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CRIMIS > sociological theories > Flashcards

sociological theories Flashcards

yes

1
Q

it says thay crime is a result of anomie

A

traditional sociological theories

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2
Q

it may try to link questions on an individual criminality with the social structures and cultural values of society, familial, or peer group

A

sociological theories

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3
Q

society influences people to commit crime

A

sociological theories

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4
Q

people are not born criminal

A

sociological theories

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5
Q

who termed it as a lack of being connected to the society

A

emile durkheim

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6
Q

belgian mathematician who began what js known as the cartographic school of criminology.

A

adolphe quetelet

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7
Q

he studied data gathered in france to investigate the. influence of social factors on the propensity to commit crime

A

adolphe quetelet

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8
Q

he found out thay age sex season climate population composition and poverty were realted to criminality

A

adolphe quetelet

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9
Q

found crime rates to be influenced by drinking habits

A

adolphe quetelet

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10
Q

founders of sociology, defined crime as a normal and necessary social event

A

emile durkheim

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11
Q

emile durkheims definition of crimes

A

crime is normal
crime is useful
crime is healthy for society

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12
Q

durkheim odentifies twocmajor causes of anomie

A

division of labor

rapid social change

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13
Q

the primary of sociologixal positivism as the intellectual basis of criminology was secured bh research begun in the early 20th centrury by

A

albion w. small

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14
Q

he organized the famed sociology department at the University of Chicago

A

albion w. small

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15
Q

they pioneered rrsearch on the social ecology of the city in Chicago

A

w.i thomas
robert ezra park
ernest burgess
louis wirth

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16
Q

they studied the social ecology of chicago and found that some neighborhoods form so called natural areas lf wealth and affluence while others suffered from poverty and disintegration

A

robert ezra park
ernest burgess
roderick mckenzie

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17
Q

clarify the association between social structure and crime

A

socioeconomic structure and crime

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18
Q

segments of the population whose members have a relatively similar.portion of desirable things who share attitude values norms and identifiable lifestyle

A

social class

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19
Q

trypes of social class

A

the underclass
child poverty
minority group poverty

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20
Q

he coined the underclasss

A

oscar lewis

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21
Q

view thay people in the lower class of the society form a separate culture with its own values and norms thwt are in conflict with conventional dociety

A

culture of poverty

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22
Q

suggest that social and economic forces operatiing in disorganized lowerclass areas are the key determinant of criminal behavior patterns

A

social structure theories

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23
Q

focuses on the conditions within the urban environment that affect crime rates

A

social disorganization theory

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24
Q

links crime ratee to neighborhood ecological characteristics

A

social disorganization theory

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25
Q

crime is aproduct of transitional neighborhoods that manifest socaial disorganization and value

A

concentric zones theory

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26
Q

identifies why crime rates are highesst in slum areas, points out the factors that produce crim, suggest programs to help reduce crime

A

concentric zones theory

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27
Q

who founded concentric zones theory

A

clifford r shaw

henry d mckay

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28
Q

the conflicts and problems of urban socal life and communities including fear, unemployment, deterioration and siege of mentality inffluence crime rates

A

social ecology theory

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29
Q

accounts for urban crime rates and trends

A

social ecology theory

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30
Q

most people share similar values and goals, failure to get whatthey want leads to frustratuin and anger , a condition that is reffered ti as strain

A

strain theories

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31
Q

nomos means

A

without norms

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32
Q

is one in which rules of behavior have broken down or become inoperative during periods of rapid soial change or social crisi such as war or famine

A

anomic society

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33
Q

modes of social adaptions

A 
conformity
innovation 
ritualism
retreatism
rebellion
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34
Q

ambrce conventional social goals and also have the means of attainment at their disposal

A

conformity

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35
Q

accepts goals of society but rejects or is incapable of attaining them through legitimate means

A

innovation

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36
Q

educated and informed but reject established cultural goals of contemporary society

A

ritualism

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37
Q

rejects both the goals and the means of society

A

retreatism

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38
Q

involves substituting an alternative set of goals and means fo conventional ones

A

rebellion

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39
Q

combines the effects of social disorganization and strain to explain how people living in deteriorated neighborhoods reacts to social isolation and economic ddeprivation

A

cultural deviance theory

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40
Q

grups that are loosely part of the dominant culture but maintain a unique set of values beliefs and traditions

A

subcultures

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41
Q 
his identified the unique value system that defines lower class culture
CLINGING TO LOWER CLASS FOCAL CONCERNS PROMOTES ILLEGAL OR VIOLENT BEHAVIOR
A

WALTER MILLER

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42
Q

6 miller lower class focal concerns

A 
trouble
toughness
smartness
excitement
fate
autonomy
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43
Q

a form of culture conflict experienced by lower class youths because social conditions prevent them from achieving success as defined by the larger society

A

status frustration

44
Q

he viewed the deliquent gang as separate subcuture, possessing a value system directly opposed to that of the larger socety

A

albert cohen

45
Q

3 types of gangs

A

criminal gangs
conflict gangs
retreatist gangs

46
Q

exist in stable lower class areas in which close connections among adolescent young adult and adult offenders creat an environtment for successful criminal enterprise

A

criminal gangs

47
Q

develop in communities unable to provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities

A

conflict gangs

48
Q

are double failures unable to gain success

A

retreatist gangs

49
Q

the view that criminality is a function of peoples interactions with various organizations insitutions and processes in society

A

social process theory

50
Q

the view that human behavior is modelled through observation of human social interactions either directly from obsering those who are close and from intimate contact or indirectly through media.

A

social learning theory

51
Q

people learn to commit crime from exposure to antisocial definitions

A

differential association theory

52
Q

differential association theory is by?

A

edwin h. sutherland

53
Q

differential reinforcement theory by?

A

roland akers

54
Q

criminal behavior depends on the persons experiences with rewards for conventional behaviors and punishment for deviat ones

A

differential reinforcement theory

55
Q

direct conditioning also known as

A

differential reinforcement

56
Q

they view the process of becoming a criminal as a leaning experience in which potential delinquents and criminals master techniques that enable them to counterbalance or neuttralize conventual values and drift back and forth between illegitimate and conventional behavior

A

neuralization theory (david matza & gresham sykes)

57
Q

5 techniques of neutralization

A 
deny responsibility 
deny injury
deny the victim
condemn condemners
appeal to higher loyalties
58
Q

people develop a distinct set of justifications for their law violating behavior

A

techniques of neutralization

59
Q

criminal acts resulted from forces beyond their control or were accidents

A

deny responsbility

60
Q

by denying the wrongfulness of an act, ciminals are able to neutralize illegal behavior

A

deny injury

61
Q

criminals sometimes neutralize wrong doing by maintaining that the victim of crim “had it coming”

A

deny the victim

62
Q

an offender views the world as a corrupt place witha dog eat dog code

A

condemn condemners

63
Q

novice criminals ofthen argue that they are caught in the dilemma of being loyal to their own peer group while at the same time atttempting to abide by the rules of the larger society

A

appeal to higher loyalties

64
Q

maintain that all people have the potential to violate the law and that modern society presents many opportunities for illegal activity

A

social control theory

65
Q

non delinquent youths are able to maintain a positive self image in the face of the environment pressures towards deliqeuncy

A

containment theory

66
Q

he argued that a srtong self image insulates a youth from the pressures and pulls criminogenic influences int he environtment

A

walter reckless

67
Q

ties a person has to the insitutions and processes of the society

A

social bond

68
Q

a persons bond to society prevents him or her from violatiing social rules if the bond weakens the person is free to commit crime

A

social bond theory

69
Q

founded social bond theory

A

travis hirschi

70
Q

four elemnts of social bond

A

attachment
commitment
involvement
belief

71
Q

refers to a persons sensitivity to and interest in others

A

attachment

72
Q

involves the time enerfy and effort expeded inconventional lines of action uch as gettng an education and saving money for the futuere

A

commitment

73
Q

commonly called labelling theory

A

social reaction thory

74
Q

explains how the xreation of criminal careers rest on social interactions and encounters

A

social reaction thery

75
Q

involves normal violations or crimes that have very ltte influence on the actor and can be quickly forgotten

A

primary deviance

76
Q

occcurs when a deviant event comes tot th e attention of significant others of social control agents who apply a negative label.

A

secondary deviance

77
Q

3 SOCIAL PROCESS THEORY

A

social learning theory
social control theory
social reaction theory

78
Q

4 sociological theories

A

development of sociological criminology
socioeconomic structure and crime
social structure theories
social procss theories

79
Q

criminal law is an expression of the rules of the dominant culture

A

thorsten sellin

80
Q

6 factors related to criminality by Adolphe quetelet

A 
AGE
SEX
SEASON
POVERTY 
CLIMATE
POPULATION COMPOSITION
81
Q

concentric zones theory YUNG ANL UNG STAGES ATA? ZONES BASTA LAM NYO N YON

A 
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT
ZONE OF TRANSITION
WORKING CLASS
MIDDLE CLASS
COMMUTERS
82
Q

5 modes of social adaptations

A 
conformity
Innovation
rebellion
ritualism 
retreatism
83
Q

millers lower class focal concerns

A 
trouble
toughness
smart ess
excitement
fate
autonomy
84
Q

types of gangs

A

criminal gangs
conflict gangs
retreatist gangs

85
Q

elements od social bond

A

attachment
commitment
involvement
belief

86
Q

male sex hormones

female sex hormones

A

testosterone

estrogen

87
Q

ellis argues that increased levels of testosterone reduce the brain s sensitivity to environment stimuli

A

evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory (ellis 2013)

88
Q

is a severe and debilitating forms of pms, distinguish ed by the legel of interference the menstrual process has on the ability of the woman to engage in functions of everyday life

A

PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER

89
Q

is experiencd by most new mothers

A

POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION SYNDROME

90
Q

chemicals that transmit mesages between brain cells

A

neurons

91
Q

is associated with the bodys fight or flight response

A

norepinephrine

92
Q

plays a role in thinking and learningx motivation, sleep et

A

dopamine

93
Q

impacts many fuctions such as sleep, sex drive, anger , aggression appetite and metabolism

A

serotonin

94
Q

adolphe quetelet began the transition of BIO to SOCIOLOGY known as

A

cartographic school of criminology

95
Q

failure to get what they want leads to frustration and anger, a condition that is referred to as ??????

A

STRAIN

96
Q

“without norms”

A

nomos / anomie

97
Q

peiple are evalutated by their actual or potential involvement in making trouble

A

TROUBLE

98
Q

lower class males want local recognition of their physicsl and spiritual toughness

A

TOUGHNESS

99
Q

members of the lower class want to maintain an image of being streetwise and savvy

A

smartness

100
Q

members of the lower class search for fun and excitement

A

excitement

101
Q

lower class citizens believe their lives are in hands of strong spiritual forces guided their destinies

A

FATE

102
Q

being independent of authority figures such as police etx

A

AUTONOMY

103
Q

behavior expected of social group members

A

conduct norms

104
Q

blockage of conventional opportunities causes lower class youths yo join criminal conflict or reatrist gangs

A

richard cloward, and lloyd ohlin

DIFFERENTIAL OPPORTUNITY THEORY

105
Q

criminal behavior depends on the persons experience with rewards for conventional behaviors and puncishment for deviant ones. being rewardee for deviance leads to crime

A

DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT THEORY
BY
RONALD AKERS

CRIMIS (2 decks)

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