masculinity and are embracing new forms of masculinity that celebrate fatherhood and emotional vulnerability.

Some men’s media transmiots metrosexual values such as men’s lifestyle magz (GQ) that portray men as good-humoured, caring and generous and helps men be considerate lovers, useful around the home and healthy, funny, fashionable.

However

we should not over exaggerate changes in male reps as the media still strongly supports the hegemonic version of what it is to be a man

43
Q

Children Now Research Group

A

Found that reps didn’t reflect the changing work & family experiences of men today

Over 1/3 of the boys had never seen a man doing domestic chores on TV - shows that the media supports traditional ideas of masculinity continues to dominate mass-media.

44
Q

Barnes

A

There are 7 common media reps of those with disabilities:
1. As a burden - DIY SOS (focuses on how hard it is for families)

  1. As super cripples - Auggie (Wonder)
  2. In need of pity/charity - Children In Need
  3. As sexually abnormal - The Undateables
  4. Incapable of fully participating in community life
  5. As villains - Captain Hook & Blofeld (Bond)
  6. As Victims - The Green Mile

These are all negative and oppressive

45
Q

Social constructionists

A

Are disabled themselves (Barnes, Oliver,Mercer)

Impaired ppl are disabled by society - mass media reps play a large part

Media reps take the form they do because…

  1. Medical pros set the agenda for media reps of disability - they are at the top of the hierarchy of credibility and they take the medical view that disability is dysfunctional for both society & the individual which then dominates journalist perspective.
  2. The disabled are rarely consulted by journalists - reflects the status, oppression & exclusion experienced by the disabled in a society dominated by the able bodied - no accurate reps
  3. The media reflects the prejudice that the able bodied feel towards the disabled - The result of fear that the disabled represent everything the ‘normal’ would most dread - personal loss, tragedy and the unknown.
46
Q

Watson et al

A

There has been an increase in reporting of disability However the proportion of articles representing disabled people in a sympathetic & deserving way has decreased.

Articles focusing on disability benefit fraud has increased 3 fold - journalists often described them as ‘welfare scroungers’ who were undeserving of benefits (especially those with hidden disabilities)

This increased negative media reps which led to the public believing many disabled ppl were fraudulently claiming benefits which is reinforced by negative lang used to report on the disabled ‘cheat & skiver’

47
Q

Craig

A

There are 3 main signifiers of gayness in the media:

  1. Camp = most widely used rep, mainly found in entertainment media, very flamboyant, Hetero audiences do not see as threatening, EG Eric Effiong , reinforces negative stereotypes of gay sexuality by representing it as somewhere between masculine and feminine.
  2. Macho = relies on exaggerating masculinity, openly sexual, transforming practical male clothing into erotic symbols EG Safety helmets , police caps etc, hetero men find this threatening as it subverts traditional ideas of masculinity
  3. Deviant = evil, devious or sexual predators OR fell tremendous guilt about their sexuality, rarely represented in a sympathetic manner but when they are the plot focuses on the hetero character’s journey to acceptance, they are defined by their ‘problem’ - homosexuality = morally wrong
48
Q

Dyer

A

Being gay doesn’t show and so producers have to make visible the invisible in order for audiences to understand the character’s sexuality

They do this by constructing stereotypical signs of gayness - facial expressions, body lang, stance, clothing etc

If a person demonstrates these signifiers in their everyday behaviour they may be labelled as gay by peers and they are therefore subjected to the prejudice and discrimination faced by the LGBTQ+ whether they are gay or not

49
Q

Batchelor et al

A

There are distinct differences between how boys and girls felt about sex
Boys = boast about sexual prowess, more interested in the act of sex, the pursuers
Girls = talk with friends about sex, more interested in an emotional connection ad are pursued

Contraception is represented as a female responsibility - evidenced by agony aunt letters and problem pages about girls fears about falling pregnant/using contraception

Some aspects of sexuality are represented positively - sexual health info, consent etc - girls have the right to say no is given prominence in teen dramas and magz EG Sex education and 17 mag

Being gay has not integrated into mainstream society - lesbianism = invisible - when being gay does appear it is represented as a source of bullying, shame and anxiety

50
Q

Watson and Hall

A

Ethnic minorities = criminal

Moral panics result from media stereotyping of blacks
Hall Black Muggers
EG The Guardian - ‘Black People are 9 times more likely to face stop and search than white people’

51
Q

Wayne et al

A

50% of news coverage of black young people were about crime - EG Lee Boyd Malvo (17 yr old American boy who was involved in the Beltway sniper attacks)

52
Q

Van Dijk

A

There are 3 negative ways that ethnic minorities are represented in the media:

  1. Criminals - Black = threatening to a law-abiding white society - EG How To Get Away With Murder (despite all students being involved in Sam.s death it is the 2 black students who actually murder him - link to Alvarado’s racial stereotypes and Gilroy’s post colonial theory.
  2. Threat - minority ethnics pose a threat to the majority white culture- EG Daily Express ‘Now Muslims demand: Give us full Sharia law’ - spread the idea that muslims wanted to replace British culture with their own and were stealing British people’s jobs
  3. Unimportant - The lives of white people are more important - most popular TV shows focus on the lives of white characters EG Friends and Gossip Girl
53
Q

Poole

A

Islam has always been demonised and distorted by the Western media

Muslims have been homogenised by Western journalists as ‘backwards, irrational unchanging fundamentalists and misogynists who are threatening and manipulative in their use of faith for political and personal gain.

54
Q

Shah

A

Ethnic minorities = unimportant

Tokenism is causing a number of ethnic minorities to get jobs in the media but they are stereotypical and are often used as props
EG HSM = the 2 whote main characters have their black best friends (Taylor and Chad) who have a relationship with one another.

55
Q

Bennett et al

A

Ethnic minorities = unimportant

Ethnic minorities rarely identify with much of the nations TV culture as most shows follow the lives of white characters

EG Gossip Girl and Friends

Sociology media theorists (1 decks)

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