Sociology 4373 Flashcards by Mad K

According to Alexis de Tocqueville which is NOT considered an advantage of democracy over artistrocracy
1. Legislative mistakes are retrievable
2. Legislative primarily derives from politcal action committees
3. Leaders generally hold their positions for a relatively short period
4. Leaders tend to have more interest in common with the masses

Legislative primarily derives from politcal action committees

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According to Alexis de Tocqueville, ____ is a consequence of democracry?
1. The growth and expansion of egosim
2. The growth and expansion of pragmatism
3. The growth and expansion of existentialism
4. The growth and expansion of abstract expressionism

The growth and expansion of egosim

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Unlike Karl Marx, Tocqueville recognizes that ______ leads broad economic problems
1. Competition
2. Rationalism
3. Inequality
4. Equality

Equality

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Why did Tocqueville recognizes that ____ leads broad economic problems
1. Because favorable conditions become ceated for broad and subtle intrusion
2. Because centralization leads to promotion of elitism and a waste of human potential
3. Because diminished government poses a national security risk
4. Because local and state governments would become too powerful

Because centralization leads to promotion of elitism and a waste of human potential

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What is broadlu considered a major criticism of representative democracy?
1. The emergence of an infinite subdivision of levels of government
2. People feeling disconnected and alienated from the political process
3. The continious struggle over judicial disputes
4. The rise of anarchy through the democratic leveling of power

People feeling disconnected and alienated from the political process

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Which of the following challenges did Black Americans collectively face in the aftermath of Emancipation from slavery?
1. Europeans remains masters of all labor
2. Europeans remained nearly the sole owners of the nation’s wealth
3. Europeans had a near monopoly on the access and legal use of arms
4. Each of these

Each of these

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The basic principle defining political relations is that of _____
1. Rank
2. Reason
3. Religion
4. Ruminations

Rank

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Three factors that determine the structure of political relations include _______
1. Laws, dogmas, folkways
2. Dogmas, folkways, mores
3. Folkways, mores, taboo
4. Laws, dogmas, mores

Laws, dogmas, mores

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The idea that one class has the right and the duty to be sovereign over another best describes a(n) _______
1. Direct democracy
2. Representative democracy
3. Aristocracy
4. Theocracy

Aristocracy

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The current effort to transform the political landscape of the Middle East must include a revolution regarding the place of women. This is done as Tocqueville suggests, by _______
1. Promoting earlier marriages
2. Receiving affuent migrants from the West
3. Educating girls
4. A renewal of the social contract

Educating girls

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Why does Tocqueville argue that individualism is of far greater sociological consequence than egoism?
1. Because it is the driving force behind the abolition of chattel slavery
2. Because it correlates with an increase in rationalization
3. Because it promotes a value system that discourages intergroup relationships
4. Because it involves actions that can have material effects on the social world

Because it involves actions that can have material effects on the social world

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Three characterisitcs of judicial power in the U.S. include all except _____
1. Pronounce upon individual cases not upon general principles
2. Pronounce upon general principles not about individual cases
3. It can only act when summoned
4. It can act as an arbitrator

Pronounce upon general principles not about individual cases

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According to Tocqueville, the principle of the independence of the states prevailed in the formation of the ______; the dogma of sovereignty of the nation in the composition of the _______
1. Senate; House of representatives
2. House of representatives; Senate
3. Senate; Federal courts
4. House of representatives; Federal courts

Senate; House of representatives

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In general terms a(n) _____ thinks more about preservation than improvement
1. Direct democracy
2. Aristocracy
3. Communist regime
4. Indirect democracy

Aristocracy

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Three main factors which maintain a democratic republic according to Tocqueville include each of the following except ______
1. Judicial power
2. Municipal institutions
3. A federal system
4. Political Action Commitee (PACs)

Political Action Commitee (PACs)

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According to Tocqueville, _____ are best suited to temper tyranny from the majority?
1. Judicial power
2. Municipal institutions
3. A federal system
4. Political Action Commitee (PACs)

Municipal institutions

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According to Tocqueville, two great dangers that threaten the existence of religions include _____
1. Artiocracies; oligarchies
2. Low taxes; deregulation
3. Schisms; indifference
4. Pessimism; deindustrialization

Schisms; indifference

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According to De Tocqueville ____ can happen when the Senate could entirely paralyze the will of the majority represented by the other house which would be contrary to the spirit of constitutional govenment
1. Minority rule
2. Egalitarianism
3. Utilitarianism
4. Repatriation

Minority rule

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Although there were some economic benefits to the U.S. North, slavery was more advantageous to _____
1. The Pacific Northwest
2. The U.S. South
3. The Hawaiian islands
4. U.S. Commonwealths outside of the U.S. mainland

The U.S. South

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Two great dangers that threaten the existence of religions _____
1. Assimilation and immigration
2. Schisms and indifference
3. Colonialism and customs
4. Literacy and equity

Schisms and indifference

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What was Auguste Comet’s overall position on slavery?
1. Slavery was a social ill whih he hoped to combat in French society
2. Slavery was an abstract reality which he saw as a product of previous stages of development
3. Slavery was a product of society becoming increasingly more literate
4. Slavery was instrumental in the success of the Paris Commune

Slavery was an abstract reality which he saw as a product of previous stages of development

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The person attributed to coining the term sociology is ______
1. Herbert Spencer
2. Martin Delany
3. Auguste Comte
4. Harriet Martineau

Auguste Comte

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According to Auguste Comte’s law of three stages, what is the correct chronological order of human thought and development from past to present?
1. Theological, Metaphysical, Positivism
2. Metaphysical, Theological, Positivism
3. Metaphysical, Positivism, Theological
4. Positivism, Theological, Metaphysical

Theological, Metaphysical, Positivism

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According to Auguste Comte, what stage of sociological developmet is dominated by feelings and imagination, with only a slight restraint from reason?
1. Metaphysica
2. Positivism
3. Fetishism
4. Theological

Theological

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What is not one of the tenets of Comtean positivism? 1. The fundamental unity of the human spirit 2. A law of evolution which pointed to a clear terminus of the evolutionary process 3. The role of man to understand the evolutionary process 4. An emphasis on promoting gender-based equality

An emphasis on promoting gender-based equality

The search for invariant laws of both the natural and the social world is most closely associated with ______ 1. Logic 2. Ethics 3. Positivism 4. Epistemology

Positivism

According to Pereira Barreto, what was the overall effect of slavery on blacks? 1. Slavery disrupted the process of blacks collective growth and developemet 2. Slavery had a postive effect on blacks because it exposed them to civilizing process 3. Slavery had no effect on blacks because human creatures have an innate ability to adapt to any condition 4. Slavery transferred wealth to indigenous societies

Slavery had a postive effect on blacks because it exposed them to civilizing process

According to Pereira Barreto, _____ were the result of such attempts to free people before the society is ready 1. Balkanizations 2. Future shocks 3. Cultural lags 4. Revolutions

Revolutions

The difference between positve functions and dsyfunctions best describes ________ 1. Autopoiesis 2. Net balance 3. Manifest functions 4. Latent functions

Net balance

The view that society has purpose or goals refers to ______ 1. Epistemology 2. Tautological 3. Teleology 4. Ontology

Teleology

When the conclusion makes explicit what is implicit in the premise describes _______ 1. Ontological 2. Tautological 3. Epistemological 4. Teleological

Tautological

The idea that sytems are self-making or more broadly, self-generating, or self-organizing best describes ______ 1. Net balance 2. Latent function 3. Differentiation 4. Autopoiesis

Autopoiesis

The idea that systems change and evolve as demanded by their relationships with an external environmet best describes ________ 1. Contingency 2. Differentiation 3. Autopoiesis 4. Latency

Contingency

The role of conflict includes each of the following except _______ 1. Clarifies boundaries between groups 2. Alliance formation 3. Brings isolated individuals into active roles 4. Each of these

Each of these

Drawing from Talcott Parson, what are the four functional imperatives that are necessary for all systems? 1. Accomadation, Goal attainment, Intergration, Latency 2. Adaptation, Goal attainment, Isolation, Latency 3. Adaptation, Goal attainment, Integration, Latency 4. Accomadation, Group solidarity, Integration, Latency

Adaptation, Goal attainment, Integration, Latency

According to Randall Collins five principles of conflict analysis, in situations of inequality, those groups that control resources are likely to _______ 1. Engage in the democratically leveling od power due to interest convergence 2. Find common political goals between with those who lack resources 3. Reward those who attain upward social mobility despite structural barriers 4. Exploit those that lack resources

Exploit those that lack resources

Manifest functions are _____; whereas latent functions are _____ 1. Real; Ideal 2. Ideal; Real 3. Intended; unintended 4. Unintended; intended

Intended; unintended

Kingsley Daviss and Wilbert Moore's theory that justifies increased rewards for occupations that are less pleasant and more essential is referred to as the ______ 1. Functional theory of stratification 2. Differential association 3. Containment theory 4. Standpoint theory

Functional theory of stratification

Which of the following is a basic criticism of the functional theory of stratification? 1. It perpetuates the privileged positions of people who already have power, prestige, and money 2. It becomes less applicable during economic downturns 3. It overlooks the idea that producers are also consumers 4. It is based on egalitarian principles

It perpetuates the privileged positions of people who already have power, prestige, and money

In Brazil, debates against slavery often had a practical approach due to _______ 1. The erratic behavior of slaves 2. Escaped slaves were costly to retrieve 3. Slave revolts 4. Each of these

Each of these

According to Marx, as capitalism expands, the number of workers exploited, as well as the degree of exploitation _______ 1. Increases 2. Decreases 3. Remains unchanged 4. Becomes increasingly unrelated

Increases

According to Marx, the four components of alienation include each of the following except _______ 1. Productive activity 2. The product 3. Habits of the heart 4. Human potential

Habits of the heart

The difference between the value of the product when it is sold, and the value of the elements consumed in the formation of that product describes _______ 1. Net value 2. Zero sum 3. Market value 4. Surplus value

Surplus value

In Stalinism, the petit bourgeoisie had organized the attempted destruction of the revolutionary _______ 1. Bourgeoisie 2. Proletariat 3. Military 4. Clergy

Proletariat

According to Marx, as mechanization proceeds, more and more popel are put out of work and fall from the proletariat to the ________ 1. Petit bourgeoisie 2. Bourgeoisie 3. Industrial reserve army 4. Industrious class

Industrial reserve army

Which of the following is not regarded as a limit placed upon capitalist growth? 1. Neocolonialism 2. The cost of inputs 3. The cost of taxation 4. The growing cose of personnel

Neocolonialism

According to the labor theory of value (LTV), _____ and ____ equals the price of commodity 1. The value of the means of production; the surplus value 2. The surplus value, the margin of error 3. The value of raw materials; the value of labor 4. The value of raw materials; the surplus value

The value of raw materials; the value of labor

Karl Marx made the following predications except _______ 1. Marx predicated that capitalism would produces global isolationism through the proliferation of technology 2. Marx predicated that capitalism would produce increased alienation and individuals with a sense of meaningless 3. Marx predicated the increasing inability of a civil society to discuss and solve social problems 4. Marx predicated a series of booms and depressions as capitalists overproduced or laid off workers in their attempts to increase their profits

Marx predicated that capitalism would produces global isolationism through the proliferation of technology

According to Durkheim, the absence of moral bonds produces the following except _____ 1. Collective guilt 2. A mad search for gratification 3. Individuals becoming slaves to their expanding passions 4. Humans always wanting what they ultimately cannot have

Collective guilt

The concept of _____ refers to the numbers of people in a society and the amount of interaction that occurs among them which also describes what Durkheim believed that the cause of society's transition from mechanical to organic solidarity 1. Dynamism 2. Dynamic density 3. Discrete dynamical systems 4. Differential dynamics

Dynamic density

Within ____ a wrongdoer is likely to be punished severely for any action that offends the collective moral system 1. Mechanical solidarity 2. Organic solidarity 3. Restorative justice 4. Differential justice

Mechanical solidarity

In _____, offenses are more like to be seen as committed against a particular indivdual or segment of society than against the moreal system itself 1.Mechanical solidarity 2. Organic solidarity 3. Restorative justice 4. Differential justice

Organic solidarity

During periods of deregulation of social life, _____ increase ir when the regulative powers of society are disrupted 1. Egoistic suicide 2. Altrustic suicide 3. Anomic suicide 4. Fatalistic suicide

Anomic suicide

According to Durkheim, the ____ brings out an attitude of reverance, awe, and obligation 1. Sacred 2. Profane 3. Concrete 4. Discrete

Sacred

According to Durkheim, the commonplace, the utilitarian, and the mundane aspects of life best descibes _______ 1. Sacred 2. Profane 3. Concrete 4. Discrete

Profane

The early European sociologist Emile Durkheim is most identified with which of the following areas of study? 1. Social intergration 2. Class conflict 3. Social Darwinism 4. The Spirit of Capitalism

Social intergration

What are the three elements of religion based on the writings of Emile Durkheim? 1. Sacrifice, obligation, repentance 2. Beliefs, practices, moral community 3. Practices, sacrifice, obligation 4. A moral community, ,repentance, communication

Beliefs, practices, moral community

According to Durkheim, people in modern societies are more likely to be held together by the division of labor best describes 1. Mechanical solidarity 2. Organic solidarity 3. Racial solidarity 4. Class solidarity

Organic solidarity

Rituals and the Church are important to Durkheim's theory of religion because _____ 1. Connect the representations of the social to individuals practices 2. It takes exploited workers to focus away from the drudgery of this world for a future hope in another world 3. It promotes hard work, frugality, and investments as a meand for broad based economic growth 4. It fosters personal piety

Connect the representations of the social to individuals practices

An example of material social facts is _______ 1. Collective conscience 2. Technology 3. Morality 4. Values

Technology

Durkheim believed that the cause of the transition from mechanical solidarity was _______ 1. Altruism 2. Benevolence 3. Capitalism 4. Dynamic density

Dynamic density

In contrast to the natural elements of everyday life, Durkheim described the supernatural aspects of lifer as being _______ 1. Sacred 2. Secular 3. Sanctified 4. Profane

Sacred

Durkheim termed the common elements of everyday life the _______ 1. Sanctified 2. Profane 3. Sacred 4. Civil

Profane

The negation of law best descibes ______ 1. Anomie 2. Altruism 3. Amalgamation 4. Aristocracy

Anomie

The Jonestown Massacre (1978) in which religious cult members committed mass suicide within the context of high social intergration best descibes ________ 1. Anomie suicide 2. Alturistic suicide 3. Egoistic suicide 4. Fatalistic suicide

Alturistic suicide

Observable forms of effervescence include which of the following? 1. Religious celebrations 2. Sporting events 3. Music festivals 4. Each of these

Each of these

According to Durkheim, the three components of morality include which of the following? 1. The id, the ego, the supergo 2. Preconvential morality, conventional morality, postconvential morality 3. Discipline, attachment to society, autonomy 4. Ontological ethics, moral relativism, utilitarianism

The id, the ego, the supergo

This concenpt refers to the number of people in society and the amount of interaction that occurs among them 1. Altruism 2. Benevolence 3. Capitalism 4. Dynamic denisty

Dynamic denisty

According to Max Weber, the Protestant ethic was a central factor in the birth of ______ 1. Capitalism 2. Democracy 3. Socialism 4. Bureaucracy

Capitalism

Why do rational-legal and traditional authorities take careful precautions in opposing chraismatic leaders? 1. Charisimatic leaders are usually mentally unstable 2. Charisimatic leaders direct followers according to their personal preference 3. Charisimatic leaders create a greater degree of social stability 4. Charisimatic leaders leaders have more followers than traditional or rational-legal leaders

Charisimatic leaders direct followers according to their personal preference

Which of the following best describes rational-legal authority? 1. Rule by custom and folkways 2. Rule by power of personality 3. Rule by tradition 4. Rule by written laws

Rule by written laws

Legitimate power is defined as ______, while illegitimate power is called ______ 1. Government; chaos 2. Authority; coercion 3. Politics; dictatorship 4. Democracy; toralitarianism

Authority; coercion

Max Weber believed that religion's focus on the afterlife was a(n) ______ 1. Impediment to social change 2. Cause of war 3. Basis for religious persecution 4. Source of social change

Source of social change

Weber referred to the self-denying appoach to life characterized by people living frugal lives and saving their money as the _______ 1. Rising expectations 2. Socialist Conscience 3. Protestant ethic 4. Manifest Destiny

Protestant ethic

According to Max Weber, the "sign" Calvinists looked for as an indication they were saved was their ________ 1. Successful investment in capital 2. The numerical size of the family 3. Cognitive abilities 4. Generosity to the poor and marginalized

Successful investment in capital

Early formed of traditional authority include ______ 1. Gerontocracy 2. Primary patriarchalism 3. Indirect democracy 4. A and B only

A and B only

Drawing frmo Max Weber, which types of ideal type describes forms taken by the causes and consequences of social action? 1. Historical ideal types 2. General sociological ideal types 3. Action ideal types 4. Structural ideal types

Structural ideal types

Although race relations in the U.S. was not at the forefront of Max Weber's scholarship, he did visit _____ in 1904 and _____ in 1909 both in the U.S. South which provided him the opportunitu to make relevant oberservations 1. Charlestown, SC; Hampton, VA 2. Tuskegee, AL; Atlanta, GA 3. Memphis, TN; Birmingham, AL 4. New Orleans, LA; Greensboro, NC

Tuskegee, AL; Atlanta, GA

Weber saw ____ as part of the process of fracturing values as individualism becomes more important than the collectivism of religion 1. Socialism 2. Utilitarianism 3. Secularism 4. Capitalism

Capitalism

Drawing from Max Weber, efficiency drives from the iron cage derives from _______ 1. Wealth becoming the measure of worth 2. People being turned into units 3. The emergence of bureaucracies 4. Each of these

Each of these

George Ritzer was influenced by Weber's theoretical concept of rationality and uses the expression McDonaldization. Based on this model, the idea of there being very little difference between the taste and consistency between a menu item at one location versus that from a different location best describes ________ 1. Irrational consequences 2. Predestination 3. Charismatic leadership 4. Prectictability

Prectictability

According to Max Weber, people being urged to work hard, because if they were diligent, they would uncover the signs of salvation which were to be found in economic success derives from his interpretation of ________ 1. Calvinism and the doctrine of predestination 2. Wesleyanism and the Quadrilateral 3. Justin Martyr and Second Century apologists 4. Gustavo Gutierrez and Latin American liberation theologians

Calvinism and the doctrine of predestination

According to Max Weber, ______ is a type of action that focuses on expectations 1. Means-Ends Rationality 2. Value Rationality 3. Affectual Rationality 4. Traditional Rationality

Means-Ends Rationality

Although Weber was almost as critical of moder society as Marx what approach did he advocate? 1. Revolution 2. Gradual societal change 3. Overthrowing the elites 4. Direct action from the masses to create a better society in fast and efficient manner

Gradual societal change

Both ____ and ____ laid the foundation for a feminist sociological theory based in interests of women in color 1. Alicia Garza; Opal Tometi 2. Marion Talbot; Francis Scott Key 3. Anna Julia Cooper; Ida B. Wells Barnett 4. Harriet Martineau; Barbara Jordan

Anna Julia Cooper; Ida B. Wells Barnett

According to Preston King, the problem with protest at home was that ______ 1. It might not be heard 2. It could get you killed 3. It would provoke uprisings 4. It defies conventional wisdom

It could get you killed