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socio > socio final > Flashcards

socio final Flashcards

1
Q

What is SOCIAL STRATIFICATION?

A

a society’s categorization of its people into groups based on factors such as wealth, income, race, education, and gender

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2
Q

The Means of Production

A

the technology, materials and, social relations needed to produce material goods in a society

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3
Q

Examples of Means of Production

A

pizza ovens for pizza shop

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4
Q

The Relations of Production

A

the social relations that support the production of material goods, such as the worker/employer relation and other division of labor and property relations, such as capitalism

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5
Q

Examples of the Relations of Production

A

worker- employer, supplier for pizza ingredients

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6
Q

What is Bourgeoisie?

A

the ruling class who own the means of production

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7
Q

Example of Bourgeoisie

A

people that own the pizza ovens

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8
Q

What is Proletariat?

A

the WORKING CLASS, who lack their own means of production and so must sell their labor to the bourgeoisie

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9
Q

Example of Proletariat

A

sell work to ruling class

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10
Q

The Base

A

consists of the means of production and the relations of production

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11
Q

The Superstructure

A

includes all the elements of society not related directly to production (culture, art, religion, politics, and media)

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12
Q

WEBER’s THREE-COMPONENT THEORY OF STRATIFICATION

A
  • economic situation
  • social standing
  • power
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13
Q

Power

A

The probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position to carry out their own will despite resistance

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13
Q

Example of Power

A

driver has more power than passengers when choosing a place to eat

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14
Q

Economic Situation

A

Refers to one’s position in a stratified hierarchy based on the economic capital one possesses

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15
Q

Example of Economic Situation

A

wealth, income, money

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16
Q

Social Standing

A

Refers to one’s position in society in a stratified hierarchy based largely on the symbolic (as well as social and cultural) capital one possesses

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17
Q

Examples of Social Standing

A

the professor having more social status than the plumber; NBA player having more social status than McDonald’s worker

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18
Q

Socioeconomic Status

A

The combination of a person’s economic and social class, often measured as a combination of education, income, and education

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19
Q

Upper Class

A

Broadly composed of the more affluent (rich) members of society, especially those who have inherited wealth, own businesses, or hold large numbers of stocks. (over 200k)

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20
Q

Middle Class

A

Made up broadly of people working in white-collar and lower managerial occupations. (40k-200k)

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21
Q

upper middle

A

100-200k

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22
Q

lower middle

A

40-100k

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23
Q

Working Class

A

composed of people working in blue-collar, or manual, occupations. (less than 40k)

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24
Q

Lower Class

A

comprised of those who work part-time or not at all and whose household income usually falls (under 20k a year)

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25
Q

Ethnicity

A

a socially defined category of people who identify with each other based on a shared social experience or ancestry (jewish, hispanic, german)

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26
Q

Race

A

a system for classifying people who are believed to share common decent, based on perceived innate physical characteristics of large groups of people (white, black)

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27
Q

Barbarian

A

a person who is perceived to be primitive or uncivilized. (the way they say foreign languages as sounding)

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28
Q

The Thomas Theorm

A

because people believe something is real, and define it as real, then it becomes real in its consqueces

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29
Q

racism

A

prejudice and discrimination against individuals who are members of a particular racial or ethnic group, usually drawing negative stereotypes about the group

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30
Q

prejudice

A

negative believes or attitudes help about entire groups

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31
Q

discrimination

A

behavior that harms, excludes, or disadvantages individuals on the basis of their group membership

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32
Q

implicit bias

A

unconscious attitudes that can influence our actions towards others based on their race, gender, etc

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33
Q

shooter bias

A

form of implicit bias which refers to the tendency that police will shoot black people more than white people

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34
Q

privilege

A

advantages possessed by white person in a society characterized by racial inequality and injustice

35
Q

audit study

A

experiment used to measure bias and discrimination in which resumes, job applicants, etc are matched on all characteristics save the one being studied and then sent into real world situations

36
Q

sex

A

biological (male, female)

37
Q

intersexed

A

male and female genitalia and sex characteristics

38
Q

gender

A

the ways that social forces create differences (men and women)

39
Q

doing gender

A

a psychologically ingrained social construct that actively surfaces in everyday human interaction (dude wipes)

40
Q

accountability

A

system through which individuals are judged in terms of their failure or success to meet gendered societal expectation, continues throughout our lives (if professor wears a dress, someone will hold him accountability)

41
Q

essentialism

A

the view that members of a group share a fundamental, inherited, innate, and fixed quality or characteristic (“smart like dad, pretty like mom”)

42
Q

deceptive distinctions

A

gender differences that arise out of the roles that individuals occupy, rather than from some innate force (cheerleading- girls, football- boys)

43
Q

Ambivalent Sexism

A

suggests that sexism is made up of hostile components which serve to justify the social hierarchy (boys will be boys)

44
Q

hostile sexism

A

sexism in open hatred + negative evolutions of women with the belief that women are naturally inferior to men

45
Q

benevolent sexism

A

attribution of positive traits to women that justify their subordination to men (women + children first before men, holding door open for woman)

46
Q

Socialization

A

the social processes through which people develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self

47
Q

Primary socialization

A

the socialization we experience in the home (mom, dad, siblings)

48
Q

Secondary socialization

A

process through which we learn how to behave in specific groups and social situations (school, work)

49
Q

Social reproduction

A

process through which social positions, social practices, values, and norms are perpetuated from generation to generation (you are more likely to go to college if your parents did)

50
Q

Concerted cultivation

A

a middle-class parenting style that actively fosters and assesses children’s talents, opinions, and skills resulting in an emerging sense of entitlement (see school, police, healthcare as working for them; entitled, piano lessons- middle class)

51
Q

Accomplishment of Natural Growth

A

common among working-class and poor, children are given the freedom to structure their own lives, resulting in constraint (you are on your own- freedom)

52
Q

Family

A

group of individuals related to one another by blood ties, marriage, adoption, who form an economic unit, adults are responsible for upbringing the children

53
Q

Three Possible Functions of Education

A
  • socialization theory
  • allocation theory
  • correspondence principle
54
Q

socialization theory

A

education transmits knowledge, skills, and values that persist in adulthood and that employers believe increase productivity (he wants all his students to get A’s)

55
Q

Allocation theory

A

education channels people into different positions that offer different opportunities for continuing to think, learn, and earn (more variation)

56
Q

Correspondence principle

A

children receive different types of education based on their social standing rather than their inherent abilities (going to college is a privilege)

57
Q

hidden cirriculumn

A

unstated standards of behavior that teachers expect from children within the education system (listening, sitting, 9-5 workday in school)

58
Q

educational tracking

A

the separation of students into persisting academic groups based on perceived ability

59
Q

Addendum to the Hidden Cirriculumn

A

these unstated expectations often reflect the middle-class biases and norms of school professionals

60
Q

Sexual orientation

A

sexual desire toward people of particular gender, or both and is thought to exist across a spectrum

61
Q

The Kinsey Scale

A

research instrument used to describe a person’s sexual orientation

62
Q

Sexuality

A
  • the character or quality of being sexual
  • sexual behavior, desires, and fantisies (things we do/dream abt doing)
63
Q

drive state

A

feeling that motivates us to fulfill goals

64
Q

sexual script theory

A

suggests that sexuality and sexual behaviors are social processes determined by a set of “scripts” used to organize + interpret sexual encounters in which people can predict who does what and when

65
Q

total institution

A

institution in which all aspects of an individuals life are formally controlled (prison, military, mental hospitals)

66
Q

the panoption

A

a circular prison with cells arranged around a central tower; prisoners can be observed at all times

67
Q

panopticism

A

the systematic ordering + controlling of human populations through subtle and unseen forces (putting milk back of store so humans can get more stuff then they need)

68
Q

social control

A

formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity (dress code, no cell phones in school)

69
Q

Two Theories of Punishment

A
  • utilitarianism (deterrence)
  • retributivism (retribution)
70
Q

utilitarianism (deterrence)

A

theory of punishment that relies on threat of harsh punishment to discourage people from committing crimes (FUTURE)

71
Q

Retributivism

A

theory of punishment that emphasizes moral condemnation for crimes already committed (you did it, you serve it)

72
Q

public sociology

A

sociology that seeks to promote a dialogue outside the academy with a variety of public audiences (podcast, youtube video, talk to subject being studied)

73
Q

social movements

A

collective attempts to bring about or resist large-scale change in the social order (protests, civil rights movement, feminism, BLM)

74
Q

4 Types of Social Movements

A
  • Reform Movements
  • Revolutionary Movements
  • Instrumental Movements
  • Expressive Movement
75
Q

Reform Movements

A

bring about limited social change by working within existing system, targeting social structures such as education or medicine and directly targets policy makers (workers to change pay, hours, etc)

76
Q

Revolutionary Movements

A

seek to make fundamental changes to the system itself, tearing down existing social institutions and replacing them with new ones (civil rights “defund” the police, A BIG CHANGE)

77
Q

Instrumental Movements

A

seeks to change the structure of society as a whole and focus on specific observable goals (set specific goals: change law)

78
Q

Expressive Movement

A

attempt to change individuals and their behaviors and ideas (end racism)

79
Q

6 Necessary Conditions for a Social Movement

A
  1. structural conduciveness
  2. perceived structural strain
  3. generalized belief
  4. precipitating factors
  5. mobilization for action
  6. operation of social control
80
Q

structural conduciveness

A

a society must be set up in such a way that a social movement is likely to occur (social media, tik tok, insta, moneymarket)

81
Q

perceived structural strain

A

when a grievance cannot be immediately resolves through official channels, a social movement becomes more likely

82
Q

generalized belief

A

a set of ideas that defines the sources of the structural problems or strains and the solutions necessary to alleviate them

83
Q

precipitating factors

A

most social movements gain prominence after some inciting incident

84
Q

mobilization for action

A

a movement’s ability to organize and mobilize resources towards achieving their ends

85
Q

operation of social control

A

the response of authorities (such as governments) to a social movement (shut down internet, change)

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