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Sociology 1101 > Sociology 1101 (Chapters 6-13) > Flashcards

Sociology 1101 (Chapters 6-13) Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Modernity (Modern thought)

A

A belief in science as the sole source of truth and the idea that humans can rationally organize societies and improve human life

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2
Q

Rationalization

A

The process of embracing reason and using it to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of human activities

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3
Q

Premodern thought

A

A belief in supernatural sources of truth and a commitment to traditional practices

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4
Q

Postmodern thought

A

A rejection of absolute truth (whether supernatural or scientific) in favor of countless partial truths, and a denunciation of the narrative of progress

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5
Q

McDonaldization

A

The process by which more and more parts of life are made efficient, predictable, calculable, and controllable by nonhuman technologies

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6
Q

Social institutions

A

Widespread and enduring patterns of interaction with which we respond to categories of human need

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7
Q

Social structure

A

The set of interlocking social institutions in which we live

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8
Q

Social stratification

A

A persistent sorting of social groups into enduring hierarchies

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9
Q

Divisions of labor

A

Complicated tasks broken down into smaller parts and distributed to individuals who specialize in narrow roles

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10
Q

Institutional discrimination

A

Widespread and enduring practices that persistently disadvantage some kinds of people while advantaging others

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11
Q

Bureaucracy

A

Organizations with formal policies, strict hierarchies, and impersonal relations

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12
Q

Nation-states

A

Large territories governed by centralized powers that grant or deny citizenship rights

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13
Q

Institutionalized ideologies

A

Shared ideas about how human life should be organized

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14
Q

Gig work

A

A segment of the labor market in which companies contract with individuals to complete one short-term job at a time

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15
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

A class of people who employ the workers

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16
Q

Capital

A

The resources we use to get things we want and need

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17
Q

Capitalism

A

An economic system based on private ownership of the resources used to create wealth and the right of individuals to personally profit

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18
Q

Class consciousness

A

An understanding that members of a social class share economic interest

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19
Q

Colorism

A

Prejudice against and discrimination toward people with dark skin compared to those with light skin, regardless of race

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20
Q

Contradictory class locations

A

Positions in the economy that are in some ways like the proletariat and in other ways like the bourgeoisie

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21
Q

Crisis of capitalism

A

A coming catastrophic implosion from which capitalism would never recover

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22
Q

Glass ceiling

A

An invisible barrier that restricts upward mobility

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23
Q

Economic capital

A

Financial resources that are or can be converted into money

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24
Q

Economic elite

A

The minority of people who control a disproportionate amount of wealth

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25
Q

Free market capitalism

A

A capitalist system with little or no government regulation

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26
Q

Labor

A

The work people can do with their bodies and mind

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27
Q

Labor unions

A

associations that organize workers so they can negotiate with their employers as a group instead of individuals

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28
Q

Living wage

A

An income that allows full-time workers to afford their basic needs

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29
Q

Means of production

A

Resources that can be used to create wealth

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30
Q

Precariat

A

A new class of workers who live economically precarious lives

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31
Q

Protestant work ethic

A

The idea that one’s character can and should be measured by one’s dedication to paid work

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32
Q

Service and information economy

A

An economy centered on jobs in which workers provide services or work with information

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33
Q

Social mobility

A

Opportunity to move up or down in the economic hierarchy

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34
Q

Social safety net

A

A patchwork of programs intended to ensure that the most economically vulnerable do not go without basic necessities like food, clothing, and shelter

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35
Q

Socialism

A

An economic system based on shared ownership of the resources used to create wealth that is then distributed by governments for the enrichment of all

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36
Q

Wage

A

Cash payments given to workers in exchange for their labor

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37
Q

Wage gaps

A

Differences between the hourly earnings of different social identity groups

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38
Q

Wealth gaps

A

Differences in the amount of money and economic assets owned by people from different social identity groups

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39
Q

Achievement gaps

A

Disparities in the academic accomplishments of different kinds of students

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40
Q

Adultification

A

A form of bias in which adult characteristics are attributed to children

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41
Q

Cross-institutional advantage and disadvantage

A

A phenomenon in which people are positively or negatively served across multiple institutions

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42
Q

Cumulative advantage and disadvantage

A

Advantage or disadvantage that builds over the life course

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43
Q

Hypersegregation

A

Residential segregation so extreme that many people’s daily lives involve little or no contact with people of other races

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44
Q

Intergenerational advantage and disadvantage

A

Advantage and disadvantage that is passed from parents to children

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45
Q

Environmental racism

A

The practice of exposing racial and ethnic minorities to more toxins and pollutants than white people

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46
Q

Mass deportation

A

An extremely high rate of deportation in cross-cultural and historical perspectiv

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47
Q

Mass incarceration

A

An extremely high rate of imprisonment in cross-cultural and historical perspective

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48
Q

Racism

A

A term that refers to a society’s production of unjust outcomes for some racial or ethnic groups

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49
Q

Redlining

A

A practice of refusing loans to or steeply overcharging anyone buying in poor or minority neighborhoods

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50
Q

Residential segregation

A

The sorting of different types of people into separate neighborhoods

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51
Q

Resource deserts

A

Places that lack beneficial or critical amenities

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52
Q

School-to-prison pipeline

A

A practice of disciplining and punishing children and youth in school that routes them out of education and into the criminal justice system

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53
Q

Spatial analysis

A

A research method in which data are layered onto a landscape divided into finegrained segments

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54
Q

Structural violence

A

Institutional discrimination that injures the body and mind

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55
Q

Tracking

A

The practice of placing students in different classrooms according to their perceived ability

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56
Q

White fight

A

Organized white resistance to integration

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57
Q

White flight

A

A phenomenon in which white people start leaving a neighborhood when minority residents begin to move in

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58
Q

Patriarch/property marriage

A

A model of marriage in which women and children are owned by men

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59
Q

Breadwinner/homemaker marriage

A

A model of marriage that involves a wage-earning spouse supporting a stay-at-home spouse and children

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60
Q

Family wage

A

An income, paid to a man, that is large enough to support a non-working wife and children

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61
Q

Ideology of separate spheres

A

The idea that the home is a feminine space best tended by women and work is a masculine space best suited to men

62
Q

Heteronormative

A

Promoting heterosexuality as the only or preferred sexual identity, making other sexual desires invisible or casting them as inferior

63
Q

Mononormative

A

Promoting monogamy, or the requirement that spouses have sexual relations only with each other

64
Q

Pro-natal

A

Promoting childbearing and stigmatizing choosing to go child-free

65
Q

Partnership unions

A

A relationship model based on love and companionship between equals

66
Q

Sexism

A

The production of unjust outcomes for people perceived to be biologically female

67
Q

Androcentrism

A

The production of unjust outcomes for people who perform femininity

68
Q

Subordinated masculinities

A

Men who are seen as lesser based on the androcentric logic that masculine is better than feminine

69
Q

Marginalized masculinities

A

Men who are perceived to be sufficiently masculine but are considered lesser by virtue of another social identity

70
Q

Hegemonic masculinity

A

The form of masculinity that constitutes the most widely admired and rewarded kind of person in any given culture

71
Q

Second shift

A

The unpaid work of housekeeping and childcare that faces family members once they return home from their paid jobs

72
Q

Time-use diary

A

A research method in which participants are asked to self-report their activities at regular intervals over at least twenty-four hours

73
Q

Ideal worker norm

A

The idea that an employee should devote themselves to their jobs wholly and without distraction of family responsibilities

74
Q

Greedy institutions

A

Institutions that take up a great deal of time and energy

75
Q

Shared division of labor

A

An arrangement in which both partners do an equal share of paid and unpaid work

76
Q

Cult of domesticity

A

The idea that women could and should wholeheartedly embrace the work of making a loving home

77
Q

Ideology of intensive motherhood

A

The idea that children require concentrated maternal investment

78
Q

Helicopter parenting

A

The ideology insists that mothers should give their children close, hands-on attention, that it’s normal and good for this to drain most of a mother’s time an energy, and that children’s needs and interests must take precedence over those of anyone else

79
Q

Feminization of poverty

A

A concentration of women, trans women, and gay, bisexual, and gender-nonconforming men at the bottom of the income scale and a concentration of gender-conforming, heterosexual, cisgender men at the top

80
Q

Glass escalator

A

An invisible ride to the top offered to men in female-dominated occupations

81
Q

Job segregation

A

The sorting of people with different social identities into separate occupations

82
Q

Androcentric pay scale

A

A positive correlation between the number of men in an occupation relative to women and the wages paid to employees

83
Q

Care work

A

Work that involves face-to-face caretaking of the physical, emotional, and educational needs of others

84
Q

Male flight

A

A phenomenon in which men start abandoning an activity when women start adopting it

85
Q

Stalled revolution

A

A sweeping change in gender relations that started by has yet to be fully realized

86
Q

Freedom/power paradox

A

A situation whereby women have more freedom than men but less power, and men have more power than women but less freedom

87
Q

Domestic outsourcing

A

Paying non-family members to do family-related tasks

88
Q

Global care chains

A

A series of nurturing relationships in which the international work of care is displaced onto increasingly disadvantaged paid or unpaid workers

89
Q

Elite networks

A
90
Q

Coordinated institutions

A
91
Q

Interlocks

A

Formal connections which enhance the likelihood of cooperation

92
Q

Culture and exclusion

A
93
Q

The cult of the individual

A
94
Q

Cultural hegemony

A

Power maintained primarily by persuasion

95
Q

Xenophobia

A

Prejudice against people defined as foreign

96
Q

Individualism

A

The idea that people are independent actors responsible primarily for themselves

97
Q

Collectivism

A

The idea that people are interdependent actors with responsibilities primarily to the group

98
Q

Ethnography

A

A research method that involves careful observation of naturally occurring social interaction, often as a participant

99
Q

Social closure

A

A process by which advantaged groups preserve opportunities for themselves while restricting them for others

100
Q

Social capital

A

The number of people we know and the resources they can offer us

101
Q

Cultural capital

A

Symbolic resources that communicate one’s social status

102
Q

Power elite

A

A relatively small group of interconnected people who occupy top positions in important social institutions

103
Q

Elite theory of power

A

The idea that a small group of networked individuals control the most powerful positions in out social insititutions

104
Q

Pluralist theory of power

A

The idea that U.S. politics is characterized by competing groups that work together to achieve their goals

105
Q

Collective action

A

The coordinated activities of members of groups with shared goals

106
Q

Collective action problem

A

The challenge of getting large groups of people to act in coordinated ways

107
Q

Counter frames

A

Frames meant to challenge an existing social movement’s frame

108
Q

Countermovements

A

Persistent, organized collective action meant to resist social movements

109
Q

Cultural opportunity structure

A

Cultural ideas, objects, practices, or bodies that create or constrain activist strategies

110
Q

Critical event

A

A sudden and dramatic occurrence that motivates nonactivists to become politically aware

111
Q

Economic opportunity structure

A

The role of money in enabling or limiting a movement’s operations and influence

112
Q

Frame

A

A succinct claim as to the nature of a social fact

113
Q

Framing wars

A

Battles over whether a social fact is a problem and what kind of problem it is

114
Q

Insurgent consciousness

A

A recognition of a shared grievance that can be addressed through collective action

115
Q

Interdependent power

A

The power of noncooperation

116
Q

Interest convergence

A

The alignment of the interests of activists and elites

117
Q

Organizational strength

A

A combination of strong leadership, human and material resources, social networks, and physical infrastructure

118
Q

Political networks

A

Webs of ties that link people with similar political goals

119
Q

Political opportunity structure

A

The strengths and weaknesses in the existing political system that shape the options available to social movement actors

120
Q

Repertoire of conention

A

Shared activities widely recognized as expressions of dissatisfaction with social conditions

121
Q

Social change

A

Shifts in our shared ideas, interactions, and institutions

122
Q

Social construction of social problems

A

The process of coming to see a personal struggle as an issue of public concern

123
Q

Social movement

A

Persistent, organized collective action meant to promote or oppose social change

124
Q

Standing

A

The authority to speak credibly on a particular topic

125
Q

Globalization

A

The social processes that are expanding and intensifying connections across nation-states

126
Q

Cultural hybridization

A

The production of ideas, objects, practices, and bodies influenced by two or more cultures

127
Q

Transnational organization

A

Organizations that operate in more than one country

128
Q

Transnational governmental organizations

A

(The United Nations and European Union)

129
Q

Transnational non-governmental organizations

A

Associations with charitable goals, ones dedicated to social justice, professional organizations, and interest organizations

130
Q

Colonialism

A

A practice in which countries claim control over territories, the people in them, and their natural resources, then exploit them for economic gain

131
Q

Global commodity chains

A

A transnational economic process that involves extracting natural resources, transforming them into goods, and marketing and distributing them to consumers

132
Q

Global cities

A

Urban areas that act as key hubs in the world economy

133
Q

Nation-state system

A

A world society consisting of only sovereign, self-contained territories

134
Q

World system

A

A global market organized by a capitalist economy

135
Q

Global slave trade

A

The practice of kidnapping human beings, transporting them around the world, and selling them for profit

136
Q

Global power elite

A

A relatively small group of interconnected people who occupy top positions in globally important social institutions

137
Q

Peripheral country

A

Countries in the world economy—including those in many previously colonized regions—that are home to the world’s working poor

138
Q

Semi-peripheral country

A

Countries that exploit the periphery when they can, struggle to avoid falling into it, and try to compete with richer countries

139
Q

Core country

A

Countries home to most of the world’s economic capital

140
Q

Alienation

A

The feeling of dissatisfaction and disconnection from the fruits of one’s labor

141
Q

Anthropocene

A

A period in which human activities are changing the earth’s geology

142
Q

Anthropogenic

A

Human-caused

143
Q

Institutional global environmental racism

A

Those least responsible for the emissions of greenhouse gases—disproportionately poor, previously colonized, non-white, and indigenous—will pay the steepest price

144
Q

Greening households

A

Recycling, designing sustainable diets, choosing local produce, and reducing home energy use

145
Q

Global imagined community

A

A socially constructed in-group based on a shared planet

146
Q

Glocal

A

Connecting global concerns with local ones

147
Q

Transnational social movement

A

Coordinated activism across more than one country

148
Q

Moral entrepreneurs

A

Activists who attempt to reshape our understanding of right and wrong

149
Q

Risk society

A

A society organized around the self-conscious production, distribution, and management of risk

150
Q

The sociological imagination

A

The capacity to consider how people’s lives—including our own—are shaped by the social facts around us

Sociology 1101 (1 decks)

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