Sociology Exam Review 1-2

Question 1

SOCIALIZATION

Answer 1

: the process through which we develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self

Become aware of social norms values, beliefs/ideas we are supposed to hold( socialization is the process of this unfolding)
Helps us achieve a distinct self of ourselves
How do we become distinct but still similar to those around us
People who influence us relation to socialization

Parents teahing their child social norms and a child will learn manners / ettique in a society. The child will also learn

The child wanting to do different things than there parents whrn they were kids is example of sociolization. They learn social norms in their society from parents but learn to be their own person.

Question 2

*SOCIAL REPRODUCTION(Grandparents)

Answer 2

socials/norms carry through different generations.

Ex; not showing skin

Question 3

COGNITION:

Answer 3

Human Thought processes involving perception, reasoning, and remembering.

Ex ;People form their own ideas on social norms, gender, race. Socialization plays big part

Question 4

SOCIAL SELF;

Answer 4

the identity given to an individual by the reactions of others

Question 5

SELF CONSCIOUSNESS:

Answer 5

Awareness of ones distinct social identity as a person separate from others.

Question 6

GENERALIZED OTHER:

Answer 6

The individual takes over the general values and moral rules of a given group or society during the socialization process. ( Understand other peoples rules /traditions/norms)

Question 7

LOOKING GLASS SELF:

Answer 7

according to Cooley’s theory, the reactions we get in social situations create a mirror in which we see ourselves
( how people react when we talk to them do they smile, cry , get mad )

Some theorists suggest that we take action to bring others around to our own view of ourselves rather than passively accepting what others think of us. (have to have our own opinions)

If we want to be seen as something we passively try to do something to create the label we want

CHARLES HORTON COOLEY

Question 8

SENSORIMOTOR STAGE:

Answer 8

A stage of human cognitive development in which a childs awareness of their environment is dominated by perception and touch

(learn touch of objects without even seeing them, motor skills, interacting with surrounding, exploring new objects)

JEAN PIAGET AND THE STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Question 9

PREOPERATIONAL STAGE:

Answer 9

SECOND STAGE of cognitive development , in which the child has advanced sufficiently to master basic modes of logic (child learns to learn to use logic and think symbolically)

JEAN PIAGET AND THE STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Question 10

EGOCENTRIC

Answer 10

Quality of a child during the early years of life.

Child brains havent developed ability to see things from other people point of view

JEAN PIAGET AND THE STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Question 11

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION:

Answer 11

Groups or social contexts within which processes of socialization take place

Question 12

In primary socialization:

Answer 12

The family is the main agent of socialization

Question 13

IN secondary socialization:

Answer 13

other agents of socialization, schools, peer groups, organizations, the media, the workplace, religious organizations, and even the government - become socializing forces.

Question 14

SOCIAL ROLES:

Answer 14

socially defined expectations of an individual in a given status or occupying a particular social positon ex; what we expect of a doctor

In every society individuals play a number of social roles, such as teenager, parent, worker, or political leader
Some sociologists mistakenly believe that social roles are defined and unchanging - that individuals passively accept and internalize them

Question 15

Ageism :

Answer 15

: Discrimination or prejudice against a person on the basis of age

The age discrimination in employment act of 1967 (ADEA) protects job applicants and employees from discrimination on the bases of age in hiring, firing, promotion, and pay
Prejudice against older adults persists and it can impact a person’s physical and mental health. However many are challenging against stereotypes

Question 16

Social Interaction:

Answer 16

the process by which we act and react to those around us

Question 17

Microsociology :

Answer 17

: the study of human behavior in contexts of small scale face to face interaction

Question 18

Civil inattention:

Answer 18

the process whereby individuals in the same physical setting demonstrate to each other that they are aware of others presence

EX: *what would you do when you walk into a elevator, your interaction with the others in the elevator
Basic norms that guide the way we act with another
*Even if we dont interact much we are acknowledging we see one another
*Civil inattention is of fundamental importance to the existence of sociallife which must proceed efficiently , and sometimes among total strangers without fear
*Technique used to tell a stranger we are not hostile with them

Question 19

Agency:

Answer 19

the ability to act, think, and make choices independently

EX:( individual capacity to act, behavior, being our own person) - gives us a chance to shape our lives in the world even if we are limited/ have abilities because of structure

• Someone who wants to major in Criminology and decides to go to 4 yr to accomplish this

Question 20

Unfocused Interaction :

Answer 20

interaction occuring among people present in a particular setting but not engaged in direct face to face communication aware of each others presence, try not to bump into each other, non verbal communication!

Question 21

Structure:

Answer 21

arrangements and hierarchies that influence or limit the choices and opportunities available to us

Who has more power/ less, thinking about how that structure influences us as individuals is important trying to connect agency and structure

*The support from the school and teachers to provide student with support

Question 22

Focused Interaction:

Answer 22

Interaction between individuals engaged in a common activity or in direct conversation with each other direct communication

Question 23

Encounter:

Answer 23

a meeting between two or more people in a situation of face to face interaction

many encounters are seen with strangers

Question 24

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION :

Answer 24

communication between individuals based on facial expressions or bodily gestures rather than on language

Question 25

Roles

Answer 25

are the expected behaviors of people occupying particular social positions
(ex; coach, head of the hiearchy, calls the shots)

Question 26

Status:

Answer 26

The social honor or prestige that a particular group is accorded by other members of a society

Question 27

Social position

Answer 27

the social identity of an individual has in a given group or society ( The position one has in society)
EX; being a parent, student

Question 28

Impression management:

Answer 28

preparation for the presentation of one’s social role
Going to a business meeting to wear a suit to impress hirers.

Question 29

Ethnomethodology -

Answer 29

the study of how people make sense of what others say and do in the course of day to day social interaction ; its a way of digging deeper to see how we understand the rules of conversation and what happens when we break those rules

Question 30

Interactional vandalism:

Answer 30

The deliberate breaking of the understood rules of conversation ( breaking the rules of ethnomethodology, breaking rules of interaction)
Ex; ‘how are you’ - what do you mean with my classes or my day or what
Not saying the basic universal responses
-Internet “ trolls’’ will not pretend to understand certain assumptions of the conversational world for the specific purpose of being disruptive
-Because internet users are often anonymous, its not always possible to know what the power dynamics are in interaction.

Question 31

RESPONSE CRIES ;

Answer 31

; almost involuntary exclamations individuals make when, for example, they are taken by surprise , drop something inadvertently, or want to express happiness
Ex;basic human reactions that we don’t realize we do
*See a puppy and you say ‘’aww’
*bump into someone ‘oops’
-universal responses-
Example of controlled alertness
Humans are expected to continually demonstrate to others our competence in the routines of daily life.

Question 32

PERSONAL SPACE ;

Answer 32

the physical space individuals maintain between themselves and others

Question 33

*EDWARD T HALL’s Four zones of personal space

Answer 33

*Intimate Distance (Family/lovers)
*Personal Distance (Friends)
*Social Distance (Formal)
*Public Distance (performing to audience) - walking away from someone is one way to buy public space , putting on headphones shows others you don’t want to talk to them.

*Eye contact is another aspect of social interaction that illustrates important social norms and revelas ( and perpreturates) power differentials.
*Powerful norm that strangers should not make eye contact ( to avoid indicating hostile incident)
*Want to signal people we are there example elevator
* different cultures may see eye contact as disrespectful

Question 34

TIME SPACE:

Answer 34

when and where events occur

Dont have to be with people to communicate in that time and place , cellphones

Ex; Social norms can differ at night , interactions with one another might be diff ( scary talking to people at night )

Physical locationn ( formal settings like work places change interactions, best behavior, professional)

Question 35

REGIONALIZATION

Answer 35

:The division of social life into different regional settings or zone,
Lecture; think of an house where you got living room, bed rooms, traditionally we would think of ours house as kitchen if for eating, bedroom for sleeping, distinct regions where things are supposed to happen but shifts like pandemi
c changed this. Pandemic where were you doing school work during pandemic - bed. We are also sending out messages about how we want the world to see us. Junk room or place to throw junks you want people to see your living room really clean. Guest wont see junk room. You can use regionlization to do impression management.
*With the rise of mobile technologies such as the smartphones , the organization of time and space has undergone a radical reorganization.

Question 36

*Compulsion of proximity:

Answer 36

: people need to interact with others in their presence.
Desire to be together people want to be face to face. You can see signifers face to face

*Some researchers conclude that online communication seems to allow more room for misinterpretation, confusion, and abuse that more traditional forms of communication
Ex; things can go wrong with online communication. Can’t read signifers (tone of voice facial expression)

Question 37

CLOCK TIME:

Answer 37

Time as measured by the clock in terms of hours ,minutes, and seconds
Before clock time the world would pay attention to when sun sets/rise for when we need to work in the field, time to go home, time to go sleep, they used the world around them,
How important is clock time in industralized society, hospitals operate 24/7, you have to have very precise times for surgeries. Imagine is hosptials didnt have clock times managing what happens . Clock times help manage our days
*Before the invention of clocks, the sense of time was based on events in the natural world such as the rising and setting of the sun
*In modern societies, the zoning of our activities is strongly influenced by clock time

Question 38

THE COSMOPOLITAN CANOPY

Answer 38

In his more recent research, Anderson explains cosmopolitan canopies (2011) as “pluralistic spaces where people engage with one another in a spirit of civility, or even comity and goodwill.”

malls - people come to buy , interact, engage in good will

parks - engaging activities happening

Question 39

Macroscociogy:

Answer 39

This looks at the larger scare of sociology and interactions. Economy, government, how they impact social patterns and behaviors

Ex; How much income one recieves from their government job can either limit or advance their interactions with friends and family.

Ex of racial sterotypes; Would focus on how the school and teachers help or feed into the students feeling of being a diff race.

Question 40

Microsociology;

Answer 40

Focuses on smaller scale of sociology

Personal realtionships, communication patterns, and social behaviors influence our dailuy lives.

Ex; how friends interact with one another at coffee shop

Ex of racial sterotypes; raciol sterotypes in macrosociology other example. how a person may feel going to a school filled with race they are not. May feel stigamitized. Microsociology examples this persons experiences in their social setting.

Question 41

THEORIES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT:
George Herbert Mead

Answer 41

OCCURS THROUGH SOCIAL INTERACTION

gave attention mainly to how children learn to use the concepts of “I’ and “me”

HELPS DEVELOP SENSE OF IDENTITY

Mead said infants and young children develop as social being by imitating the actions of those around them
Self - awareness with the ability to distinguish the ‘’me’’ from the ‘’I’’ through a process of play “taking the role of the other”

At 8/9 years old, children learn to play organized games which have rules that reflect the values of social life.

shows them social norms and how to behave in a society

Question 42

THEORIES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT:
Charles horton Cooley

Answer 42

demonstrated the importance of other individuals for shaping a child’s sense of self

which states that a child develops their sense of self by observing how others perceive them, essentially “seeing themselves reflected” in the reactions of others during social interactions,

Question 43

THEORIES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENENT:
Jean Piaget

Answer 43

, the swiss student of child behavior , focused on cognition

Question 44

ERVIN GOFFMAN

Answer 44

BELIEVED IN PRESNENTATION OF SELF IN SOCIAL SETTINGS HE sheds light on larger questions - when do you shake someones hand, when do you look someones in the eye . these actions help with impression management

FOCUSED ON MICRO SOCIOLOGY

Question 45

RACE AND THE PUBLIC SPHERE : MACRO AND MICRO

Elijah Anderson

Answer 45

studied how race, class and gender intersect in macro and micro fashion.
Ex; studied a lot of race and young men, decent/street families, black communities have families that adhere to traditional middle class norms, trying to do right, hardworking, and some are street families that dont have those ideals/norms , the problem anderson identifies is that people don’t make those distinctions. Especially when they see young black man. They assume there are all streets. They’re all menacing. All dangerous. Think about these young men trying to manage everyday interactions. Some scholars say they have to signal to the world they are not dangerous.

Question 46

WOMEN AND MEN IN PUBLIC:
CAROL BROOKS GARDNER RESEARCH

Answer 46

found that in various settings, unwanted interactions occur to women frequently come off as offensive
Ex; tells a women to smile, says hey beautiful
-internet is another public space where sexism can play out

Question 47

JEFREY LANE research of boys and girls

Answer 47

in public spaces boys were more visible and acted more dominant to girls on a sidewalk where as girls gained visibility and control online ( manage social interaction )

*Social media enabled ways to communicate at different distances and paces that steered teens either away from or toward meetings in person.

*Some interactions were safer with social media, but traditionally gendered norms of interaction and roles also carried forward.

Question 48

Garfnicle?

Answer 48

did was go out and violate the rules,norms of conversation ,
‘’ how are you , its almost like hi, norms and traditions just tell you to say the basic response and move on

TO OBSERVE HOW PEOPLE IN SOCIETY REACT WHEN NORMS ARE BROKEM

Question 49

FRONT AND BACK REGIONS - GOFFMAN

Answer 49

FRONT REGIONS: are social occasions or encounters in which individuals act our formal roles - these are ‘’on stage performances’’ ( when we are working )

BACK REGIONS: individuals assemble the props and prepare themselves for interaction in the more formals settings
( getting ready to work or interview)

Question 50

BRUNO LATOUR

Answer 50

NONUMANS INTERACTIONS:

claimed non humans were just props we wouldnt interact with them. But then think about all the things you interact with in your everyday lives like they are people basically.
(yell at the machine when frustrated, treat machine when it makes you happy)

Through “projection” humans give non humans (pets/machines) human capacities, and interact with them in ways that evoke human empathy , feelings of companionship, and intimacy.

Question 51

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION IN THE DIGITAL AGE

Answer 51

Internet doesnt allow us to see facial expressions , does zoom and facetime help with this gap
Tend to spend more time during a phone conversation than face to face because we can not see facial cues or body language
-distraction, boredom
Which methods of communication are best for different situations
What kinds of news are okay to share on the phone
What norms and values ?

Question 52

FACE , GESTURES, AND EMOTION

Answer 52

Individual and cultural factors influence what form facial movements take and the contexts which they approach
( during the study kids who cant hear had facial expressions that we normally would have) - gestures can vary per culture
Some gestures can be creepy / weird when not in the norms

Question 53

WHY SOCIAL INTERACTIONS

Answer 53

Ordinary routines give us structure and meaning humans beings are social beings

social interactions have changed (laptops)

Question 54

SOCIAL ISOLATION

Answer 54

Loneliness is a serious problem linked to many health problems

*someones idea of having good friends/family isn’t met they feell lonely even if they have that network.

Question 55

ELDER ABUSE

Answer 55

Mistreat and abuse of older adults may take many forms including physical, sexual, emotional, or financial abuse , neglect, or abdondonment
ELder mistreat is very difficult to measure and document
Worldwide it is estimated that 15.7% or older adults experience some form of abuse in a community setting
Most mistreatment is inflicted by someone outside of the immediate family

Question 56

CAREGIVER SHORTAGES

Answer 56

When older adults become too ill or mentally impared to care for themselves they require help froma family member of paid caregivier
However family sizes are shrinking : adult children may be unable to provide care
Paid care workers are in shorot supply, especially since Covid 19
The work is dangerous the pay is low, and the jobs offer no options for advancement or upward mobility

Question 57

HEALTH INSURANCE

Answer 57

Healthh insurance is essential for older adults 94% of older Americans are covered to some extent by Medicare
The average cost of a semiprivate room in a nursing home was over $94,000 a year in 2021.
Older adults in need of nursing home care, even those with financial resources, may find their lifetimes savings quickly depleted

Question 58

HEALTH PROBLEMS:

Answer 58

The prevalence of chronic disabilities among older adults have declined in recent years. And most older people rate their health as reasonably good and free of major disabilites
IN 2015 nearly one third of adults 65 years and older suffered from arthiritis 29% had heart diseas and 27% had diabetes

Question 59

WHO ARE AMERICAS OLDER ADULTS

Answer 59

Young old : sociological term for persons between the ages of 65 and 74
Old : sociological term for persons between the ages of 75 and 84
Oldest old: sociological term for persons ages 85 and older

Question 60

MIDLIFE OR MIDDLE AGE

Answer 60

Midlife, the stage between young adulthood and old age, is generally believed to fall between the ages of 45 and 65
However this age range is not fixed as ones entry to midlife tends to be sigjnifed by the social roles ones adopts ( or relinquishes)
There is a new emphasis on looking ahead

Question 61

YOUNG ADULTHOOD

Answer 61

Scholars have observed a ‘’delayed transition to adulthood’’ among young people in the late 20th and early 21s centuries
Five benchmarks considered critical to the adulthood transition : leaving the home of ones parents, finishing school , getting married, having a child, and being financially independent

Question 62

THE TEENAGER

Answer 62

The idea of the teenager didnt exist until the early 20th century
In traditional cultures, children already work alongside adults
IN western societies, teenagers often try to act like adults, but they are treated by law as children

Question 63

CHILDHOOD

Answer 63

The concept of childhood has developed over the past two or three centuries
The ideas that children have rights and that child labor is morally wrong are recent devlopments
Up to the 20th century, the U.S and most other western countries put children to work at a very early age, sometimes in physically demanding circumstances such as in sweat shops.