Sociologists - socialisation, culture and identity

Question 1

What does Johal and Bains say about hybridity?

Answer 1

Some people can ‘code-switch’ (behave one way with friends and another with family) - occurs a lot with ‘Brasians’ (British Asians)

Question 2

What does Modood say about ethnic identities?

Answer 2

They are changing in the UK - things like wearing ethnic clothes are less important for young people than their parents

Question 3

What does Morgan say about primary socialisation?

Answer 3

It encourages conformity -

• sanctions encourage conforming behavior and discourage deviant behavior
• sanctions encourage a conscience (know the difference between good and bad)
• gender roles

Question 4

What does Parsons say about primary socialisation?

Answer 4

Functionalism
family = personality factory
children = blank slate
child is filled up with cultural norms and values

Question 5

What does Zaretsky say about primary socialisation?

Answer 5

Marxism
used by capitalist class to instill values like obedience and respect for authority

Question 6

What does Parsons say about the role of education as an agent of secondary socialisation?

Answer 6

Functionalism

Acts as a social bridge between family and wider society

Question 7

What does Althusser say about the role of education as an agent of secondary socialisation?

Answer 7

Marxism
Characterised by
-FORMAL CURRICULUM = normal lessons
-INFORMAL CURRICULUM = encourages conformity and acceptance of capitalism

Question 8

What does Durkheim say about religion as an agent of secondary socialisation?

Answer 8

Functionalism

socialise members into value consensus

Question 9

What do Marxists say about religion as an agent of secondary socialisation?

Answer 9

Ideological apparatus promoting ruling class ideologies

• promotes blind faith
• promotes material success
• religion makes inequality bearable

Question 10

What does Marsh and Keating say about media as an agent of secondary socialisation?

Answer 10

Marxism

‘popular culture’ keeps masses content by promoting false needs and passive thinking

Question 11

What does Palmer say about socialisation?

Answer 11

Criticizes it saying that now days not being done effectively and parents using TV and video games as an alternative to proper socialisation

Question 12

What does Oakley say about socialisation?

Answer 12

Feminism

Used by parents to make children to conform to patriarchy by encouraging gender roles

Question 13

What does Lyotard say about sociolisation?

Answer 13

Postmodernist

Lots of competing versions of knowledge and truth - we can choose what who we listen to and what values we believe in

Question 14

What do Marxists say about identity?

Answer 14

Depends on class position

Question 15

What does Bourdeau say about class identity?

Answer 15

Marxism
Types of capital
-cultural = life experiences 
-economic = money and income
-social = influence in society

Question 16

What do Functionalists say about identity?

Answer 16

Social institutions allocate people to roles in society based on the best fit of their talents

Question 17

What do Feminists say about identity?

Answer 17

Patriarchal structure of society influenced gender identity by causing stereotypes and sexism

Question 18

What do postmodernists say about identity?

Answer 18

We can construct our own identity - we can choose our lifestyle therefore identity

Question 19

What does Glennon and Butsch say about media and identity?

Answer 19

The media tends to show m/c positively and the w/c negatively

Question 20

What did Bourdieu say about education and identity?

Answer 20

m/c students = ‘fish in water’

w/c students = ‘fish out of water’

Question 21

What did Billington say about gender and identity?

Answer 21

Media:
men = shown as dominant
women = shown as subordinate

Question 22

What does Weeks say about sexuality and identity?

Answer 22

Sexuality is a social construct - taking on different meanings at different time periods

Question 23

What does Tom Shakespeare say about disability and identity?

Answer 23

Disabled people have been marginalised in society by stigmas and stereotypes (weakness, pity, etc)