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SOCI103 > Sociocultural Theories > Flashcards

Sociocultural Theories Flashcards

1
Q

Marxist Feminism? Suggests women commit crimes due to their…?

A

Suggests women commit crimes due to their subordinate class, and are compelled to commit them as a means of supporting themselves economically

[survival crimes]

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2
Q

What is the root cause of crime according to Marxist feminism?

A 
Capitalism
And womens’ subordinate class status
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3
Q

Radical feminism suggests women offend because…?

A

Women offend because they’ve been victimised.

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4
Q

The root cause of radical feminism is

A

Patriarchy/male dominance

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5
Q

Radical feminism focuses on manifestations of ____ in crimes against women

A

Focuses on manifestations of patriarchy in crimes against women e.g. domestic violence, rape, sexual assault

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6
Q

Postmodern Feminism…

A

Questions if there is any one truth
Analyses discourse
Questions every other theory

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7
Q

Radical and Marxist feminisms combine to create which feminism?

A

Socialist

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8
Q

Socialist feminism combines what two other theories?

What does it conclude about women’s oppression?

A

Combines radical and Marxist perspectives so conclude that women’s oppression stems from the interactions between class and sex (or patriarchy and capitalism)

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9
Q

Critical Race Feminism calls to attention…

A

The discriminatory treatment of non white women in the criminal justice system

The intersectionality between racism and sexism

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10
Q

Parsimony is…

A

The extreme unwillingness to use resources or spend money

Believe the state should do as little as possible

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11
Q

What are the four main social processes?

A
  1. Life course
  2. Control
  3. Learning
  4. Labour process
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12
Q

Life course theory suggests there are two types of offenders, what are they?

A

Life-course persistent offenders

Adolescence limited offenders

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13
Q

(Life course social process)

Life-course persistent offenders suggest…

A

Crime occurs early, chronically and persistently. Continuous offences made throughout the entirety of the offenders life

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14
Q

(Life course social process)

Adolescence-limited offenders are said to…

A

Commit mostly minor offences which decrease as they mature into adulthood and follow the traditional rules of society

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15
Q

Control theory is…?

A

When our social bonds are weak we are more likely to commit crime.

Hirschi’s social bond theory [humans naturally tend towards delinquency but our conventional attachments stop us from doing so]

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16
Q

Learning theory suggests

A

People won’t commit crimes unless taught to do so. Mostly influenced by direct circle of acquaintances [friends and family]

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17
Q

Labour process theory suggests what about the industrial workplace?

A

The industrial workplace is a social site where there is constant potential for conflict between labourers and management

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18
Q

The three social structure theories are…

A
  1. Strain (Merton)
  2. Subcultural
  3. Social disorganisation
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19
Q

Merton’s strain theory focuses on links between…

A

Opportunity and means as a factor of crime. Everyone is taught to want the same thing but not everyone is given the same means to achieve those goals

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20
Q

What are the 5 factors of goals and means in Merton’s version of Strain theory?

A
  1. Conformity
  2. Innovation
  3. Ritualism
  4. Retreatism
  5. Rebellion
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21
Q

Subcultural theory suggests delinquent subcultures develop because…

A

Delinquent subcultures develop as a result of being an outcast from society (e.g. gangs, goths)

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22
Q

Subcultural theory suggests status frustration is a result of…

A

Result of working class wanting the same goals as middle class but with a lack of means to make those goals achievable

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23
Q

Social disorganisation argues

A

Argues there’s something about the environment that’s criminogenic rather than those living in it

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24
Q

[social disorganisation]

Three factors of social cohesiveness are…

A
  1. Socioeconomic disadvantage
  2. Population hegemony
  3. Population instability
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25
Q

[social disorganisation]

Shaw & McKay concentric zone model consists of 5 zones (bullseye), what are they from the smallest to largest?

A
  1. Centre - CBD
  2. Transitional zone - deteriorated housing, factories, abandoned buildings
  3. Working class zone - singe family tenants
  4. Residential zone - single-family homes with yards and gardens
  5. Commuter zone - suburbs
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26
Q

What are the four political/economic theories?

A
  1. Left realism
  2. New right
  3. Marxism
  4. Republican
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27
Q

Left realism suggest concern lies with…

And focuses on ___, ___ and ___

A 
The victim and their suffering, less with the offender.
Focuses on intraclass crime, solidarity and community policing
28
Q

New right criminology focuses on…

A

Opportunity reduction, blames underclasses for the problem of crime and delinquency

[Polar opposite of left realism]
[donald trump perspectives; morally wrong]

29
Q

Marxism suggests _________ is a key contributor to crime and deviance

A

Inequality

30
Q

Marxist perspectives view crime as…

And suggests…

A

An outcome of basic class divisions in society

Suggests

  • All crime is based on class relationships
  • The wealthy use their power to keep poor and people of colour in ‘their place’
31
Q

Republican theory…

Is it similar to Donald trump Republican Party perspectives?

A

Rejects corruption as a whole and has no relation to political party perspectives.

32
Q

Republican theory is a critique of…

A

Authoritarian populism, also offers some very concrete, practical solutions rather than broad, abstract ideological ones

33
Q

The two old school theories are…

A
  1. Classical theory

2. Positivism [biological and psychological]

34
Q

Classical theory suggests…

And focuses on…

A
  • We are all equal before the law
  • punishment should be swift and certain
  • Focuses on simplifying and codifying law
35
Q

Two influential people in classical theory are…

A

Jeremy Bentham - founder of modern utilitarianism. Believed severity of punishment should match the severity of the crime

Cesare Beccaria - founder of rational choice theory. Believes all people naturally bad and the state needed to control peoples natural impulses

36
Q

The two aspects of positivism are…

A

Biological and psychological

37
Q

Biological positivism suggests…

A

[Cesare Lombosso]

Criminals are born not made. Criminals are an evolutionary throwback to earlier periods of human development. Physical characteristics such as long arm span and asymmetric faces make people criminal

38
Q

Psychological positivism suggests…

A

Different personality traits affect behaviour. Overdeveloped superego, extroversion, neuroticism and psychoticism are all factors

39
Q

[Psychological positivism]

An overdeveloped superego is when…

A

Self identity is so unrealistic it constantly punishes a persons ego

40
Q

Learning theory suggests childhood experiences…

A

A persons previous experiences shape how they act later in life

41
Q

Labelling theory suggests

A

The labeling of a criminal only creates more criminality as self-identity is influenced causing the offender to identify with that label, increasing the chance of repeat offending

42
Q

What are the four steps to labelling theory stigmatisation;

A
  1. Negative labelling
  2. Stigmatisation
  3. New identity formed in response to negative label
  4. Commitment to new identity (based on available roles and relationships)
43
Q

Neutralisation is

A

Law-abiding citizens who break the law justify their behaviour in one of 5 ways focusing on effect

44
Q

5 techniques of neutralisation are…

A
  1. Denial of responsibility
  2. Denial of injury
  3. Denial of the victim
  4. Condemnation of the condemners
  5. Appeal to higher loyalties
45
Q

Drift suggests

A

Even those who break the law are not constantly delinquent. The law that binds juveniles by a sense of moral obligation when not in place will result in delinquents drifting in and out of delinquency

46
Q

Cultural criminology examines crime as..

A

As a product of the hegemony of dominant discourses and the suppression of alternatives e.g. graffiti linked with youth culture, drug crimes related to gangs

47
Q

Postmodern theory…

A

Views crime and our understanding of it as heterogeneous- questions if there is any one solo theory behind all crime and delinquency.

Accepts the fluidity of crime and how definitions of it are constantly changing

48
Q

Rational choice theory suggests

A

Humans make a rational choice about commuting crime before doing so based on weighing a cost to benefit analysis

[Cesare Beccaria]

49
Q

The six main policing styles are…

A
  1. Traditional
  2. Community-based
  3. Problem-oriented
  4. Zero-tolerance
  5. Paramilitary
  6. Intelligence-based
50
Q

A traditional policing style focuses on

A

Crime ‘fighting’. Rapid responses to calls, investigation and prosecution of crime. Largely technologically driven

51
Q

A community-based policing style focuses on

A

Policing at a more personal level. Focuses on developing relationships with community members

52
Q

Four critiques of community based policing are…

A
  1. Police see themselves as crime fighters and aren’t drawn to this type of work
  2. Seen as good PR whilst business as usual continues in the back ground
  3. Works best where it is less needed e.g. already cohesive neighbourhoods
  4. Not all communities want to build a relationship with the police based on past traumas and dislike
53
Q

Problem-orientated policing…

A

Seeks to respond to the causes of crime rather than the symptoms. Research-based approach to ‘fixing’ crime

54
Q

What are the four approaches to problem-orientated crime?

A

S - scanning
A - analysis
R - response
A - assessment

55
Q

Zero-tolerance is based on what theory suggesting what…?

A

The broken window theory, suggesting we need to crack down on every bit of offending no matter how minor in order to prevent escalation of crime

56
Q

Critique of zero-tolerance crime

A

In NYC - blacks and browns were disproportionately jailed off the back of minor crimes in proportion to whites/any other race

57
Q

Paramilitary policing is when…

A

Police are armed with military grade weapons and trained in a military like fashion. Generally engage in high risk activities, the opposite of community-based policing

58
Q

Intelligence-based policing addresses…

A

Repeat offending, victimisation and crime hotspots leading to certain areas, people and communities being surveilled, sometimes before a crime has even occurred

59
Q

What are the six sentencing purposes?

[hint: R, R, D, D, I, R]

A
  1. Retribution
  2. Reparation
  3. Denunciation
  4. Deterrence
  5. Incapacitation
  6. Rehabilitation
60
Q

[Sentencing Purposes]

What is Retribution?

A

Holding the offender accountable

[just punishment]

61
Q

[Sentencing Purposes]

What is reparation?

A

Promoting the offender in a sense of responsibility (providing payment or assistance to those the offender has wronged)

62
Q

[Sentencing Purposes]

What is denunciation?

A

Public condemnation of something

Announcing to the public what the offender did/their identity

63
Q

[Sentencing Purposes]

Deferrence in the sense of sentencing is…?

A

Deterrence of both the offender and other persons

Absolute, marginal and general

64
Q

[Sentencing Purposes]

What is incapacitation?

A

To deprive of capacity and natural power; to make legally incapable

65
Q

[Sentencing Purposes]

Rehabilitation is…

A

Assisting the offender’s rehabilitation and reintegration back into the community

SOCI103 (2 decks)

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