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College > Sociology > Flashcards

Sociology Flashcards

1
Q

Religion

A

Unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things

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2
Q

Profane

A

Lack of respect for things that are meant to be sacred.

Things that are not considered sacred or religious, everyday mundane and ordinary things.

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3
Q

Animism

A

The religion that believes in the divinity of nonhuman beings, like animals, plants, and objects of the natural world

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4
Q

Sacred

A

Things that are set apart from society as extraordinary, inspiring awe, and deserving of reverence.

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5
Q

Monotheism

A

Belief that there is only one god.

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6
Q

Polytheism

A

Belief in many gods and their worship.

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7
Q

Protestant Ethic

A

Followers of Protestant Reformation emphasized a disciplined work ethic, this-worldly concerns, and a rational orientation for life

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8
Q

Cult

A

An organized group of people who together act out religious feelings, attitudes, and relationships; worship or beliefs tend to be in opposition to dominant society or unusual. Tends to be a new or emerging religion such as early Christianity, early Islam or early Mormonism.

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9
Q

Sect

A

An exclusive, highly cohesive group of ascetic religious believers. Worship and beliefs are still mostly in opposition with the dominant culture. Sects usually last longer and are larger and more institutionalized than cults.

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10
Q

Church

A

A formally organized, institutionalized religious organization with formal and traditional religious doctrine, beliefs, and practices. Beliefs are congruent with the dominant society. Church membership is larger than a sect.

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11
Q

Ecclesia

A

A professionally trained religious organization governed by a hierarchy of leaders that claims everyone in the society as a member. Political alignment tends to exist between church and state officials, so that the ecclesia represents the official church of the state.

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12
Q

5 Major World Religions

A
  • Buddhism
  • Hinduism
  • Islam
  • Judaism
  • Christianity
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13
Q

Beliefs

A

statements to which members of a particular region adhere

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14
Q

Rituals

A

practices required or expected of members of a faith

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15
Q

Religious Experience

A

feeling or perception of being in direct contact with ultimate reality or of being overcome with religious emotions

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16
Q

Durkheim and religion

A

Division of labor
spirit of discipline
attachment of social groups
autonomy of self-determination.

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17
Q

Durkheim:

A

God basically represents community or society

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18
Q

Moral Community

A

Network of those to whom we recognize an ethical connection through the demands of justice, the bonds of compassion, or sense of obligation.

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19
Q

Components of Religion

A

Religious Rituals
Religious Beliefs
Religious Experience

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20
Q

Role of Religious Symbols

A

They indicate the religious diversity of Americans serving in the armed services and in the U.S. at large

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21
Q

Born Again

A

a Christian who has experienced a distinct, dramatic conversion to faith in Jesus

A religious conversion or experience that leads to a renewed commitment to one’s faith.

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22
Q

Integrative function of religion - Societal Glue

A

Durkheim believed religious bonds often transcend personal and divisive forces

Provides ultimate values and ends for people to hold in common

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23
Q

Religion and social support

A

Religion allows us to “do something” about calamities we face

Encourages us to view personal misfortunes as relatively unimportant

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24
Q

Religion and social change - Weber and Religion

A

Weber sees religion as a force for social change. Economic factors, along with necessary beliefs and attitudes, are the driving force for social change.

Ascetic form of 19th Protestantism critical in
development of capitalism

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25
Q

Functions of Religion

A
  • Answering questions about the ultimate meeting, purpose of life, and why people suffer.
  • Providing emotional support / comfort
  • Uniting believers in a community that shares values and connects
    -Providing guidelines for life
  • Controlling behavior
  • Helping people adapt to new environments
  • Providing support for government
  • Spearheading social change on occasion.
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26
Q

Spirit of Capitalism

A

Emerged as general cultural trait
Weber argued it is a set of values, the spirit of hard work and progress.

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27
Q

Social Control Conflict View - Marx and Religion

A

Marx: religion impeded social change

People focus on other-worldly concerns
– Religion drugged masses into submission by offering consolation for harsh lives on earth
– To whatever extend religion influence social
behavior, it reinforces existing patterns of
dominance and inequality

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28
Q

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on religion

A

sociological perspective that looks at how religion plays a role in our daily lives and how we interpret religious experiences.

focus on the micro aspects of religion and society, such as rituals, beliefs, religious experiences and community.

They are interested in how people use symbols to express and share their religious views and feelings.

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29
Q

Colonialism

A

foreign power maintains
political, social, economic, and cultural
domination for an extended period

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30
Q

World Systems Theory

A

In world systems theory, poor nations that have limited industrialization and uneven distribution of urbanization, that are exploited by core nations and semi-peripheral nations for their raw materials and inexpensive labor.

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31
Q

Globalization

A

worldwide integration of
government policies, cultures, social
movements, and financial markets
through trade and exchange of ideas

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32
Q

Global Stratification

A

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, prestige, resources, and influence among the world’s nations

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33
Q

Industrializing Country

A

developing country or a less-developed country, is a nation with a low standard of living, undeveloped industrial base, and low Human Development Index relative to other countries. Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico…

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34
Q

Industrialized Country

A

countries that developed a strong industrial base, and are characterized by high levels of economic development and a high standard of living. United States of America

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35
Q

Core Nations

A

In world systems theory, a powerful industrial nation that dominates the global economic and political system [similar to the Center Core nations in Dependency Theory]

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36
Q

Semi-periphery (peripheral core)

A

nations that are not powerful enough to dictate economic and political policy but are sources of raw materials and an expanding middle-class marketplace which exploits peripheral nations, and is exploited by core nations.

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37
Q

Periphery (peripheral)

A

Peripheral nations are economically poor and primarily agricultural, the exploitation from core nations and semi-peripheral nations limits development and thus perpetuates their poverty.

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38
Q

Dependency Theory

A

Asserts that global economic and social inequality is caused by the historical exploitation by wealthy powerful nations appropriating resources from the least powerful poorer nations while limiting access to technology thus keeping the least powerful dependent on the most powerful.

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39
Q

Multiple-nuclei Theory

A

all urban growth does not radiate out from a central district

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40
Q

Medicalization of Society (Conflict Approach)

A

– Medicine is regulating mechanism as well
as a “healing profession”
– Greatly expanded domain of expertise
– Problems viewed using a medical model
– Retains absolute jurisdiction over health care

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41
Q

Inequalities in Health Care

A

Systematic differences in the health status of different population groups.

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42
Q

Brain Drain

A

immigration to U.S. and other
industrialized nation of skilled workers,
professionals, and technicians

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43
Q

Health Disparities

A

unfair gaps in health outcomes among different groups of people

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44
Q

Social Determinants of Health

A

The non-medical factors that influence health outcomes.

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45
Q

Social Epidemiology

A

study of how social factors affect health and disease in populations

study of distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a population

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46
Q

Sick Role ( Functionalist Approach )

A

Being sick” must be controlled so that not
too many people are released from their
societal responsibilities

societal expectations about attitudes and behavior of a person viewed as being ill

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47
Q

Labeling Approach to health

A

The designations healthy and ill generally
involve social definition
Labels associated with illness commonly
reshape how others treat us and how we
see ourselves

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48
Q

Dependency Theory

A

sociological perspective that argues that developing countries are exploited and oppressed by developed countries
- International division of labor
- Class Distinction
-Global Capitalism

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49
Q

Incidence

A

number of new cases of a specific disorder occurring within a given population during a stated period of time, usually a year

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50
Q

Prevalence

A

number of cases of specific disorder that exist at a given time

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51
Q

Mortality Rate

A

incidence of death in a given population.

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52
Q

Morbidity Rate

A

disease incidence figures presented as rates or number of reports per 100,000 people

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53
Q

Life Expectancy

A

Number of years a person can expect to live

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54
Q

Health Expectancy

A

The average number of years that a person can expect to live in ‘full health’ by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to diseases and/or injury.

Expected years of life in good health
* Expected years of life free from limitation of
activities
* Expected years of life free from selected chronic diseases

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55
Q

Epidemiological Transition

A
  • Impacts kinds of disease and health conditions affecting countries ( First demographic transition )
  • Refers to transition of population from health conditions primarily involving
    infectious disease to health conditions primarily involving chronic disease ( Epidemiological transition )
56
Q

Overall Physical and Mental Health

A

Health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.

57
Q

Social Class and Health

A

People in lower classes have higher
rates of mortality and disability

58
Q

Race / Ethnicity and Health

A

Health profiles of racial and ethnic groups
reflect social inequality in U.S.

59
Q

Gender and Health

A

Women experience higher prevalence of
many illnesses but tend to live longer when
compared with men

60
Q

Age and Health

A

Most older people in U.S. have at least one
chronic illness

61
Q

Demography

A

The scientific study of population.

62
Q

Fertility

A

The level of reproduction in a society.

63
Q

Mortality

A

The incidence of death in a given society.

64
Q

Thomas Robert Malthus - Theory on population growth and food supply

A

world’s population growing more
rapidly than the available food supply

65
Q

Demographic Transition

A

theory that societies progress from a pre-modern regime of high fertility and high mortality to a post-modern regime of low fertility and low mortality.

Initial pretransition period characterized
by high fertility and high mortality
* Transitional period in which mortality first
declines followed by decline in fertility
* Posttransition period in which both
fertility and mortality are low
First demographic transition

66
Q

Marx’s critique of Malthus

A

For Marx, Malthus’s theory naturalizes the process of social reproduction specific to capitalism.

no special relationship between world population and supply of resources

67
Q

Neo-Malthus Perspective

A

stresses birth control and sensible use of resources
– Ehrlich: The Population Bomb

Fear of a large population size could lead to humanitarian and ecological disaster.

68
Q

Census

A

enumeration, or counting of a population

69
Q

Vital Statistics

A

records of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces gathered through a registration system maintained by government

70
Q

Birth Rate

A

number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year

71
Q

Total Fertility Rate

A

average number of children born alive to any woman, assuming she conforms to current fertility rates

72
Q

Death Rate

A

number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year

73
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year

74
Q

Life Expectancy

A

median number of years a person can be expected to live under current mortality conditions

75
Q

Population Growth Rate

A

difference between birth and deaths, plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants

76
Q

Community

A

A spatial or political unit of social organization that gives people a sense of belonging.

77
Q

Preindustrial City

A

permanent settlements free from dependence on crop cultivation

– Reliance on animal power
– Modest levels of surplus
– Problems in transportation and storage of food
– Hardships of migration to the city
– Dangers of city life

78
Q

Industrial City

A

more populous and complex than predecessors

79
Q

Urbanism and Urbanization

A

relatively large, permanent settlement leading to distinctive patterns of behavior

Urbanism is the study and practice of how people live and interact in cities and urban areas.

urbanization is the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities

80
Q

Squatter Settlements

A

place where the residents don’t have legal rights over the land

81
Q

Mega-cities

A

Very large city, typically a population of 10+ million people

82
Q

Human Ecology

A

interrelationships between people and their spatial settings and physical environments

83
Q

Urban Ecology

A

focuses on relationships as they emerge in urban areas

84
Q

Concentric zone theory

A

center, or nucleus, of a city is the most highly valued land and each succeeding zone surrounding the center contains other types of land which are valued differently

85
Q

Education

A

process of learning in which some people consciously teach while other adopt social role of learner

86
Q

Functionalist View of Education

A
  • Transmitting Culture
  • Promoting Social and Political Integration
  • Maintaining Social Control
  • Serving as an Agent of Change
87
Q

Manifest Functions of Education

A

Socialization
Social control
Social placement
Transmitting culture
Promoting social and political integration

88
Q

Latent Functions of Education

A

Unemployment prevention
Child care
peer relationships
conformity to peer norms.

89
Q

Conflict Perspective of Education

A

Education is instrument of
elite domination
– Schools socialize
students into values
dictated by the powerful,
stifle individualism and
creativity, and promote
relatively insignificant
change

90
Q

Hidden Circulum

A

standards of behavior deemed proper by society are taught subtly in schools

91
Q

Tracking

A

practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on basis of test scores and other criteria

92
Q

Cultural Transmission

A

How we learn from others in our society or culture

93
Q

Credentialism

A

increase in the lowest level of education needed to enter a field

94
Q

Meritocracy

A

social system in which success and status in life depend primarily on individual talents, abilities, and effort

95
Q

Gatekeeping

A

The process through which information is filtered for dissemination.

96
Q

Contest Mobility

A

A system of social mobility in which all individuals are seen as participants in a race where elite status is the end goal.

97
Q

Sponsored Mobility

A

A system of social mobility where elite individuals in a society select recruits to induct into high-status groups.

98
Q

Politics

A

who gets what, when, and how

99
Q

Power

A

ability to excercise one’s will over others

100
Q

Force

A

actual or threatened use of coercion
to impose one’s political dissidents

101
Q

Influence

A

exercise of power through process of persuasion

102
Q

Authority

A

institutionalized power recognized by people over whom it is exercised

103
Q

Traditional Authority

A

legimate power conferred by custom and accepted practice

104
Q

Legal rational Authority

A

power is made legimate by law

105
Q

Charismatic Authority

A

power is made legimate by leader’s exceptional personal or emotional appeal to their followers

106
Q

Power Elite

A

society ruled by a small group of individuals who share common set of political and economic interests ( Marx )

small ruling elite of military,
industrial, and governmental leaders ( Mill )

Stresses roles played by elites of
corporate community and leaders
of policy-formation organizations

– In electoral arena, two coalitions
* Corporate-conservative
* Liberal-labor ( Domhoff )

107
Q

Pluralist Model

A

competing groups within community have access to government, so no single group can dominate

108
Q

Democracy

A

Rule by the people.

109
Q

Dictatorship

A

autocratic form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, who hold governmental powers with few to no limitations.

110
Q

Autocracy

A

A system of government in which absolute power is held by the ruler, known as an autocrat.

111
Q

Fascism

A

an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.

112
Q

Kleptocracy

A

a society or system ruled by people who use their power to steal their country’s resources

113
Q

Oligarchy

A

a power structure under which a small group of elite individuals, families, or corporations control a country

114
Q

Theocracy

A

“rule by God” or by religious leaders who claim divine guidance

115
Q

Representative Democracy

A

A form of democracy in which people vote for representatives who then vote on policy initiatives.

116
Q

Authoritarianism

A

blind submission to authority, as opposed to individual freedom of thought and action.

117
Q

Totalitarianism

A

form of government that attempts to assert total control over the lives of its citizens

118
Q

Plutocracy

A

rule by the wealthy, either directly or indirectly, through policies and systems that favor them

119
Q

Socialism

A

means of production and distribution owned collectively rather than privately owned

120
Q

Economic System

A

social institution through which goods and
services are produced, distributed, and
consumed

121
Q

Capitalism

A

economic system in which means of production are held largely in private hands

122
Q

Collective Behavior

A

a group of people bypassing the usual norms that guide their behavior and doing something unusual

123
Q

Collective Mind

A

Gustave LeBon’s term for the tendancy of
people in crowd to feel, think, and act in extraordinary ways

In a crowd, people can feel:
* Anonymous and not accountable for what they do.
* Develop feelings of invincibility, think that they can do almost
anything.
* Can be swept up with almost any suggestion.

124
Q

Collective Impulse

A

Robert Park’s term for a back-and-forth communication between the members of a crowd whereby a “collective impulse” or contagion suggestion is transmitted from person to person

125
Q

The Acting Crowd

A

an excited group that moves toward a goal. This model still dominates today’s police manuals on crowd behavior.
Tension or unrest – a background condition of tension or unrest. Distrubed about some condition of society, people are restless apprehension and vulnerable to rumors and suggestions.
Exciting event – an event that is so starling that people become preoccupied with it.
Milling people standing or walking around ,talking about the exicting event.
Common object of attention– people’s attention becomes fixed on some aspect of the event which causes collective excitement.
Common impulses a sense of collective agreement about what should be done merges.

126
Q

Forms of Collective Behavior

A

Riots
Panic
Moral Panic
Rumors
Fads and Fashions
Urban Legends

127
Q

Social Movements

A

organized collective activities to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society

128
Q

Relative Deprivation

A

conscious feeling of negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities

– People must feel they have right to goals
– People must perceive they cannot attain
their goals through conventional means

129
Q

New Social Movement

A

organized collective activities that address values and social identities as well as quality of life

130
Q

Social Change

A

significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture

131
Q

Cultural Lag

A

period of maladjustment when nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions

132
Q

Four Types of Social Movements

A

Alternative Social Movements
- operates at an individual level and advocates for minor change

Reformative Social Movements
- at a societal level these movements advocate for minor or moderate changes or reforms in society instead of radical changes

Redemptive Social Movements
- operates at the individual level and advocates for radical changes in the individual to redeem the person

Transformative or Revolutionary Movements
- these movements seeks to transform the social order and replace it with a new version of the good society

133
Q

New Urban Sociology

A

considers interplay of local, national, and worldwide forces and their effects on local space

134
Q

Credential Society

A

A society that views credentials (e.g., certificates, degrees, and diplomas) as essential for employment in certain jobs, serving as evidence of the ability to perform specialized tasks.

135
Q

Secularization

A

process of making something or someone less religious or influenced by religion

136
Q

Post Industrial city

A

global finance and electronic flow of information dominate the economy

137
Q

Interactionist Approach to Health

A

Studies roles played by health care professionals and patients

Asserts patients may play an active role in positive or negative health

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