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Sociology > Sociology exam 1 > Flashcards

Sociology exam 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sociology

A

the systematic or scientific study of human society

and social behavior, from large-scale institutions and mass culture to small groups and individual interactions

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2
Q

Social sciences

A

the disciplines that use the scientific method to examine the social
world, in contrast to the natural sciences, which examine the physical world

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3
Q

Approaches for developing a sociological perspective

A

Beginner’s Mind- approaching the world without preconceptions in order to see things in a new
way (Bernard McGrane 1994)

Culture Shock- a sense of disorientation that occurs when entering a radically new social or
cultural environment

The Sociological Imagination- a quality of the mind that allows us to understand the relationship between our individual circumstances and larger social forces (Ferris and Stein 2018)

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4
Q

Key points made by King (2017)

A

Social context helps shapes one’s perspective and opportunities

The place we are living in shapes who we meet, where we work, what we eat, and what interests we pursue

King explains how his geographical context affected his career decision

He asks, “How about you? How do you feel where you have come from has shaped your social life? Is place an important component of your sociological imagination?”

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5
Q

Microsociology-

A

face-to-face and small-group interactions in order to understand how they affect the larger patterns and structures of society
example: Fishman (1978); Lareau (2011)

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6
Q

Macrosociology

A

large-scale social structures in order to determine how they affect the lives of groups and individuals

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7
Q

Ibn Khaldun

A

-Arab Muslim philosopher and politician who lived in North Africa

  • Coined the term as sabiyah translated as “social cohesion” or “solidarity” (Gierer 2001)
  • Proposed the discipline of ilm alumran or “the science of civilization” often neglected from the sociological canon because of Eurocentrism
  • Spoke about social cohesion, tribalism and how it can be magnified by religion
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8
Q

Ilm alumran

A

the science of civilization

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9
Q

Eurocentrism-

A

the practice of

favoring European or Western histories, cultures, and values over those of non-Western

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10
Q

Auguste Comte

A

-Proponent of Positivism-the theory that sense perceptions are the only valid source
of knowledge

-Also known as a belief that accurate knowledge must be based on the scientific
method (Croteau and Hoynes 2015)

-Felt that society needed positivist guidance toward both social progress and social
order

  • Wrote Introduction to Positive Philosophy
    (1842)

-Coined the term “Sociology”

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11
Q

Harriet Martineau

A
  • Endorsed labor unions, the abolition of slavery, and women’s suffrage
  • Wrote Society in America (1837) and Retrospect of Western Travel (1838)
  • Wrote How to Observe Morals and Manners (1838)
  • Translated Introduction to Positive Philosophy in English in 1852
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12
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

-Promoted social Darwinism

  • the application of the theory of evolution and the notion of “survival of the
    fittest” to the study of society
  • Did not believe government should intervene in society to address inequalities (Croteau and Hoynes 2015)
  • Played a major role in establishing sociology in Britain and America (Ferris and Stein 2018)
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13
Q

Social Darwinism

A

survival of the fittest, justification for imperialist expansion

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14
Q

Émile Durkheim

A

Was a strong functionalist, came up with mechanical solidarity felt by people in old agriculture communities bound them by tradition and belief and organic solidarity. Organic was based on individual rights and interdependence

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15
Q

Mechanical solidarity

A

social bonds present in premodern society; people in a simple agricultural society were bonded together by shared traditions, beliefs, and experiences

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16
Q

Organic solidarity

A

social bond in modern day society; people bond together based on tasks performed, interdependence, and individual rights

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17
Q

Anomie

A

lack of the usual social or ethical standards in an individual or group

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18
Q

Karl Marx

A

German social philosopher, wrote heavily on social inequality, created proletariat and bourgeoisie. Created conflict theory as well. Saw social conflict as the basis of society

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19
Q

Capitalism

A

An economic system based upon free trade

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20
Q

Proletariat

A

workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism)

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21
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

The owners, the wealthy capitalists who own the means of production

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22
Q

Class consciousness

A

The recognition of social inequality on the part of the oppressed leading to social change

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23
Q

Max Weber

A

Created the theory of rationalization or applying economics to humans, as well as a big proponent for bureaucracy

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24
Q

Rationalization

A

Applying economic ideals to humans. Using formal rules and regulations to maximize efficiency without care for the individual.

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25
Q

Georg Simmel

A

German sociologist interested in discovering the effects of size on groups, and he found that the mere entirely different between two and three people spawned entirely different group dynamics

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26
Q

Tragedy of culture theory

A

a method in which researchers identify and

study specific variables or themes that appear in text, image, or media message

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27
Q

Ida B. Wells-Barnett-

A

Gracie doesnt know

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28
Q

George Herbert Mead

A
  • Created Symbolic interactionism. Was a big part of the Chicago school., saw interaction and meaning as central to society
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29
Q

Socialization-

A

is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, political scientists, and educationalists to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs, values and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits

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30
Q

W.E.B. Du Bois

A

Pioneer in the study of race relations. Founding member of NAACP, created the color line

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31
Q

The color line

A

highlighted the differences in society between blacks and whites.

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32
Q

Jane Addams

A

Was a social activist who created the Hull House to help new immigrants, women and the poor. Helped found ACLU and NAACP

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33
Q

Talcott Parsons

A

-Believed that different parts of society (i.e. education, the family, and religion) had
various functions and contributed to stability

-Believed a healthy society must have social cohesion (Ferris and Stein 2018)

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34
Q

Robert Merton-

A

-Believed that some parts of society could have unintended functions

-Stated that some patterns in society could be functional for certain groups,
yet dysfunctional for other groups (Ritzer and Stepnisky 2013)

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35
Q

Ralf Dahrendorf

A
  • Developed conflict theory, which was a response to structural functionalism
  • Believed that society was held together by enforced constraint

-Claimed that some groups in society had more power and authority over
others (Ritzer and Stepnisky 2013)

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36
Q

Erving Goffman

A

Was a symbolic interactionist who used dramaturgy to study human interaction

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37
Q

Dramaturgy

A

Created by Goffmann in which social life is compared to in terms of its similarity to the theatre

38
Q

Impression management

A

is a goal-directed conscious or unconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of others about a person, object, or event.

39
Q

Patricia Hill Collins

A

Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment

40
Q

Intersectionality

A

the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage

41
Q

Structural functionalism

A

values and norms are widely shared and agreed upon, contribute to social stability by reinforcing beliefs

42
Q

Dysfunction

A

deviation from the norms of social behavior in a way regarded as bad

43
Q

Manifest function

A
  • are the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern
44
Q

Latent function

A

while latent functions are those unrecognized and unintended consequences

45
Q

Conflict theory

A
  • are perspectives in sociology and social psychology that emphasize the social, political, or material inequality of a social group, that critique the broad socio-political system, or that otherwise detract from structural functionalism and ideological conservatism
46
Q

Social inequality

A

The unequal distribution of wealth, power or prestige in society

47
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

the view of social behavior that emphasizes linguistic or gestural communication and its subjective understanding, especially the role of language in the formation of the child as a social being

48
Q

Qualitative research

A

works with things like field notes, texts or photos. Hopes to understand how people make sense of their world

49
Q

Quantitative research

A

numbers and mathematics, often finding cause and effect results

50
Q

Scientific method

A
  1. Ask a question
  2. Literature review
  3. Form a hypothesis
  4. Choose a research method
  5. Collect data
  6. Analyze data
  7. Disseminate findings
51
Q

Independent variable vs. dependent variable

A

An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment

52
Q

Correlation

A

A relationship between variables in which they change each other, may or may not be causal

53
Q

Causation

A

a relationship in which one variable changing leads to the change of another

54
Q

Intervening variable

A
  • a third variable, sometimes overlooked, that explains the relationship between two other variables
55
Q

Spurious relationship

A

Applying economic ideals to humans. Using formal rules and regulations to maximize efficiency without care for the individual

56
Q

Ethnography

A

a naturalistic method based on studying people in their own environment in order to understand the meanings they attribute to their activities; also the written work that results from the study

57
Q

Interviews

A

person-to-person conversations for the purpose of gathering information by means of questions posed to respondents

58
Q

Focus groups

A
  • a process for interviewing a number of participants together that also
    allows for interaction among group members
59
Q

Surveys

A

a research method based on questionnaires that are administered to a
sample of respondents selected from a target population

60
Q

Existing sources-

A

materials that have been produced for some other reason but that can be used as data for social research. These materials may include marriage licenses,
building permits, books, magazines, TV shows, movies, albums, and websites

61
Q

Content analysis

A

a method in which researchers identify and study specific variables or themes that appear in text, image, or media message

62
Q

Experiments

A

formal tests of specific variables and effects, performed in a setting where all aspects of the situation can be controlled

63
Q

Social network analysis-

A

Gracie didnt write this one down :(

64
Q

Objectivity

A

impartiality; the ability to allow the facts to speak for

themselves

65
Q

Basic research

A

research that fills in the knowledge we don’t have; it tries to learn things that aren’t always directly applicable or useful immediately

66
Q

Applied research

A

research that seeks to answer a question in the real world and to solve a problem

67
Q

Reactivity

A

the tendency of people and events to react to the process of being
studied

68
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

a specific example of reactivity, in which the desired effect is the result not of the independent variable but of the research itself

69
Q

Confidentiality

A

The assurance that no one other than the researcher will know the identity of the respondent

70
Q

Milgram’s obedience study

A
  • study of the phenomenon of obedience to an authority figure, examined the effects of punishment on learning (shock treatment for mistakes, 65% shocked dangerous amounts when ordered
71
Q

Institutional review board

A

a group of scholars within a university who meet to regulate and review research proposals of their colleagues and recommend ways to protect subjects

72
Q

Kaufman’s (2015) views on ethnographies-

A

Gracie doesnt pay attention in class

73
Q

Culture

A
  • The entire way of life for a group of people that acts as a lens for the way they see the world
74
Q

The ways most sociologists study culture

A
  • conflict theory
  • functionalism
  • symbolic interactionism
75
Q

Ethnocentrism-

A

using your culture to judge others

76
Q

Cultural relativism

A
  • the principle of understanding other cultures on their own terms, rather than judging or evaluating according to one’s own culture
77
Q

Xenophobia

A

unreasonable fear or hatred of foreigners or people from other cultures

78
Q

Material culture

A

the objects associated with a group

79
Q

Values

A

ideas about what is right and wrong, good or bad, desirable or worthy in a particular group

80
Q

Norms-

A

rules or guidelines regarding what kinds of behavior area acceptable and appropriate within a particular culture

81
Q

Folkway

A

a loosely enforced norm involving common customs, practices, or procedures that ensure smooth social interaction and acceptance

82
Q

Mores

A

norms that carry great moral significance, are closely related to the core values of a cultural group, often severe repercussions for violators

83
Q

Sanctions

A
  • positive or negative reactions to the ways that people follow or disobey norms, including rewards for conformity and punishments for violations
84
Q

Hegemony-

A

ideas of the dominant are accepted by all

85
Q

Argot

A

specialized language used by members of a group or subculture

86
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis or Whorfianism

A
  • a concept that the structure of a language affects its speakers’ cognition or world view
87
Q

Cultural Imperialism

A

The imposing of one cultures beliefs onto another culture

88
Q

Lori Delale O’Connor findings

A

Culture camps for international children are often watered down and often do not lead to the children connecting very much with their “own” culture. Culture is wherever you are raised, it isn’t in you from birth

89
Q

Hawthorne effect

A
  • a specific example of reactivity, in which the desired effect is the
    result not of the independent variable but of the research itself
90
Q

Wynn

A

our tastes are not our own, they develop through our interaction with those around us

Sociology (1 decks)

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