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Sociology CLEP flash cards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

FATHER OF SOCIOLOGY; POSITIVISM, SOCIAL STATICS, SOCIAL DYNAMICS

A

August Comte

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2
Q

INSPIRED FEMINISM

CHANGED SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON MARRIAGE, CHILDREN, DOMESTIC LIFE

A

HARRIET MARTINEAU

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3
Q

“SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST”

THINK OF SOCIETY & CULTURE BELONGING TO THE NATURAL WORLD

A

HERBERT SPENCER

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4
Q

PEOPLE SHOULD CHANGE THE WORLD RATHER THAN STUDY IT

BOURGEOISIE & PROLETARIAT

A

KARL MARX

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5
Q

FIRST TO STUDY SUICIDE

MECAHNICAL & ORGANIC SOLIDARITY

A

EMILE DURKHEIM

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6
Q

VERSTEHEN & RATIONALIZATION

STUDIED PERSONAL MEANINGS, VALUES, AND BELIEFS UNDERLYING HUMAN SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

A

MAX WEBER

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7
Q

SOUGHT SOCIAL JUSTICE FOR POOR AND SICK IN CHICAGO

ESTABLISHED HULL HOUSE

A

JANE ADDAMS

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8
Q

BELIEVED SOCIOLOGY COULD PROVIDE ANSWERS TO RACE PROBLEMS

AFRICAN AMERICAN SOCIAL ACTIVIST

A

W.E.B. DU BOIS.

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9
Q

FUNCTIONALISM

A

LOOK AT SOCIETY AS A SYSTEM OF INTERRELATED PARTS ACTING TOGETHER

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10
Q

DRAMATURGY

A

DEPICT HUMAN INTERACTION AS A THEATRICAL PERFORMANCE

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11
Q

NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES THAT DISTRUPT SOCIETY

A

DYSFUNCTION

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12
Q

CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE

A

AREA OF CONFLICT & POWER STRUGGLES

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13
Q

POSITIVISM

A

USING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

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14
Q

PROLETARIAT

A

WORKING CLASS

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15
Q

VERSTEHEN

A

UNDERSTANDING BEHAVIOR BY PUTTING YOURSELF IN THE PLACE OF OTHERS

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16
Q

BOURGEOISIE

A

OWNERS

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17
Q

FIRST DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

A

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

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18
Q

Ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives.

A

Sociological imagination

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19
Q

He believed the economy had the strongest influence on social structure.

A

Karl Marx

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20
Q

He believed the ills of the capitalist system can only be resolved by violent revolutions.

A

KARL MARX

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21
Q

Based his ideas about society on Charles Darwin’s biological model.

A

Herbert Spencer

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22
Q

He believed no steps should be taken to correct social ills.

A

Herbert Spencer

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23
Q

He saw society as a set of interdependent parts.

A

Emile Durkheim

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24
Q

He developed the idea of the Sociological Imagination.

A

C. Wright Mills

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25
Q

He introduced the concept of Verstehen.

A

MAX WEBER

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26
Q

He had a theory of bureaucracy

A

MAX WEBER

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27
Q

manifest function

A

Intended consequence of an element of society.

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28
Q

latent function

A

Unintended consequence of an element of society.

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29
Q

Common customs of everyday life. - Using the right fork, wearing the right clothes

A

folkways

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30
Q

Norms with great moral significance attached to them.

A

mores

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31
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

Language shapes the way people perceive the world.

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32
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

To view one’s own culture as superior.

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33
Q

A subculture that represents values that are unacceptable to the dominant culture but are still legal

A

counterculture

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34
Q

A subculture that represents values that are unacceptable to the dominant culture and are generally considered illegal.

A

Deviant subculture

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35
Q

Conscious effort to promote or prevent social change.

A

Social movement

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36
Q

Spread of culture traits from one society to another.

A

Culture diffusion

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37
Q

Produces the greatest change in a society in the least amount of time.

A

Wars

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38
Q

Cultural Lag

A

Some aspects of culture change slower than others.

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39
Q

Sanctions

A

Rewards or punishments to enforce conformity to norms. (slap on the wrist for misbehaving)

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40
Q

Violation of norms

A

Deviance

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41
Q

Durkheim found that high suicide rates can be due to either, extreme or inadequate _______.

A

social integration

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42
Q

Durkheims research indicated that high suicide rates can result from ______.

A

excessive isolation

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43
Q

personality develops fastest during _________

A

childhood

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44
Q

Sigmund Freud’s system.

A

Psychoanalysis

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45
Q

The irrational part of the personality concerned with seeking pleasure. (Freud)

A

Id

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46
Q

Part of the personality that is rational and deals with the word logically. (Freud)

A

Ego

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47
Q

The moral part of a personality, the “conscience.” (Freud)

A

SuperEgo

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48
Q

The referee between the Id and the superego.

A

Ego

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49
Q

According to Locke we are born without a ______.

A

personality

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50
Q

John Locke believed he could shape newborns into ______.

A

anything he wanted

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51
Q

Believed all children go through three levels of moral development.

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

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52
Q

Developed the idea of the “ looking glass self.”

A

Charles Cooley

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53
Q

Developed the idea of role-taking.

A

George Herbert Mead

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54
Q

His perspective is symbolic Interactionist

A

George Herbert Mead

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55
Q

Internalizing the values of society is taking the role of the____

A

generalized other

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56
Q

The unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of our personality. (Two related parts of the “self.”)

A

I

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57
Q

The part of our identity that is aware of society’s expectations.(Two related parts of the “self.”)

A

Me

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58
Q

Most important agent of socialization.

A

Family

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59
Q

Three most common rewards on which stratification is based.

A

Wealth, Power, and Prestige

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60
Q

Functionalists view stratification as

A

a necessary feature of the social structure

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61
Q

Conflict theorists view stratification as

A

a result of class exploitation

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62
Q

egalitarian system

A

Little opportunity to accumulate wealth and much social equality.

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63
Q

U.S. law forbids discrimination based on ____ characteristics

A

ascribed

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64
Q

Difference between upper-upper class and lower-upper class

A

Upper-upper: “old money”, inherited it – Lower-upper: “new money”, earned it

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65
Q

Largest segment of American population _______ class

A

working class

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66
Q

Difference between upper-middle class and lower-middle class

A

Upper-midde: high income professionals —- Lower-middle: lower income “white collar” jobs

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67
Q

Blue-collar and Pink-collar jobs (class)

A

working class

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68
Q

Movement from one social class to another ________ mobility (type of social)

A

vertical mobility

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69
Q

Movement within a social class ___________ mobility (type of social)

A

horizontal mobility

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70
Q

The mobility that results from changes in society

A

structural mobility

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71
Q

Likelihood of sharing the opportunities of society

A

life chances

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72
Q

Individuals who share a common cultural background and sense of identity. ______ group

A

ethnic group

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73
Q

Share physical characteristics or cultural practices that result in the group being denied equal treatment. _______ group

A

minority group

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74
Q

The outgrowth of traditional patterns of discrimination. - Type of discrimination most resistant to change.

A

institutionalized discrimination

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75
Q

de jure segregation

A

Segregation based on laws

76
Q

de facto segregation

A

Segregation based on informal norms.

77
Q

Active Bigot

A

Is prejudiced and openly discriminatory

78
Q

Timid Bigot

A

Is prejudiced but is afraid to discriminate.

79
Q

Consists of one or both parents and their children

A

Nuclear Family

80
Q

Three or more generations of a family sharing the same residence.

A

Extended Family

81
Q

The family you were born into

A

family of orientation

82
Q

The family you create by having children

A

family of procreation

83
Q

Primary Sector

A

Deals with the extraction of raw materials from the environment.

84
Q

Secondary Sector

A

Uses raw materials to manufacture goods.

85
Q

Tertiary sector

A

Emphasis is on the provision of services.

86
Q

Authoritarianism

A

Power rests firmly with the state.

87
Q

Most extreme form of authoritarianism - Governmental leaders accept few limits on their authority

A

Totalitarianism

88
Q

Power-Elite Model

A

View that in the U.S. political power is exercised by and for the privileged few.

89
Q

Pluralist Model

A

View that the political process is controlled by interest groups that compete with one another for power; competition among groups prevents power from becoming concentrated.

90
Q

In preindustrial societies education occurs mainly within the ______________

A

family

91
Q

Strain theory

A

people blocked from achievement find illegitimate means to succeed.

92
Q

Primary assimilation

A

cultural assimilation on the micro level (family)

93
Q

Secondary assimilation

A

cultural assimilation on the macro level (equal in terms of money, political representation, etc)

94
Q

when a rundown section of the city has been repaired and has become attractive to a middle-class population

A

Gentrification

95
Q

when several corporations, usually four or less, control an industry

A

oligopoly

96
Q

anomie (Durkheim)

A

being in a state of normlessness (without norms, without laws)

97
Q

a technically ordered, rigid, dehumanized society

A

Iron cage

98
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

when one continues to believe in something in the face of contrary evidence

99
Q

Differential association

A

analyzes how one comes to learn deviant norms and values

100
Q

Thomas Malthus was most influential in the study of

A

population

101
Q

gemeinschaft

A

the term Tonnies used to describe the small, intimate communities of the past.

102
Q

gesellschaft

A

the term Tonnies used to describe modern, urban society.

103
Q

assumes a forced encroachment of one group onto the territory of another.

A

invasion

104
Q

Acculturation

A

the process by which immigrants absorb the culture of their new society.

105
Q

the school where functionalism was developed

A

Harvard

106
Q

school known for the study of criminology

A

New York University

107
Q

assumes immigrants will give up all of their “old-world” customs

A

Anglo-conformity

108
Q

Comte’s theological stage (how every science develops)

A

scientists look toward the supernatural realm of ideas for an explanation of what they observe.

109
Q

Comte’s metaphysical stage (how every science develops)

A

scientists begin to look to the real world for an explanation of what they observe

110
Q

Comte’s positive stage (how every science develops)

A

defined as the definitive stage of all knowledge; scientists search for general ideas or laws and use such knowledge to predict and thereby control mankind’s destiny for a better future for all

111
Q

Tangible objects that are necessary or desired are referred to as

A

goods

112
Q

Assignment of students to specific courses and educational programs based on their test scores, previous grades, or both is

A

tracking

113
Q

The type of social arrangement in which people are able to gain higher positions based on their intellectual and educational credentials rather than through the influence of personal contacts is

A

a meritocracy

114
Q

____________________ believe Positions that are most important for the survival of society must be filled by the most qualified people who are highly rewarded.

A

functionalists

115
Q

The hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on their control over basic resources is

A

social stratification

116
Q

Karl Marx’s term for government, schools, churches, and all other social institutions that produce and disseminate ideas that perpetuate the existing system of exploitation is society’s

A

superstructure (According to Marx, the economy is the base upon which the superstructure of the other social institutions is erected)

117
Q

Negotiations between employers and labor union leaders on behalf of workers are referred to as

A

collective bargaining

118
Q

The study of the relationship between people and their physical environment is known as

A

human ecology

119
Q

In Herbert Gans’ typology of urban dwellers, those who live in tightly knit neighborhoods that resemble small towns are

A

ethnic villagers - some are recent immigrants who feel most comfortable living among people of their own group

120
Q

A continuous concentration of two or more cities and their suburbs that have grown until they form an interconnected urban area is a

A

megalopolis.

121
Q

According to Robert Merton’s strain theory, what occurs when people accept society’s goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them?

A

innovation

122
Q

________ is based on the idea that the punishment should fit the crime. More serious crimes should receive more serious sanctions.

A

retribution

123
Q

An organized group that acts consciously to promote or resist change through collective action is

A

a social movement.

124
Q

Movements seeking to bring about a total change in society are referred to as

A

revolutionary

125
Q

People who are satisfied with their present condition are LESS likely to seek social change, according to the theory of

A

relative deprivation

126
Q

Voluntary, often spontaneous activity that is engaged in by a large number of people and that typically violates dominant group norms and values is

A

collective behavior

127
Q

A relatively large number of people who are in one another’s immediate vicinity is termed a

A

crowd

128
Q

a number of people who share an interest in a specific idea or issue but who are not in one another’s immediate vicinity

A

mass

129
Q

Traditions, beliefs, language and philosophies are all examples of _______ culture

A

nonmaterial culture

130
Q

Shared monopoly

A

when four or fewer companies supply 50 percent or more of a particular market

131
Q

interlocking corporate directorates

A

The situation in which members of the board of directors of one corporation also sit on the boards of other corporations

132
Q

What is the term that sociologists use to describe the situation where charismatic authority is succeeded by a bureaucracy controlled by a rationally established authority or by a combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority?

A

Routinization of charisma

133
Q

When cities developed circa 3500–3000 B.C.E., political power became centralized in

A

A city-state is a city whose power extends to adjacent areas.

134
Q

the transmission of cultural values and attitudes, such as conformity and obedience to authority, through implied demands found in rules, routines, and regulations of schools

A

Hidden curriculum

135
Q

The type of health-care system in which all citizens receive medical services paid for by tax revenues is

A

universal health care.

136
Q

What is the term that Max Weber used to describe the extent to which persons within a particular layer of stratification have access to important scarce resources?

A

Life chances

137
Q

the process of rationalization taken to extreme levels

A

McDonaldization

138
Q

He coined the term McDonaldization

A

George Ritzer

139
Q

People who are poor, seldom employed, and caught in long-term deprivation are members of the

A

underclass

140
Q

Sociologist Max Weber did NOT view the concept of social class as a specific social category of “real people,” but as a/an

A

ideal type

141
Q

How do the views of Max Weber and Karl Marx differ concerning the concept of social class?

A

Marx believed that class is determined by property ownership. Weber expanded the definition of class to include other dimensions.

142
Q

The shift from manufacturing to service occupations in the U.S. economy has contributed to

A

the loss of higher-paying positions.

143
Q

Races are ____________ defined, not ___________ defined

A

races are socially defined, not biologically defined

144
Q

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year is the

A

crude death rate

145
Q

Thomas Malthus stated that the human population, if left unchecked, would

A

exceed the available food supply (Malthus pointed out that human populations increase in a geometric (doubling) manner, whereas food supplies increase in an arithmetic (additive) manner.)

146
Q

New urban fringes that have arisen beyond central cities and suburbs are referred to as

A

edge cities

147
Q

________ is defined as one or more central cities and their surrounding suburbs that dominate the economic and cultural life of a region

A

Metropolis

148
Q

Strain theorists suggest that deviant behavior is caused by

A

lack of access to legitimate means to achieve acceptable goals

149
Q

being labeled as deviant increases the likelihood of engaging in further deviant acts, which is known as

A

secondary deviance

150
Q

this occurs when the nonmaterial culture has not caught up with material development

A

cultural lag

151
Q

Grassroots environmental movements are types of

A

reform movements

152
Q

This approach to social movements assumes that a collective definition of appropriate and inappropriate behavior emerges during episodes of collective behavior

A

Emergent norm theory

153
Q

ersons whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self are referred to by sociologists as

A

significant others

154
Q

_____refers to the ways in which an individual shows an awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention

A

civil inattention - one of the means that people use to help interactions with others proceed smoothly

155
Q

What is Erving Goffman’s term for the study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation?

A

Dramaturgical analysis

156
Q

French sociologist Auguste Comte’s belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry is known as

A

positivism

157
Q

Sociologist Jane Addams was active in poor urban areas as a leader of community centers referred to as

A

settlement houses - she established Hull House in Chicago

158
Q

a __________ religion tends to be withdrawn from societal norms and extremely pietistic — most likely to have split off from a larger religious group

A

sect

159
Q

a secondary group is characterized by

A

impersonal relationships

160
Q

a social group with intense intimacy

A

primary group

161
Q

SMSA

A

Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (a geographical region with a relatively high population density at its core and close economic ties throughout the area. Such regions are not legally incorporated as a city or town would be, nor are they legal administrative divisions like counties or sovereign entities like states.)

162
Q

Network full of holes where ties are weak

A

Cosmopolitan Network

163
Q

Egoistic suicide

A

when a man becomes socially isolated or feels that he has no place in the society he destroys himself

164
Q

Altruistic suicide

A

committed for the benefit of others (falling on a grenade)

165
Q

Anomic suicide

A

takes place in a situation which has cropped up suddenly

166
Q

Fatalistic suicide

A

the individual sees no possible way to improve his or her life

167
Q

Demographic Transition Theory

A

how populations change - the change in the human condition from high mortality and high fertility to low mortality and low fertility. Death is now less capricious and most people live long lives. Women no longer average six or seven births but in most economically advanced countries less than two — insufficient to replenish national populations

168
Q

aging is an inevitable, mutual withdrawal or disengagement, resulting in decreased interaction between the aging person and others in the social system he belongs to

A

disengagement theory

169
Q

a form ofpower structurein whichpowereffectively rests with a small number of people. These people could be distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, education, corporate, or military control.

A

Political oligarchy

170
Q

the term is used to describe a situation in which several companies overwhelmingly control an industry

A

oligopoly

171
Q

According to sociologist C. Wright Mills, the power elite is comprised of

A

business, government, and the military

172
Q

Power is widely dispersed across many competing interest groups in what kind of political system?

A

pluralist

173
Q

According to Emile Durkheim, the everyday, secular, or worldly aspects of life are

A

profane (vs sacred)

174
Q

the pay gap between women and men is slightly less than ___ cents an hour

A

77

175
Q

Middle adulthood refers to people between the ages of

A

40 - 65

176
Q

The institutional approach focuses on the role of institutions or groups in

A

fostering mirgration

177
Q

The movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residence elsewhere is referred to as

A

emigration (which is a TYPE of migration)

178
Q

Structure refers to ___________ whereas agency refers to ____________.

A

Structure refers to institutions, whereas agency refers to human actors.

179
Q

In his classic study of the “Saints” and the “Roughnecks,” sociologist William Chamblissfound that

A

gangs of high school boys were more likely to be labeled as delinquent if their members came from lower-income families rather than higher-income families.

180
Q

The value-added model suggests that social movements develop in response to certain inciting incidents or dramatic events called

A

precipitating factors

181
Q

the transmission of cultural items or social practices from one group or society to another through such means as immigration and exploration

A

Diffusion

182
Q

Which member of the early twentieth-century Chicago School asserted that urbanization creates a disintegrating influence on social life by producing an increase in the crime rate and by exacerbating racial and class conflicts?

A

Robert Park

183
Q

Which contemporary advocate of the functionalist perspective stressed that social institutions must meet social needs in order for society to survive?

A

Talcott Parsons

184
Q

Which of the following terms was used by sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois to describe the identity of being both Black and an American?

A

Double-consciousness

185
Q

According to functionalist theory, ____________are the beneficial consequences of people’s actions

A

functions

Sociology CLEP (1 decks)

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