Sociological Theories Of Crime Flashcards
1
Q
What is the definition of crime?
A
Serious harmful acts which go against the norms and values of society that the state must intervene to punish the offender by law.
2
Q
What is the definition of deviance?
A
Acts that goes against societies norms but isn’t punishable by law.
3
Q
You have committed a crime if:
A
Actus reus (guilty act)
Men’s rea (guilty mind)
Causation
Lack of a defence
4
Q
How is crime socially constructed?
A
Certain crimes used to be normal but are now illegal. Crimes change with society and its norms and values. E.g slavery, not wearing a seatbelt.
5
Q
Examples of decriminalised behaviours
A
Homosexuality, euthanasia, abortion
6
Q
Examples of behaviour that is illegal in other countries but not E&W
A
Chewing gum, jaywalking, body tattoos
7
Q
Examples of behaviour that is legal in other countries but not E&W
A
Gun ownership, marijuana use, forced marriages
8
Q
Why do laws and punishments change over time?
A
To keep up with modern day society
9
Q
What is functionalism?
A
Society/culture is good=provides a function.
Harmonious- stopping conflict in society.
Organic analogy- view society like a human body.
Value consensus- mass agreement of what is important/ valued in society.
Social integration- society or community (feeling of togetherness/social control)
Functional prerequisites- basic needs of society in order to sustain itself and be effective in the future.
Structural theory- looks at society as a whole (macro approach)
10
Q
What is anomie
A
State of normlessness
11
Q
What is anarchy
A
No respect for authority
12
Q
What is Durkheim theory?
A
Boundary maintenance- crime unites society by identifying a wrongdoer and reaffirming shared rules.
Social change- crime is a challenge of rules- shows which laws need to change.
Too little crime is undesirable for society- too much social control (society not functioning/lack of freedom)
Too much crime is undesirable for society- break down integral bonds of society.
Crime as a safety value- some crimes need to occur to reduce wider conflict in society
Crime as a warning light- when there is too much crime it signals that the CJS/ laws must change
13
Q
What are collective sentiments
A
The body of beliefs and sentiments common to the average members of society
14
Q
What are the strengths of Durkheim.
A
First recognise that crime can have positive functions for society.
15
Q
What are weaknesses of Durkheim?
A
Doesn’t suggest what the right amount of crime is for society to function properly
Crime is not functional for all- e.g victims
16
Q
What is Mertons theory?
A
Everyone in society shares the same goals but for some people these goals are blocked.
Strain theory: cultural factors (goals) and wider structural factors (means) become dysfunctional. - he believed people commit crimes due to the frustration/ strain of not achieving their goals.
Crime is a result of valuing the goals more than the means of achieving them- leads to state of anomie.
17
Q
What is the American dream
A
Anyone can make their fortune
18
Q
What is meritocracy (merton)
A
A society based on the most hardworking get the most power.
19
Q
What are the 5 factors linked to goals and means (Merton)
A
Conformity- members of society conform both to success goals and the normative means of reaching them
Innovation- accept the goal but find illegal ways to achieve it-utilitarian crime.
Ritualism- give up striving for success-abandoned accepted goals
Retreatism- reject goals and means to achieve
Rebellion- reject goals and means, replacing them with new ones in order to change society.
20
Q
Explain the Greece case in terms of Merton
A
Innovation- rioting, looting, theft
Ritualism- lack of socialising/ depression (mental health)
Retreatism- suicide- 40% increase in rates, vagrancy
Rebellion- protests marches/ counter cultures/ anti immigrants
21
Q
Explain the London Riots 2011 in terms of Merton
A
Innovation- looting- can’t get a job so have to get money another way
Ritualism- can’t get the jobs through usual means but has the usual goal of money
Rebellion- protests/riots
22
Q
What are the strengths of Merton
A
Shows how normal and deviant behaviour arise from the same goals
Explains why most crime in statistics is property crime and why working class crime rates are higher
23
Q
What are the weaknesses of Merton
A
Ignores crimes of wealthy
Only sees deviance as an individual response
Focuses on utilitarian crime only
24
Q
Who are the Krays
A
Originate in Hoxton, East London and ran by Kray twins and 50 members. Involved in protection rackets, armed robberies, arson, assault and 2 high profile murders. Rivals- the Richardsons along with ‘Mad’ Frankie Fraser and George Cornell were the main rivals during the 1950s and 60s. Functionalists say?- Durkheim- boundary maintenance and social change, Merton subculture, innovation, Cohen- status frustration and Cloward and Ohlin- conflict subcultures.
25
Who are the Yakuza
Japanese, 20400 active members. Committed crimes of sex trafficking, gambling, thefts, prostitution, murder, bomb throwing, money lending and loan sharking. Rivals- an international feud broke out between 2 yakuza gangs in the 1980s Yakuza are split into many competing groups. Functionalists say?- Cohen-status frustration, Durkheim- boundary maintenance and safety value, Merton-innovation, Cloward and Ohlin- criminal subculture.
26
What is Cohens theory
Deviance- the result of group failure to achieve cultural norms
Non utilitarian crimes- crimes with no financial gains e.g vagrancy
Deviance occurs from status frustration- people feel worthless if they can’t achieve cultural goals- so they invert societies values and seek alternative status and hierarchy
27
What was Cohens theory
Deviance- the result of group failure to achieve cultural norms
Non utilitarian crimes- crimes with no financial gains e.g vagrancy
Deviance occurs from status frustration- people feel
28
What is Cloward and Ohlins theory
Different neighbourhoods give rise to different cultures
Criminal subcultures- longstanding and established criminal networks already exist.
Conflict subcultures- only criminal opportunities are within gangs
Retreatist subcultures- dropouts who resort to drug taking to escape a sense of failure (e.g hippies)
29
What are the strengths of Cloward and Ohlin
Theories show how subcultures perform a function for their members by offering solutions to the problem of failing to achieve goals legitimately.
Cloward and Ohlin show how different types of neighbourhood give rise to different illegitimate opportunities and subcultures.
30
What are the weaknesses of Cloward and Ohlin
Ignores crime of wealthy and over predicts working class crime
Assumes everyone starts with mainstream goals and turns to a subculture when they dint achieve them, but some people don’t share the goals in the first place and may be attracted to crime for other reasons
Actual subcultures are not as clear cut as Cloward and Ohlin claim- some show characteristics of all 3 types.
31
Why do functionalists not like deviance
Because they emphasises the importance of shared norms and values as the basis of social order and deviance breaks social norms.
32
What is crime control policy
Situational crime prevention, environmental crime prevention and community/social crime prevention strategies. - laws, regulations= designed to reduce criminal acts. E.g harsher sentences, target removal, specialist police divisions.
33
What are functionalist views on social policy
Making capitalism fairer-wages, opportunists in school etc
34
What are sociological theories of crime and their explanation
The way culture and society is organised dictates levels of crime
External environmental factors are the main cause of crime (nurture)
35
What is Marxism?
Theory by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels (1848). Is a structural (macro theory) about unequal conflict between 2 social classes: ruling class (bourgeoisie) (e.g. factory owners) and subject class (proletariat) (e.g. factory workers). A theory opposed to capitalism (an economical system which exchanges goods for profit). Materialism and economic determinism = economic systems guide our every behaviour. Believe communism is better.
36
What do Marxists say about crime?
1.Crime is criminogenic: capitalism is a crime causing system. Exploitation of the working class drives people to poverty-crime only way to survive. Inequality causes frustration and alienation.
2.Law making and selective law enforcement: laws are in favour of capitalists. Protect private property-laws protect capitalists and criminalise the poor. Laws enforced on working class but not upper class.
3.Ideological functions of crime and the law: laws conceal inequality. False class consciousness-people are unaware of their exploitation. 'Social Failures'-The working class are blamed for social problems rather than capitalism itself. Media shift attention away from harmful crimes-capitalism is given a 'caring face'.
37
According to Marxists...(about crime)?
Capitalism is the cause of crime. Crimes of the powerful (WCC and state crime) are the most serious/dangerous crimes in society. A Marxist solution to reducing crime would be a revolution: overthrow the government in favour of a communist society.
38
What is an ideological super structure? (Marxism)
Society's other relationships and ideas not directly relating to production, including it's culture, institutions, roles, rituals, religion, media and state. Laws maintain economic base=supports capitalism. E.g. laws against burglaries support the idea that some have more possessions and some have less.
39
What is an economic base? (Marxism)
The production forces, or the materials and resources, that generate the goods society needs. System of capitalism. Where we get our money from as a society. Economic base shapes/effects ideological superstructure=capitalism shapes law=more powerful people=more money (e.g. MP's)=who create the laws.-politics shape legal system.
40
Marxism: how could we make society fairer?
Have a prosperous society with incomes divided more fairly=rich a little less money + poor a little more (fairer pay split). Tackle poverty-do something about the inequality. Making capitalism fairer.
41
What is corporate homicide?
A criminal offence where death has resulted, whereby a company or organisation is responsible.
42
What are positives of Marxism?
Offers a useful explanation of the relationship between crime and capitalism-helps explain WCC and state crime.
It shows the link between law making and enforcement and the interest of the capitalist class-offers solutions on how society could change.
Marxists examine the power struggle in society-inequality is still relevant today.
43
What are weaknesses of Marxism?
Largely ignores the relationship between crime and non-class inequalities such as gender and ethnicity.
It is too deterministic- over predicts that the working class are always forced into committing crime/upper class always commit financial crime.
Not all capitalist societies have high crime rates (Japan and Switzerland).
The criminal Justice system does sometimes act against the interest of the capitalist class (prosecutions for corporate crime).
44
What is Realism?
Non-utopian-other theories have unrealistic (utopian) solutions.
Take crime seriously
Criminal behaviour can't be completely stopped within society, therefore it can only be reduced.
45
How can we realistically stop crime?
Decreasing the effect of the crime: locked gates, ID badges, plastic glasses in pubs.
Increasing the risks of the crime: baggage screening, police patrols, natural surveillance, neighbourhood watch.
Reducing the rewards of the crime: removal of hot products, 'Rapid Repair', area regulations.
46
What are the main beliefs of the Left?
Emphasis on ideas such as freedom, equality, fraternity, rights, progress, reform and internalisation.
47
What are the main beliefs of the Right?
Emphasis on authority, hierarchy, order, duty, tradition, reaction and nationalism.
48
What do Realists say about crime?
Both Right and Left agree that society has become individualistic but strong communities can deter crime. Generally trust CJS-accept legal/normative definitions of crime- aim to increase police clear up rates, with a focus on street crime. Use of victimisation surveys/fear of crime viewed as relevant -victims and the public are voters.
49
What do Right Realists say are the causes of crime?
Biological differences: personality traits, low IQ, aggressiveness and risk-taking behaviour are innate reasons for criminality.
Inadequate socialisation: non-nuclear families-lack of self control and poor family values. Single parent families often lack male role models. Underclass culture-generous welfare state.
Rational choice: offenders have free will weighing the risks/costs against the rewards/benefits of the crime.
Routine activity theory: Motivated offender, soft target/hot product, absence of authority.
50
What do Left realists say are the causes of crime?
Relative Deprivation: subjective sense of being disadvantaged (how poor someone feels in relation to others).
Marginalisation: lack of power or representation (e.g. young unemployed groups).
Subcultures: Dominant values of society but are blocked off (due to marginalisation). Seek alternative status/power.
Bullimic society: The poorest, most deprived people are more desperate to consume. Media-saturation and globalisation target these people.
51
What do Right realists say the solutions to crime are?
Focus on the crime. 'Design out' crime in the environment-fix broken windows. Situational crime prevention-defensible space, target hardening. Reduced welfare state. Harsher punishments-zero tolerance policy, just deserts ('prison works' policy).
52
What do Left realists say the solutions to crime are?
Focus on crime and offenders. Look at crime on a local level. Reduce inequality/deprivation exclusion-living wage, job security. Community policing-multi agency cooperation/the 'square of crime', local community provision (e.g. youth centres). Restorative Justice-offender mediation, reintegrative shaming.
53
What are positives and negatives of Right realism?
Zero tolerance policing:
+stops more serious crimes from occurring.
-'military policing' breeds antagonism/riots + racial profiling.
Situational crime prevention:
+deters offenders from committing crime.
-crime is just displaced.
Rational choice theory:
+encourages people to make law abiding decisions.
-irrational crime/'crimes of passion'
Broken windows:
+makes an area look desirable/respectable.
-only short term-not addressing the wider structural causes of crime.
Underclass:
+shines a light on who commits street crime.
-just victims of capitalism.
54
What are the positives and negatives of Left realism?
Community crime prevention:
+Gives people control and accountability over their local police.
-needs consent from the public to work (reflective of the community).
Reduce inequality/ deprivation/exclusion:
+a sense of fairness and opportunities.
-not all those who are relatively deprived commit crimes.
Multi-agency cooperation:
+more efficient and effective communication between public and police and other organisations.
- ignores the 'real' causes of crime that lie in the wider capitalist system-over focus on street crime.
Reintegrative shaming (community payback):
+helps relieve the pressure in prisons.
-these types of punishments are seen as 'soft'.
55
What is Primary crime prevention?
Targeted at the general public with an aim of stopping crime before it occurs.
56
What is secondary crime prevention?
Targeted at a particular group of individuals who are vulnerable/at risk of becoming a victim.
57
What is tertiary crime prevention?
Targeted at known offenders in order to reduce re-offending or recidivism.
58
What is interactionism and labelling theory?
Micro theory-small interaction between people.
Social construction: created and defined by society (varies across cultures, times and social groups). Rejecting normative definitions of crime (reject crime stats).
Crime and deviance is relatively subjective: no universal agreement on what crime is, different people will have different meanings for crime, focus on how people are labelled and who does the labelling is the reason for the existence of crime.
59
Examples of those who are labelled:
The youth, the working class, ethnic minorities, subcultures, drug takers.
60
Examples of those who are labellers?
The police and other CJS organisations, the state/government/laws, teachers/social workers/community leaders, religious organisation leader, the media, moral entrepreneurs.
61
Who was Stan Cohen and what was his theory?
Labelling theorist who looked at how the media label subcultures (e.g. mods and rockers). Moral Panic: an exaggerated response to a perceived problem which appears to threaten the moral standards of society. Deviance Amplification Spiral: Attempting to control deviance leads to more deviance. E.g. legal highs.
62
Who was Aaron Cicourel and what was his theory?
Labelling theorist who looked at how the police decide who is a criminal. Stereotyping: an over-generalised belief or expectation about a particular group of people. Typifications: a general knowledge approach of constructing ideas about people. Police pick up on social cues which support stereotypes and assumptions about previous offenders.
63
Who was Howard Becker and what was his theory?
Labelling theorist who looked at individuals perception of crime. No such thing as an inherently deviant act, it only exists when a label is applied. Moral Entrepreneurs: individuals or pressure groups who claim that the state should 'crackdown' on a perceived social issue (Jamie Oliver). Master status: the social position that is the primary identifying characteristic of an individual, all judgement is then based on this one characteristic or label. Self-fulling prophecy: A prediction/label which makes itself become true.
64
Who was Edwin Lemert and what was his theory?
Labelling theorist who studied how people didn't often see themselves as offenders. Primary deviance: behaviour which goes unnoticed and has little effect on the individuals 'self' (e.g. speeding). Secondary deviance: a societal reaction or challenge which then cause the deviance (e.g. being caught speeding). Social reaction: Laws as social control cause crime rather than the presence of crime causing the need for social control.
65
Who was Jock Young and what was his theory?
Labelling theorist who studied middle class drug culture. Hippy Culture-Cannabis Case Study: Originally in the 1950/60s middle class drug taking by 'hippies' largely went unnoticed police. As labels of 'addicts' grew, 'hippies' were also labelled as a deviant subculture. Social control=deviance.
66
Stop and Search as evidence for labelling theory:
43% of police searches were of black people in 2018. 4.3x more likely to be stopped by police if you're black not white in 2018.
67
What are the positives of labelling theory?
It reveals the importance of stereotyping in understanding deviance. It reveals the way official crime stats are a product of bias in law enforcement. It shows how labelling can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy and to deviant careers. It provides an insight into the nature of deviance as subjective, which is not provided by structural theories.
68
What are the negatives of the labelling theory?
Removes the blame for deviance away from deviant-it's just the labels fault.
Are some crimes inherently deviant (murder)?
Deterministic: labelling doesn't always lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy and more deviance.
Ignores the wider structural factors in creating deviance (origins), and assumes it is all down to societal reaction-only concerned with what happens during/after a crime has been committed and not before. Some labels are not equally applied (women/ruling class?). Little to say about victims of crime.
69
How can labelling theory be applied to social policy?
Decriminalisation- no longer giving criminal label=people stop doing it=no deviance amplification occurs.
Youth offending teams (YOT's)-diversion of young offenders from entering the CJS.
Restorative Justice and recruitment-move towards community punishments, a dialogue between the offender, victim and wider society, support after CJS.
Police training-reduce disproportionate amounts of S+S of ethnic minorities.
70
What was Braithwaite (1989):
Reintegrative shaming (community payback): positive shaming can't integrate offenders back into the community-teaching empathy=better rehabilitation. Shaming an offender publicly e.g. stocks, was a common punishment in the past, but punishment has become increasingly private today.
Examples to bring it back: wear coloured jackets, wear placards naming their crimes, have billboards listing their crimes.
But this can lead to disintegrative shaming: increased stigmatisation, isolation and humiliation by strangers is likely to reinforce labels causing more deviance.
71
Examples of Marxism applied to crime:
Amazon drivers (crime is criminogenic): looking to sue for compensation over rights. Exploitation of the working class.
Jeremy Kyle: exploitation, doesn't face any illegal factors for what he did. People on show being exploited for entertainment (wouldn't have if we didn't have capitalism).
72
Realism: crime control examples:
Mosquito alarm: primary crime prevention- are machines that give a sound which most adults can't hear, which causes children and young people distress, Right would like it (situational crime prevention), However it's not always young people that commit crimes-won't deter adult criminals. Crime is just displaced.
Right to buy scheme: primary crime prevention-allows most council tenants to buy their council home at a discount, Left will like it (reduce inequality), However when homes are sold at a discount under right to buy, this represents a loss to public finances, forces people into homelessness or insecure private renting.
73
What is interactionism and labelling theory?
-Micro theory: small interactions between people.
-Social construction: created and defined by society (varies across cultures, times and social groups). Rejecting normative definitions of crime (reject crime stats).
-Crime and deviance is relative and subjective: no universal agreement on what crime is. Different people will have different meanings for crime. Focus on how people are labelled and who does the labelling is the reason for the existence of crime.
74
Who are those who are labelled?
The Youth, The working class, ethnic minorities, subcultures/counter cultures, drug takers.
75
Who are the Labellers?
The police and other CJ organisations, the state/government/laws, teachers/social workers/community leaders, religious organisation leaders, the media, moral entrepreneurs.
76
Who is Stan Cohen?
-Labelling theorist who looked at how the media label subcultures (e.g. mods and rockers).
-Moral Panic: an exaggerated media response to a perceived problem which appears to threaten the moral standards of society.
-Deviance Amplification Spiral: Attempting to control deviance leads to more deviance.
77
Who is Aaron Cicourel?
-Labelling theorist who looked at how the police decide who is a criminal.
-Stereotyping: An over-generalised belief or expectation about a particular group of people.
-Typifications: A general knowledge approach of constructing ideas about people. Police pick up on social cues which supports stereotypes and assumptions about previous offenders.
78
Who is Howard Becker?
-Labelling theorist who looked at individual's perception of crime. No such thing as an inherently deviant act, it only exists when a label is applied.
-Moral entrepreneurs: individuals or pressure groups who claim that the state should 'crackdown' on a perceived social issue.
-Master Status: The social position that is the primary identifying characteristic of an individual, all judgement is based on this one characteristic or label.
-Self fulfilling prophecy: A prediction/label which makes itself become true.
79
Who is Edwin Lemert?
-Labelling theorist who studied how people didn't often see themselves as offenders.
-Primary Deviance: Behaviour which goes against and has little effect on the individuals 'self'.
-Secondary Deviance: A societal reaction or challenge which then cause the deviance.
-Social reaction: Laws as social control cause crime rather than the presence of crime causing the need for social control.
80
Who is Jock Young?
-Labelling theorist who studied middle class drug culture.
-Hippy culture-cannabis case study: Originally in the 1950/60s middle class drug taking by 'hippies' largely went unnoticed by the police. As labels of 'addicts' grew, 'hippies' were also labelled as a deviant subculture. Social control=deviance.
81
Evidence of inequality in Stop and Search:
43% of police searches by the Met police were of black people in 2018.
You were 4.3 times more likely to be stopped by the police if you are black compared to white in 2018.
82
What are the strengths of the labelling theory?
-It reveals the importance of stereotyping in understanding deviance.
-It reveals the way official crime stats are a product of bias in law enforcement.
-It shows how labelling can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy and to deviant careers.
-It provides an insight into the nature of deviance as subjective, which is not provided by structural theories.
83
What are the weaknesses of the labelling theory?
-Removes the blame for deviance away from the deviant-it's just the labels fault.
-Are some crimes inherently deviant (murder)?
-Deterministic: labelling doesn't always lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy and more deviance.
-Ignores the wider structural factors in creating deviance (origins), and assumes it is all down to social reaction.
-Only concerned with what happens during/after a crime has been committed and not before.
-Some labels are not equally applied (women/ruling class).
-Little to say about victims of crime.
84
How is labelling theory applied to social policy?
-Decriminalisation: no longer giving criminal label=people stop doing it=no deviant amplification occurs.
-Youth Offending teams (YOTs): Diversion of young offenders from entering the CJS.
-Restorative Justice and recruitment: move towards community punishments (reparation aim). A dialogue between the offender, victim and wider society. Support after CJS.
-Police training: Reducing disproportionate amounts of S+S of ethnic minorities.
-Braithwaite (1989):
-Reintegrative Shaming (community payback): positive shaming can integrate offenders back into the community, teaching empathy=better rehabilitation. Shaming an offender publicly e.g. stocks, was a common punishment in the past, but punishment has become increasingly private today.
Examples to bring it back: wear coloured jackets, wear place cards naming their crimes, have billboards listing their crimes.
But this can lead to disintegrative shaming: increased stigmatisation, isolation and humiliation by strangers is likely to reinforce labels causing more deviance.
85
What are surveillance theories?
Involving the monitoring of people to control crime. Crime control methods by which surveillance is carried out: CCTV, electronic tagging, databases that produce profiles of people.
86
What is liquid surveillance?
Subtle forms of surveillance which we don't know we are a part of. Often found in a consumer realm that spreads in unimaginable ways, 'spilling' pit all over. These data-flows produce targeting and sorting of everyone.
87
What is self surveillance?
The attention an individual pays to their own behaviour when facing observation by others (directly or indirectly): new mothers and parenting styles, inspector in the classroom.
Behaviour changes when you think someone is watching you-people perform according to how they think others expect (over time this is internalised as normal behaviour): Hawthorne Effect, demand charactersitics.
88
What is Panopticon?
All seeing: Prisoners don't know whether they are being watcher so they must behave as if they are. Prison design: prisoners' cells are visible to the guard from a central viewing point (watch tower), but the prisoners cannot see the guard. This, surveillance becomes self-surveillance and discipline becomes self-discipline.
89
What is Synopticon?
Everybody is watching everybody: police body cameras, dashcams used by taxi drivers. All warning others that they are being monitored, which leads to self discipline.
90
What is Actuarial Justice and profiling?
A type of justice which emphasises the need to calculate the risk of certain crimes happening. Surveillance used in AJ to: predict and prevent future offending, creating profiles of likely offenders. Risk and preventative frameworks starting to play an increasing role in criminal justice policy.
91
What is the application of surveillance-crime control policy?
Increased surveillance=have more external social control.
'Surveillance creep'= technology introduced for one purpose gets used for another (phone tracking, car reg plates). Profiling: using data and stats to determine who is put under surveillance.
92
What is the application of surveillance: in China?
Uses 'information collectors' to watch society. Everyone starts with 1,000 points and if they do something bad the minus points and if they do something good they add points. The results of scores are public so people will want to look good=self- surveillance/self-discipline.
Has liquid surveillance, actuarial justice and synopticon.
93
What is the evaluation of surveillance?
-Intrusive surveillance=unethical and against humans rights (right to a private life).
-Legitimate governmental control=under the agenda of state protection (surveillance not applied to every one equally).
-Technological arms race=offenders often find work-arounds.
-Deterrents don't work on everyone: not everyone as a 'self-surveillance' mind set.
94
Sarah's Law: Background knowledge of campaign, what did it do (media) and why was it successful?
1. Was introduced following the abduction and murder of 8 year old Sarah Payne by paedophile Ray Whiting in 2000. In West Sussex, England.
2. The 'News of the World' newspaper promoted and launched their campaign. Sarah used public experiences to promote her campaign. She first started speaking to the public to find her daughter and then later to encourage support of her campaign=adds a personal approach to the campaign which makes the public sympathise with Sarah.
3. Introduced The Child Sex Disclosure Scheme=to protect children from such horrific attacks in the future. - More than 200 children have been protected from potential harm during the first year of the scheme.
95
Justice for Michael Campaign: Background knowledge of campaign, what did it do (media) and why was it successful?
1. Emerged after Michael Gibson died following a 22-month coma. His attacker could only be charged with GBH despite Michael's death.
2. The Northern Echo (local newspaper) launched the campaign, urging it's readers to sign a petition, demanding that the 'year and a day law' be scrapped. The mother, local MP and local paper worked together. 'A year and a day law'=offences involving death/suicide is presumed not to have caused a persons death of more than a year and a day passed before they died.
3. The campaigns success demonstrates the power of pressure group campaigns. A year and a day law was abolished in 1996.
96
Clare's Law: Background knowledge of campaign, what did it do (media) and why was it successful?
1. Pushed by Michael Brown after the death of his daughter Clare. Was created to save lives from domestic violence. Clare wood was murdered by her ex boyfriend George Appleton in 2009.
2. Media supported Michael and the campaign=believed what he was doing was right. Information of the campaign was on Radio News Bulletin.
3. Introduced the Domestic Violence Disclosure Scheme=means that anyone can ask the police about a partner. Also, a member of the public can ask about the partner of a close friend or family member. Been successful in reducing the number of domestic violence cases.
97
Ann Ming's campaign: Background knowledge of campaign, what did it do (media) and why was it successful?
1. Campaign to change the double jeopardy law began after the tragic murder of her daughter, Julie Hogg, in 1989.
Double Jeopardy=legal defense that protects individuals from being tried twice for the same crime after an acquittal.
2. Writing to the Home Secretary to review the law's bases. Giving a speech in the House of Lords. Collaborating with the Northern Echo press for media coverage.
3. Led a successful campaign to overhaul the law= resulted in Dunlop admitting murder and being jailed at the Old Bailey for life with a minimum term of 17 years in 2006.
98
Protection against stalking campaign: Background knowledge of campaign, what did it do (media) and why was it successful?
1. Originated with 2 mothers, Tricia Bernal and Carol Faruqui, whose daughters were murdered by stalkers. They formed the charity in 2010. Was inspired by the cases of Clare Bernal and Rana Faruqui, who were both killed by their ex boyfriends, who had been stalking them. Their aim was to raise awareness of stalking and support victims.
2. Used social media, radio, engaged in conferences and have their own website.
3. Led to the creation of the National Stalking headline, have stalking awareness training programmes. Police now have the ability to apply to the court for a stalking protection order (SPO) to protect stalking victims.
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INQUEST: what area of criminal justice do they want to change? What media do they use? What support do they offer?
1. Working to prevent deaths caused by unsafe systems of detention. Focuses on changing the law to improve investigations of deaths in state custody. Their specialist casework includes deaths in police and prison custody, immigration detention, mental health settings and death involving multi-agency failings or where wider issues of state and corporate accountability are in question.
2. Media (press) releases, a media profile and works with journalists to raise awareness of their cases and the campaign. They also regularly appear in the national press and broadcast news.
3. Offer a range of support to people affected by state related deaths, including bereaved families, lawyers and other support agencies. They provide casework support, help with navigating the inquest process and advocate for policy changes to prevent future deaths. They provide free and independent advice to bereaved people following a death in state care or detention in E and W.
