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sociology > Sociology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Sociology Exam 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the role of nation state?

A

What is the role of the nation state?

  • provides and maintains the economic infrastructure
  • regulates conflicts
  • promotes consumption
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2
Q

Why did the nation state develop?

A

-complex food production
Population increases
Technology and a surplus of goods
External conflict

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3
Q

According to R.J. Rummel’s book series, how many men, women and children were killed by the state between 1900-1987?

A

Almost 170 million

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4
Q

How does violence and genocide function in a nation state?

A

Creates and maintains boundaries (killing, torture, rape, and homosexual assault)

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5
Q

What did U.S. firms gain for supporting Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi?

A

Gained a 40% share in Iranian oil

Gain the right to maintain military bases in Iran

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6
Q

Who is hurt by free trade? Who benefits?

A

Small Farmers, Small Businesses, Laborers, and Citizens hurt.
Wealthy countries big businesses benefit.

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7
Q

What is economic growth directly tied to?

A

Energy consumption

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8
Q

What is the estimated doubling time in 2025?

A

70 years

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9
Q

Where is the fastest population growth taking place?

A

Africa

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10
Q

What issues were debated at the 1994 United Nations Conference?

A

Promoting modern contraception, economic development
Improving survival rate of infants and children and women’s status
Educating men

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11
Q

What assumptions about the population are made because of the culture of capitalism?

A

Population growth contributes to economic decline
Growth in periphery historically resulted from decreased mortality
Efforts to control population is hampered by religion
Education programs developed in western countries can help slow the birth rate globally

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12
Q

How has India and China attempted to control population growth? Were they successful?

A

India: promoted family planning programs, tried to sterilize women after 3rd child, and convince women to use an intrauterine device (FAILED)
China: one child policy, incentives (higher wages, larger house, child’s education), penalties for not complying (SUCCEEDED)

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13
Q

What are the determinants of population growth and decline?

A

Efficiency in how resources are used has improved
People not only consume but produce
benefits of resources multiply by their use

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14
Q

Food aid organizations estimate that almost 1500 children die per hour from what?

A

malnourished

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15
Q

What are the myths of hunger?

A

food production
famine
food insufficiency
overpopulation

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16
Q

What are the four factors of agricultural production?

A

Land, Water, Labor, and Energy

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17
Q

What are the advantages of swidden agriculture?

A

Men clear the land
Women burn the cuttings and care for crops
Very equal

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18
Q

What are the gender norms in swidden agriculture and irrigation agriculture?

A

Swidden agriculture: Men clear land and women burn the cutting and care for crops (VERY equal)
Irrigation agriculture: Men do most of agriculture labor and women shift to domestic chore’s (Unequal)

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19
Q

What are the consequences of increased technology in agriculture?

A

Technology replaces Human Labor
Wealth is concentrated in fewer hands
Those with capital are able to profit
Small farmers are forced to give up farms
Need for capital leads to a need for investors
Low food prices keeps industrial wages low

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20
Q

What determines food production?

A

by the market for food (how many people have the means to pay for it)

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21
Q

The global drug trade generates $320 billion a year in revenue. Does this offer the majority of people involved in the trade a way out of poverty?

A

No, black market was just as bad?//

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22
Q

What is the most widely grown and used drug?

A

Marijuana

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23
Q

What are the major causes of altered and damaged environments?

A

Causes:

  • population
  • technology
  • use of raw materials
  • use of nonhuman energy
  • production of waster
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24
Q

Do scientists and the media portray the same “spin” on global warming?

A 
Scientist are virtually unanimous.
-humans are to blame.
media:
53% of coverage gave equal argument
35% emphasized human causes
6% emphasize causes other than humans
25
Q

How does sugar and beef degrade the environment?

A
  • production & processing
  • neither is good for us
  • both are tied to the culture of capitalism
  • foundation of the American diet
26
Q

_____percent of the water consumed in the United States is used to grow grain to feed cattle.

A

Half the water in the united states is used to grow grain to feed cattle

27
Q

Beef production has destroyed hundreds of thousands of acres of tropical forests in what countries?

A
  • Brazil
  • Guatemala
  • Costa Rica
  • Honduras
  • Mexico
28
Q

What are the consequences of western livestock-raising practices being introduced in Africa to increase exports?

A
  • pasture was turned to desert

- wild animals disappeared

29
Q

In 1989, why did Mexico City give children a month off of school for?

A

Polluted air – dangerous

30
Q

According to the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, what is the value of a human life?

A

was between $500,000 & $2 million

31
Q

Core countries ship 20 million tons of waste to the periphery annually

A
  • US waste to Guinea & Haiti

- Italy waste to Nigeria

32
Q

What problems will occur due to population increases in less developed countries?

A

Continued population growth will eventually lead to famine, disease & war

33
Q

genocide

A

wiping out a whole race

34
Q

manufacturing consent

A

A term suggested by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky (2002) refers to the efforts of gov’ts and corps. to manipulate the manner in which policies and events are represented by the mass media, and consequently interpreted by citizens.

35
Q

manufacturing “spins”

A
  • Popular opinion and culture began to be seen as something that must be controlled for the good of society
  • Increase in public relations consultants
36
Q

free trade

A

Removing trade barriers so that goods flow freely among countries

37
Q

democratic realism

A

It is best to strictly limit government by the people and to redefine democracy as, by and large, government for the people by enlightened and responsible elites

38
Q

NAFTA

A

North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada

39
Q

International Monetary Fund

A

Country debt and renegotiation of repayment

-IMF insists that high debt countries promote foreign investment

40
Q

World Trade Organization

A
  • Disproportionately benefits the wealthy countries
  • WTO requires Third World countries to remove all subsidies for agriculture
  • Allows EU and U.S. subsidies to continue because they were in place before the WTO agreement
41
Q

population pyramids

A

Visual representation of the age and sex composition of a population graph

42
Q

Malthus’s essay Principle of Population

A
  • Population increases faster than the food supply
  • Preventive checks to control fertility
  • Moral restraint
  • Marriage postponement
  • Continued population growth will eventually lead to famine, disease and war
43
Q

carrying capacity

A

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

44
Q

Eugenic theory

A
  • If people with defective genetic endowments have more offspring than those with superior endowments, the quality of the human race would decline
  • Eugenicists promote policies that discourage or prevent people with defective genes from reproducing while encouraging those with superior genes to have as many offspring as possible
45
Q

Wealth flow theory

A

Suggests that only 2 strategies are operating in couples’ personal decisions about their family size; 1. there is an economic gain to have more children versus 2. there is no economic gain

46
Q

green revolution

A
  • Intensification of the use of technology
  • Higher-yielding hybrid strains of corn
  • Farmers around the world producing high-yielding varieties.
  • Encouraged by the petrochemical industry and fertilizer production plants
47
Q

Ecological footprint

A

Calculates the amount of land available to supply necessary resources and absorb waste given the consumption patterns of individual countries

48
Q

Memo of Lawrence Summers

A
  • The cost of illness associated with pollution measured in working days lost is cheapest in the country with the lowest wages
  • Underdeveloped countries are “underpolluted” the initial increases in pollution will have a relatively low cost
  • People in less developed countries have a lower life expectancy, so pollutants that cause diseases of the elderly are less of a concern
49
Q

What company gained the right to drill for oil in Saudi Arabia forming a partnership known as the Arabian-American Oil Company? Does the American company still own shares? Are they apart of management?

A

Standard Oil of California. No and lost all management

50
Q

What made women and children more vulnerable during the famine of 1949 in Malawi?

A

The responsibility of the married men had to get food for them so made them vunerable

51
Q

What percent of grain produced in the United States is fed to livestock?

A

80%

52
Q

doubling time

A

how long it takes a population to double

53
Q

demographic transition theory

A 
Stage 1
High levels of birth and death
High levels of infectious disease
Stage 2
Very high births and low death rate
Extreme population growth
Stage 3
Low birth and low death
No longer dying from infectious disease living with chronic disease
54
Q

What demographic transition theory does US have?

A

Stage 3

55
Q

Does the media and scientist agree?

A

NO

56
Q

Who are the dabadacy girls?

A

temple workers aka sex slaves

57
Q

What did street sweepers do?

A

clean up waste of upper class.

it’s not legal but still done

58
Q

Where is most slavery and what time period?

A

India today

59
Q

Core countries ship how many tons of waste to the periphery annually

A

20 million

sociology (1 decks)

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