sociology final

Question 1

Sociology

Answer 1

The scientific study of society and the ways in which people interact in social relationships

Question 2

Things that sociologists study

Answer 2

Patterns shared by groups, behavior that matched group expectations

Question 3

Conformity

Answer 3

Behavior that matches group expectations, all groups encourage this

Question 4

Sociological imagination

Answer 4

The ability to see the link between society and self

Question 5

Harriet Martineau

Answer 5

lost sense of taste, hearing, and smell young. popular writer, established herself as pioneering feminist theorist, supporter of emancipation or women and enslaved people.

Question 6

Karl Marx

Answer 6

Identified Farmers, servants, factory workers, craft people, small business owners, and moneyed capitalists as their own social classes. Predicted Proletariat and bourgeoisie. Believed capitalism would eventually self-destruct. Came up with conflict theory

Question 7

Proletariat vs. bourgeoisie

Answer 7

bourgeoisie are those who own the means for producing wealth in industrial society, while proletariat work for the bourgeoisie and are paid just enough to stay alive. a clash between the bourgeoisie, who controlled the means for producing wealth, and the proletariat, who labored for them.

Question 8

W.E.B. Du Bois

Answer 8

first African American to receive a diploma at his high school and first to receive a doctorate at Harvard. Analyzed social structure in African American communities. Helped African Americans outside of the US.

Question 9

Culture

Answer 9

Transmitted from one generation to the next, relies on the understanding of symbols

Question 10

Functionalism

Answer 10

The belief that a change in one part of society affects the others.

Question 11

Conflict Theory

Answer 11

The sociological perspective that society consists of different classes competing over finite power and resources.

Question 12

Symbolic interaction

Answer 12

A perspective that focuses on the actual interaction among people.

Question 13

Material Culture

Answer 13

physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture. These include homes, neighborhoods, cities, schools, churches,

Question 14

Non-material culture

Answer 14

Ideas, beliefs, and knowledge

Question 15

Instincts

Answer 15

A pattern of behavior that isn’t learned

Question 16

Cultural transmission

Answer 16

Culture being transmitted from one generation to another

Question 17

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Answer 17

Our idea on reality depended on language: fireman, policeman

Question 18

Norms

Answer 18

Rules that define behavior, groups behave similarly in similar situations.

Question 19

Folkways

Answer 19

Rules that follow a customary way of thinking, feeling, and behaving but lacking moral association. Ex: sleeping in a bed, not floor, staying quiet in some situations, and holding the door open.

Question 20

Mores

Answer 20

Norms with moral significance, violation brings disapproval. Ex: lying, sex before marriage, racism

Question 21

Taboo

Answer 21

A norm that is so strong that its violation demands a punishment (sexual contact with a relative)

Question 22

US values

Answer 22

Achievements, work, efficiency, equality, democracy,

Question 23

Sanctions (formal/informal)

Answer 23

Sanctions are rewards and punishments to encourage conformity (can be pos or neg)
Formal: Can only be applied by designated people (teachers, judges)
Informal: can be applied by anyone

Question 24

Counter culture

Answer 24

A subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture

Question 25

Cultural diffusion

Answer 25

when certain cultural values, ideas, or even cultures are adopted by different cultures

Question 26

Ethnocentrism

Answer 26

Judging others in terms of one’s own cultural standards

Question 27

Socialization

Answer 27

Learning to participate in group life

Question 28

The Harlow Experiment

Answer 28

An experiment that was conducted to show the importance of socialization using monkeys, they were separated for 6 months. Infant monkeys at the end preferred an artificial mother.

Question 29

Looking Glass Self

Answer 29

How you judge yourself through others eyes

Question 30

“I” vs. “me”

Answer 30

I- the individualized part of yourself
Me- part of you formed through interactions with others

Question 30

The three stages of role-taking, according to Mead

Answer 30

Imitation Stage: 1-2 years old. Play Stage: 3-4 years old. Game Stage: Children can take on several roles.

Question 31

Agents of socialization

Answer 31

Primary agent - first exposure is family, teaches norms, values, relationships, ect.
Religious beliefs- morality, views on social issues
Schools- hidden curriculum, behavior reinforced by sanctions
Peer group - only one not controlled by adults, experience conflict, competition, ect.

Question 32

HIdden curriculum

Answer 32

Discipline, order, cooperation, conformity, time management, dress code, behavior management.

Question 33

The role of the media in the socialization process

Answer 33

Means of communication meant to reach the general public

Question 34

Socialization in adolescence

Answer 34

Teenagers, time for education, physical and mental change, expected to make critical decisions and yet are still not fully independent.

Question 35

Sex

Answer 35

Biological differences determining male/female

Question 36

Gender Identity

Answer 36

Cultural awareness of masculine/feminine traits

Question 37

Pay gap

Answer 37

Historical wage disparity between genders

Question 38

Sexism

Answer 38

Gender based discrimination

Question 39

Age stratification/ Ageism

Answer 39

Discrimination based on age