Sociohistorical / Psychoactive SUDs (Chap 2) Flashcards
- Characterized by their phenylethylamine structure
- methamphetamine, amphetamine, methylphenidate
- synthetic stimulants include cathinones such as mephedrone*
- Structurally different also included in the ATS category because of user profile and similar clinical manifestation; methylphenidate, fenethylline, and mephedrone
- MDMA has ATS-like chemical structure but is classified as a hallucinogen
ATS | Amphetamine type stimulants
Rare but serious. Symptoms are characterized by a loss of touch with reality:
- Delusions; false beliefs in spite of evidence to the contrary.
- Hallucinations; to experience sounds, feelings, voices, images, and other sensations that are not real.
- Dissociation/depersonalization; may feel unattached from body, as if floating outside of it, or feel things around them aren’t real.
- Disorganized thoughts; psychosis can cause a person’s thoughts to be disordered and chaotic. It can trigger persistent and disturbing thoughts as well. Other people may struggle to understand.
Cannabis-Induced Acute Psychosis
A rapid onset of confusion usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol. When it occurs, it is often three days into the withdrawal symptoms and lasts for two to three days. Physical effects may include shaking, shivering, irregular heart rate, and sweating.
Delirium Tremens
_________ is the process that turns an active ingredient into a ready-to-use medicine that can be dosed as required. _________ formulation deals with the principles of preparing and compounding medicines in order to optimize their absorption and forms part of pharmaceutics, the discipline (or science) of dosage form design.
Galenics | Galenic Medicine
Relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment.
Iatrogenic
- Known as “speed”, “Crank”. Smoked form known as “Ice”.
- ATS ingested orally, intravenously, by smoking, or by “snorting”
- Facilitate the release of Norepinephrine (NE) and Dopamine (DA) from nerve terminals resulting in catecholamine surge that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system.
- euphoria, increased sense of energy, alertness, and libido.
Methamphetamine | ATS
- Past year ATS use in US was estimated at 1.3% of pop and approx. 469,000 had dependence/abuse disorders
- admissions increased from 5%-9% in 2005 but then decreased slightly to 7% in 2012.
- 26.3% addiction treatment admits in California 2011 for ATS drugs.
- Continues to be major concern for MWSM.
- 34.9% had committed a violent act while intoxicated.
- 1/3 of those who’d received psychosocial treatment report at least 1 suicide attempt
Methamphetamine | ATS Stats
- Small/moderate dose results in vasoconstriction and elevated pulse/blood pressure.
- larger doses sympathomimetic effects are exaggerated; dizziness, tremor, fever, dilated pupils, sweating, rapid breathing, rapid heartbeat, and blood pressure.
- Longer term use; depression, poor concentration, and fatigue.
- chronic use/moderate dose; movement disorders such as Parkinsonian features (spontaneous muscle contractions and tremor)
- Chronic use; cognitive impairment
- Oral caries, tooth fracture, gingivitis, and periodontis.
- Psychiatric symptoms, injury, skin infections, and dental pathology.
- Acute ATS toxicity, drug induced seizures, hypoxic stress, and CV complications. Drug-induced hypothermia (effects on the hypothalamus) can also result in death.
Methamphetamine | ATS Symptoms
Withdrawal signs/symptoms may start within 6 to 16 hours after cessatio and usually last 7 to 10 days (but can continue for months).
Overwhelming craving • Anxiety, irritability, depression • Trouble sleeping / tired during day • Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea • Sweating or shaking • Muscle aches or cramps • Chills or goosebumps • Yawning • Runny nose or watery eyes
Morphinism | Opiod Withdrawal
The branch of pharmacology concerned with the effects of drugs and the mechanism of their action.
Pharmacodynamics
The branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs within the body.
Pharmacokinetics
Religious Conversion.
William James, known as the Father of American Psychology, wrote in his 1902 book, The Varieties of Religious Experience, “The only cure for dipsomania [alcoholism] is _________”
Bill Wilson (Bill W.) cofounder of Alcoholics Anonymous; spiritual awakening precipitated path to sobriety.
Religiomania
____________ drugs (also known as adrenergic drugs and adrenergic amines) are stimulant compounds which mimic the effects of endogenous agonists of the sympathetic nervous system.
Sympathomimetic
