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Sociological Theory > Sociological Theory > Flashcards

Sociological Theory Flashcards

1
Q

Macro Level of Analysis

A

Analytical level of analysis on large-scale social structure.

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2
Q

Micro Level of Analysis

A

Analytical focus on small-scale, interpersonal, and small group interaction.

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3
Q

Utilitarianism Thesis

A

Idea from classical economics that individuals are rational, self-interested actors who evaluate alternative courses of action on the basis of their usefulness or resource to value them.

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4
Q

Emancipatory Knowledge

A

The use of sociological knowledge to dance social equality.

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5
Q

Empiricism

A

Use of evidence or data in describing and analyzing society.

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6
Q

Enlightenment

A

Rejection of non-rational beliefs and forms of social organization.

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7
Q

Objectivity

A

Positivist idea (Comte) that sociology can provide an objective analysis of a directly observable and measurable, objective social reality.

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8
Q

Positivist

A

The idea that sociology as a science is able to employ the same scientific method of investigation and explanation used in the natural sciences.

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9
Q

Harriet Martineau

A

Sociology as the scientific study of morals and manners.

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10
Q

Alexis De Tocqueville

A

Disagrees with Martineau’s views.

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11
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

Capitalist

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12
Q

Proletariat

A

Working Class

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13
Q

Dialectical Materialism

A

Idea that historical change comes from the result of conscious human activity.

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14
Q

Communism

A

Division of labor, private property, and profit don’t exist.

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15
Q

Wage Labor

A

Proletariat work pays for Bourgeoisie reward. Make products at a low wage that are then sold at a high profit.

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16
Q

Surplus Value

A

The value of a product that is being sold after paying off wage workers for making it (Capitalist profit from difference between workers exchange (wage) and the (use value).

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17
Q

Division of Labor and Alienation

A

The low wage workers do the work to produce the product but are alienated from the product afterwards (Make it for capitalist bosses who benefit from the product).

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18
Q

Objectification (or Alienation)

A

Dehumanization of wage workers as machine like objects, (with low wages) is necessary for the production and profits for capitalists.

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19
Q

Products produced
Within the production process
Workers from their species being
Individuals from one another

A

Four Types of Alienation

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20
Q

Ideology

A

Ideas in everyday circulation.

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21
Q

False Consciousness

A

The embrace of the illusionary promises of capitalism.

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22
Q

Means of Production

A

Resources owned by bourgeoisie and used for production of profit as a result of the labor power of the wage workers.

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23
Q

Commodification of Labor

A

Process by which, like manufactured commodities, wage-workers labor power is exchanged and traded on the market for a price.

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24
Q

Social Fact

A

They can be studied objectively, their objective manifestations can be observed and indicators of a thing can be substituted when that phenomenon itself cannot be observed.

25
Q

Mechanical Solidarity

A

Social bonds and cohesion resulting from the overlapping social ties that characterize traditional societies.

26
Q

Organic Solidarity

A

Social cohesion from interdependence rather than sameness.

27
Q

Social Integration

A

Degree to which individuals and groups are attached to society.

28
Q

Social Solidarity

A

Social cohesion resulting from shared social ties, bonds, interdependence.

29
Q

Altruistic

A

Produced under societal conditions in which individuals are excessively tied to the society; over-attachment to social groups.
Ex: Japanese Society

30
Q

Egoistic

A

Societal conditions with a high emphasis on individualism; self-oriented achievement.
Ex: Detaching from society

31
Q

Anomic

A

Produced by societal conditions of upheaval, rootlessness.

Ex: Terrorist Attack

32
Q

Fatalistic

A

Is a result of excessive regulation.

Ex: Slaves

33
Q

Theory

A

“The body of concepts and conceptual frameworks used to make sense of the multilayered, empirical patterns and underlying processes in society.”

34
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Is a method of inquiry in which a theory is accepted or rejected by empirically testing hypotheses deduced from it.

35
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Is a process by which a theory is derived by observation of empirical evidence.

36
Q

Scientific Revolution
Industrial Revolution
French Revolution

A

Three Revolutions

37
Q

Hobbes

A

Human beings are selfish, power hungry, competitive, calculative, and if they were to be left free there will be anarchy. But they are also rational beings, which is why they are willing to adopt authoritarian rule (or government regulation) to maintain social order.

38
Q

Locke

A

Human beings are social and cooperative. In the state of nature (i.e. before the formation of a civil society) they were enjoying a ‘state of perfect freedom’ and a ‘state of perfect equality’. Just like Hobbes, Locke saw individual also as a rational being, which prompts them to unite and form a civil society in order to secure their ‘liberty and property’.

39
Q

Rousseau

A

Human beings are not bad by nature, it is the society that corrupts the individual. The emergence of ‘private property’ ruined the state of nature and introduced mankind to war and conflict, which necessitated a social contract to form civil society.

40
Q 
Astronomy
		        |
		   Physics
		        |
		Chemistry
		        |
	Study of Society (Sociology)
A

Saint Simon Progress/Evolution of Sciences

41
Q

Public Works
Free Education
Uplifting Recreation

A

Welfare State

42
Q 
Mathematics
		        |
		Astronomy
		        |
		   Physics
		        |
		Chemistry
		        |
	      Physiology (Biology)
		        |
	 Social Physics (Sociology)
A

August Comte Hierarchy of Sciences

43
Q

Observation
Experiment
Comparison
Historical Analysis

A

Four Methodological Parameters

44
Q

Social Statics

A

Focusing on social structures.

45
Q

Social Dynamics

A

Looks at historical progression of societies.

46
Q

Theological or Fictitious Stage
Metaphysical or Abstract Stage
Scientific or Positive Stage

A

Law of Human Progress (Three Stages)

47
Q

Neoliberalism

A

A global economic and ideological campaign to privatize public goods reduce tariffs, taxes, and other hindrances for international trade capital mobility shrink public investments commit to free markets and enforce austerity measures to control inflation.

48
Q

Commodity

A

Is a product exchanged in a market, appears to be a simple thing that is easily understood, but in actuality, it is subtle, complex, and opaque with a dual nature.

49
Q

Use-Value

A

Is based on its quality; for example, a coat that protects from the cold.

50
Q

Exchange-Value

A

It cannot be reduced to the qualities that define their use. It must instead be based on some measurable quantity that is common to them.

51
Q

Laissez Faire

A

Instruction to the aristocracy to keep their hands off if the political process so that people could realize the fruits of their own labor and be left free to pursue a more egalitarian society.

52
Q

Surplus Value

A

The difference between the amount of value workers produce and the amount of value they purchase with their wages.

53
Q

Virtual Value Chain

A

The power to digitally reproduce commodities.

54
Q

Valorization of Capital

A

M - C - M, Using money (M) to buy commodities (C) and then selling those commodities to wind up with more money (M) than one had at the beginning of the process.

55
Q

The absence of Regulation is Anomie.

The absence of Integration is Egoism.

A

Two Levels of Socialization (Regulation; Integration)

56
Q

Defining Rules of Conduct
Communicating and Clarifying Rules of Conduct
Enforcing Rules of Conduct

A

Mechanisms of Regulation

57
Q

Celebrating Rituals
Engaging in Gift Exchange
Building Communities of Memory

A

Mechanisms of Integration

58
Q

Mechanical Societies

Organic Societies

A

Durkheim’s Two Types of Society

Sociological Theory (1 decks)

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