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Sociology Unlocked Midterm > Sociology Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10 > Flashcards

Sociology Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sociology

A

The study of human and social behaviour.

Includes culture, social structures, and relationships.

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2
Q

Society

A

The largest scale social structure. The members interact together, share geographic territory, and common institutions

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3
Q

Structure

A

Identifiable elements in society that produce relatively stable opportunities and constraints in people’s lives

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4
Q

Macro vs. Micro sociology

A

Macro - the study of society, social institutions, and large social groups
Micro - the study of small social groups and individual social interaction

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5
Q

Social Institution

A

Social structure made of two or more relationships

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6
Q

Sociological Imagination

A

Ability to place and understand the personal experiences of individuals within societal context of said experience

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7
Q

Sociologial Perspective

A

Ability to see the general in the particular, and the strange in the familiar

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8
Q

Agency

A

Ability of individuals to make uninfluenced decisions

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9
Q

Social Structure

A

Any enduring and predictable pattern of social relations

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10
Q

Scientific method

A

The investigative process involving the creation and testing of a hypothesis

  1. research idea
  2. literature review
  3. hypothesis formation
  4. research design
  5. data collection
  6. data analysis
  7. dissemination of results
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11
Q

Objectivity

A

Lack of bias

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12
Q

Social science

A

Academic discipline that is concerned with society and the relationships amoung individuals within a society

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13
Q

Subjectivity

A

An interpretation that has a bias.

Bias can include things like our own religion, beliefs, experiences, opinions, and values

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14
Q

C. Wright Mills

A

Said individual and society are linked and that we can’t understand one without the other.
Personal troubles and public issues

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15
Q

Personal troubles vs. public issues

A

Personal - results from individual challenges

Public - caused by larger social factors

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16
Q

Auguste Comte

A
  • Known as father of sociology
  • techniques used in science can apply to the social world
  • investigation of human behaviour necessary to improve society
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17
Q

Harriet Martineau

A
  • translated Comte’s work into English
  • emphasized effect that economy, law, trade, and population could have on social problems or contemporary society
  • advocated women’s rights, the emancipation of slaves, and religious tolerance
  • intellectuals and scholars should act on beliefs that benefit society
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18
Q

Herbert Spencer

A
  • understand society rather than attempt to change it

- survival of the fittest ( societies would change themselves over time )

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19
Q

W. E. B. Du Bois

A
  • double consciousness
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20
Q

John Porter

A
  • vertical mosaic: used Canadian Consensus Data to examine inequality among ethnic groups
  • studies of elites and power, social mobility, immigration and integration, ethnic inequality
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21
Q

Empirical Evidence

A

Using senses to prove/find evidence to support ideas such as photographs, drawings, etc.

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22
Q

Common Sense

A

Knowledge gained from life experiences, convos, our parents, media, etc.
Is unreliable

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23
Q

Theory

A

Set of opinions that are supposed to help explain a fact or social phenomenon.

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24
Q

Fake News

A

Misinformation resented as authentic

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25
Q

Functionalist theory in relation to chap. 1 + 2

A

Assumes social behaviour is understood best in terms of parts working to maintain whole
parts of society compared to parts of the human body ( organisms work together to survive )
Stress stability and consensus

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26
Q

Social Reproduction

A

Process a society uses to reproduce itself from gen. to gen.

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27
Q

Manifest functions

A

Intended and easily recognisable ways an institution or social phenomenon operate

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28
Q

Latent functions

A

Unintended and hidden ways an institution or social phenomenon operate

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29
Q

Dysfunction

A

Element or process of society that can lead to decrease in stability

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30
Q

Morale order

A

unwritten social norms and conventions that serve to maintain societal order

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31
Q

Anomie

A

Instability resulting from breakdown of standards/values or lack of purpose/ideals

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32
Q

Conflict theory in relation to chap. 1 + 2

A

Assumes that social behaviour is best understood in terms of conflict between competing groups over scarce resources
Society is organized around inequalities that produce conflict between social groups

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33
Q

Mode of production

A

Way of producing material things needed to survive

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34
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

Owners of the mean of production

Capitalists

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35
Q

Proletariat

A

Works for the bourgeoisie and produce goods for them

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36
Q

Class consciousness

A

When members of an oppressed group come together to figure out and recognize their oppressors, and actively change it.

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37
Q

Symbolic interactionism in regards to chap 1 + 2

A

Perspective stating that people create meaning through interaction
Close study of everyday life

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38
Q

Backstage vs. frontstage interactions

A

Back - Interactions where people are free from expectations/norms that dictate frontstage
Front - Interactions where people’s behaviour reflects internalized norms and expectations

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39
Q

Mead’s “I” vs. “Me”

A

I - Term for elements of the self that is spontaneous, creative, and impulsive
Me - Term for the socialized part of the self

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40
Q

Double Consciousness

A

Feeling like your identity is split in even parts, making it impossible to have one unified identity

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41
Q

Feminist theory in relation to chap. 1 + 2

A

Attempts to understand, explain, and change the way the construction of gender creates inequality
focuses no gender inequality ( causes, affect )

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42
Q

Patriarchy

A

Cultural system where men hold power and authority; father is authority in family and descent is in the male line

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43
Q

Standpoint theory

A

Feminist political position that argues knowledge stems from social position

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44
Q

Intersectionality

A

Interrelations among systems of discrimination/disadvantage as they apply to an individual or group. Results in experiences of inequality based on the individual or group’s overlapping experiences ( race, gender, culture, etc. )

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45
Q

Hypothesis

A

Proposition or tentative statement about the relationship between multiple variables testing though research

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46
Q

Variable

A

Trait, quality, or characteristic that can vary in size over time or across individuals or groups

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47
Q

Dependent vs. independent variable

A

D - variable being tested and measured

I - variable that is changed or controlled in an experiment to text effects of D

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48
Q

Quantitative vs. Qualitative research

A

Quan - Using the scientific method to gather numerical data; used for a broader analysis of large groups
Qual - Using the scientific method to gather non-numerical data; used for smaller groups or individuals

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49
Q

Mixed methods

A

Way of conducting research to include Qual. and Quan.

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50
Q

Experiment

A

Studies cause and effect relationship in controlled setting

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51
Q

Unobtrusive methods

A

Measures not requiring intrusions of the research

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52
Q

Content Analysis

A

Research method for studying documents and communications in various textx

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53
Q

Participant Observation`

A

Method for gathering info by bing a part of the group being studied

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54
Q

Population

A

Set of individuals who share some characteristics of interest to the researcher

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55
Q

Sample

A

Small # of people drawn from population of interest

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56
Q

Convenience Sampling

A

Selecting respondents based on if they pass a specific place or not

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57
Q

Snowball sampling

A

Narrowing down respondents by asking one person, then getting them to recommend someone

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58
Q

Systematic random sampling

A

Selecting respondents by using a full list and random selection by a set interval

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59
Q

Questionnaires

A

Set of questions with choice of predetermined answers

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60
Q

Response bias

A

Tendency of people to answer questions with a bias

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61
Q

Structured vs. Unstructured interview

A

S - Respondents asked set questions

U - Respondents asked flexible questions

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62
Q

Secondary Data Analysis

A

Examines and interprets data gathered by another researcher

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63
Q

Validity

A

Accurately measuring a concept

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64
Q

Reliability

A

Extent to which a measure produces consistent results

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65
Q

Research ethics

A

Governing principles that dictate standards of behaviour for the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to ensure no harm is caused

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66
Q

Talcott Parsons

A

Functionalist

Society is in a natural state of equilibrium ( society leads towards balance )

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67
Q

Robert Merton

A

Functionalist

Refined Parsons’ theory by saying some functions were manifest functions and some were latent functions

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68
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

Functionalist
Social order and consequences of loss of solidarity
social cohesion is affected when people don’t share similarities
With industrialization and modernization, moral order goes away and can cause anomie

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69
Q

Joan Patterson

A

Functionalist

Researched why some families survive risk and adversity better than others

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70
Q

Karl Marx

A

Conflict theorist
Focused on the workings of capitalism as a mode of production and a way to produce material things we need to survive
Said conflict between B and P was unavoidable as their needs are completely opposite

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71
Q

Erving Goffman

A

Symbolic interactionist

Frontstage and backstage interactions

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72
Q

George Herbert Mead

A 
Symbolic interactionist
I vs. Me
3 sages to childhood development
1. preparatory stage ( imitation ) 
2. play stage ( take roles of others ) 
3. game stage ( sophisticated understanding )
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73
Q

Frantz Fanon

A

Symbolic Interactionist
Stated that people who aren’t deemed as “human” by colonizers shouldn’t be limited in response by principles that normally apply to humanity

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74
Q

Dorothy Smith

A

Feminist
Standpoint theory
said sociology was missing the voices of the marginalized

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75
Q

bell hooks

A

Feminist
Race and gender determine a woman’s destiny
pen-name lowercase to emphasize ideas not name

76
Q

Culture

A

collection of beliefs, values, norms, behaviours, language, and material object that are passed on from gen to gen

77
Q

Values

A

Beliefs about ideal goals and behaviour that serve as standards for social life

78
Q

Norms

A

The values by which a society guides the behaviour of its members

79
Q

Sanctions

A

Rewards for adhering to norms, punishment for violations of norms

80
Q

Material vs. non-material culture

A

M - physical artifacts and objects found in a culture
NM - abstract components of a society
( values, norms, and religious beliefs )

81
Q

Symbol

A

Object, image, or event used to represent a particular concept

82
Q

Language

A

Shared system of communication that includes verbal and nonverbal gestures to convey meaning

83
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

The theory that language shapes reality

84
Q

Curtural universals

A

Common cultural features found in all societies

85
Q

Innovation

A

Occurs when existing cultural items are manipulated to produce something new and socially valuable

86
Q

Diffusion

A

cultural practices are spread from one group to another

87
Q

Globalization

A

The worldwide integration of gov’t policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets

88
Q

Subculture and counterculture

A

S - segement of culture with distinguishing features from broader culture
C - a S with values and norms that oppose dom. culture

89
Q

Culture shock

A

Feelings of disorientation and uncertainty that people experience when they face unfamiliar cultural practices

90
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Tendency to assume one’s own culture and way of life rep. the norm or is superior

91
Q

Cultural revitalism

A

An appreciation that all cultures have their own norms and values and should be understood under their own terms rather than one’s own cultural standards

92
Q

Xenocentrism

A

Preference for a culture other than one’s own

93
Q

Multiculturalism

A

Freedom of individuals of all origins to presence, enhance, and share their cultural heritage

94
Q

Socialization

A

Lifelong leanrning porcess through which an individual becomes a capable member of society

95
Q

Biological determination

A

Behaviou is determined solely by our genetic makeup or other biological attributes

96
Q

Feral children

A

Chidlren who have lives in isolation from human contact from a very young age

97
Q

Primary and secondary socialization

A

P - Early socialization of children, takes place in family setting
S - Ongoing and lifelong process of socialization, accumulated learning in adolescence and adulthood

98
Q

Social integration

A

Internalization of norms and values that allow us to function well as a group

99
Q

Gender socialization

A

Process of learning what is “appropriate” gender specific behaviour

100
Q

Looking-glass self

A

Sense of oneself formed though interaction with others by assessing how they view us

101
Q

Cognitive theory of developement

A

Theory from Jean Piaget

Describes development of abilities to think, believe, remember, perceive, and reason

102
Q

Agents of socialization

A

Institutions and other structured relationships within which socialization takes place

103
Q

Peer group

A

Group of companions who we interact with from childhood throughout adolescence and into early adulthood
Relate to one another

104
Q

Resocialization

A

Learning process that reshapes the individual’s personality by teaching radically different values, norms, and role expectations, often within a total institution

105
Q

Total institution

A

Institution where people are monitered 24/7 as they are either in prisons, mental hospitals, or military barraks

106
Q

Degredation Ceremony

A

Process by which people are strupped of their former selves

107
Q

Status

A

Socially defined position within society

108
Q

Master status

A

Status that dominates all others

109
Q

Ascribed status

A

Advantages amd disadvantages assigned at birth

110
Q

Achieved status

A

Attributes that the individual gains throughout their life based on effort

111
Q

Social Scripts

A

Culturally constructed socially enforced practices that we are all expected to follow

112
Q

Role Conflict

A

Situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise when one individual holds two or more social positions

113
Q

Role Strain

A

Difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations

114
Q

Role exit

A

Disengaging from a role that is central to one’s self-identity in order to establish a new role

115
Q

Primary group vs. secondary group

A

P - group characterized by intimate face-to-face interactions
S - impersonal group with little social intimacy

116
Q

In-group vs. out-group

A

In - group or catergory to which people feel they belong

Out - group to which people do not feel they belong

117
Q

Reference group

A

Any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves

118
Q

Coalition

A

the aligning of groups towards a common goal

119
Q

Social network

A

A network of individuals connected by interpersonal relationships

120
Q

Mechanical Solidarity

A

Characteristics of societies with a minimal division of labour and group solidarity

121
Q

Organic solidarity

A

Characteristics of societies with a large division of labour and group interdependence

122
Q

Geneinschaft

A

Past society as defined by a shared past and communal networks, such as family and religious institutions

123
Q

Gesellschaft

A

Present society as defined by market relations, business contracts, individuality, and competition

124
Q

Organizations

A

Large groups that have a collective goal or purpose

125
Q

Formal organizations

A

Planned groups that coordinate people, capital, and tools through formalized roles, statuses, and relationships to efficiently achieve a specific set of goals

126
Q

Bureaucracy

A

Formal organizations that thrive in both the public and private sector

127
Q

McDonaldization

A

Process where the principles of the fast-food industry have come to dominate organizations

128
Q

Family

A

Social group containing two or more people who function as a unit for purposes of economic cooperation, socialization, procreation, companionship, and emotional support

129
Q

Kin group

A

Group of people related by blood or marriage

130
Q

Nuclear family

A

Kinship made up of 2 parents and their children

131
Q

Extended family

A

Includes everyone a person has kinship with

Can include multiple gens. and kinship links

132
Q

Bilateral descent

A

Relatives on the mother’s side and the father’s side are equally important ( emotional ties, transfer of wealth and property )

133
Q

Patrilineal descent vs. matrilineal descent

A

P - Passing down wealth and power that counts only kin relationships though male family members
M - Passing down wealth and power that counts only kin relationships through female family members

134
Q

Egalitarian family

A

Family where both partners are equal and contribute equally to decision making

135
Q

Matriarchy

A

Gender inequality in favour of women
Women favoured it exclusively granted power ( political decision-making authority, control of resources, ability to inherit wealth )

136
Q

Affinial

A

Family relationship through marriage

137
Q

Expressive vs. instrumental exchanges

A

E - Exchanges of emotional services between spouses ( Emotional support )
I - Exchanges of practical of technical services between spouses ( bills )

138
Q

Incest

A

Sexual activity between closely related members of the same kin group

139
Q

Endogamy vs. Exogamy

A 
End - Marrying within one's own group
 ( race, class, ethnic group, etc. ) 
       ex. Orthodox Judaism
Exo - Marrying outside one's own group 
( Race, class, ethnic group, etc. )
       ex. villages in India
140
Q

Homogamy

A

Tendancy of people with similar characteristics to marry each other

141
Q

Cohabition

A

2 or more adults who live together, share expenses, have a sexual and/or romantic relationship without being legally married

142
Q

Divorce

A

Legal ending or a marriage by a court of law

143
Q

Lone Parent Family

A

Only one parent lives with dependent children

144
Q

Folkways

A

Customs that people take part in every day ( holding a door )

145
Q

Mores

A

Social norms that are widely observes and are considered to have greater moral significance than others

146
Q

Deviance

A

An action or behaviour that leads to a negative reaction or response from a community or group

147
Q

Social Control

A

All the instituitions and procedures that influence members of society to conform to rules of expected behaviour

148
Q

Formal vs. Informal social control

A

F - authorized procedure that defines how specific people enforce the rules and laws of a society
I - maintenance of order through non-legal means ( gossip, praise, blame and stigma )

149
Q

Crime

A

Any act prohibited by criminal law

150
Q

Criminology

A

The study of what gets defined as a crime, the causes of crime, the ways to prevent crime, and the punishment and rehabilitation of those who commit crimes

151
Q

Victimless crime

A

Category of crime from which no one suffers directly except maybe the person committing the crime

152
Q

Dark Figure of Crime

A

Actual number of criminal incidents that occur compared to crimes reported to police, number of crimes prosecuted, and # of crimes that result in conviction

153
Q

Rational choice theory

A

Assumed people weigh pros and cons of committing a crime and make a logical decision to committ a crime or not

154
Q

Positivism

A

Philosophy that prizes reason, logic, and the scientific method over belief and faith

155
Q

Social Disorganization

A

Theory that believe the industrialization, urbanization, and immigration that accompanied modernization broke society’s traditional order and values making it difficult to maintain social control

156
Q

Strain Theory

A

Theory that proposes that the cause of deviance lies in society’s unequal opportunity structure ( strain between societal expectations and societal opportunities encourages criminal behaviour )

157
Q

White-collar crimes

A

Crimes committed by high-status people, often in the course of their work ( forgery )

158
Q

Labelling theory

A

Symbolic interacitonist approach to deviance that believes people come to identity with and behave in ways that reflect how others label them

159
Q

Stigma

A

Mark of shame or social disgrace that discredits an individual or group of people

160
Q

deviance

A

violation of established social norms, actions, or behaviours

161
Q

Functionalists and culture

A

argue that human societies must have an understanding of culture to allow for communication and to work towards common goals

162
Q

Conflict theorists and culture

A

argue that while culture exists amoung groups, culture is a reflection of the dom. ideology

163
Q

Symbolic interactionists and culture

A

are interested in the way that cuture is maintained through daily interactions

164
Q

Feminists and culture

A

Concerned with ways the passing down of culture can perpetuate inequality

165
Q

Harry Harlow

A

Pshycologist

Rhesus monkies and isolation

166
Q

Karl Mannheim

A

Functionalist
“Theory of generations” - historical and social context in which people live can affect an entire generation’s relationship

167
Q

Charles Horton Cooley

A

symbolic interactionist

looking-glass self

168
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Physician

Pshycoanalysis

169
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

A
  1. Sensorimotor ( 0-2 )
  2. Preoperational ( 2-7 )
  3. Concrete operational ( 7-11 )
  4. Formal operational ( 11+ )
170
Q

Max Weber

A

functionalist

argued that the ideal bureaucracy is the most successful kind of organization.

171
Q

6 parts of an ideal bureaucracy

A
  1. division of labour
  2. hierarchy of authority
  3. written rules and regulations
  4. written documentation
  5. impersonality
  6. hiring and promoting based on technical merit
172
Q

Durkheim and social structures ( chap. 5 )

A

functionalist
argues that social structures are dependent on the division of labour and refers to societies where people rely on the land and themselves for survival as a result of mechanic solidarity
Highly industrialized societies have organic solidarity as individuals must rely on each other

173
Q

Symbolic interactionists and social structures

A

More interested in ways social structures are maintained and reproduced through social interations

174
Q

Conflict theorists and social structures

A

Argue that social structures serve to maintain the privilege and power of some while disadvantagin others

175
Q

Feminists and social structures

A

argue that social structures serve to maintain the privilege and power of some while disadvantaging some.

176
Q

William E. Ogburn

A 
Funcitonalist
Said family performs 6 functions in society 
1. reproduction
2. protection
3. socialization
4. sexual regulation
5. affection
6. social and economic status
177
Q

Symbolic interactionists and families

A

examined family as a social setting

emergence of identity and the self through interactions with family

178
Q

Conflict theory and family

A

Say industrialization changed functions of family ( no longer self-sustaining )
argue family is an economic unit that contributes to social injustice

179
Q

Margrit Eichler

A

Feminist
said family has been studied with biases
1. monolithic bias ( assumes all families are the same )
2. conservative bias ( ignores negative aspects of some families ex. abuse )
3. ageist bias ( assumes young and old don’t contribute )
4. sexist bias ( double standard )
5. heterosexist bias ( Ignores same-sex families )
6. racist bias ( assumes other ethnicities races, etc. should aspire to dom. culture )

180
Q

Cesare Lombroso

A

biological determinism

181
Q

William Sheldon

A

3 body types

  1. mesomorphs ( extroverts, aggressive, muscular )
  2. ectomorphs ( thin, fidgety, introverts )
  3. endomorphs ( extroverts, soft, limp )

mesomorphs are most likely to commit crime

182
Q

Functionalists and deviance + crime

A

social disorganization and strain theory to explain why some groups of people are more likely to commit crimes

183
Q

Conflict theorists and deviance + crime

A

The criminogenic environment that creates particular laws and ways of enforcing these laws which disadvantage certain groups

184
Q

Symbolic interactionists and crime + deviance

A

Interested in ways people become labelled as deviant as well as the stigma associated with those labels

185
Q

Feminists and deviance + crime

A

Interested in crimes perpetrated mostly by women as well as female offenders

Sociology Unlocked Midterm (1 decks)

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