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socio final Flashcards

1
Q

Race

A

grouping of humankind on shared physical or social qualities that can vary from one society to another

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2
Q

Ethnicity

A

based on shared culture-the practices, norms, values, and beliefs of a group that might include shared language, religion, and traditions, among other commonalities

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3
Q

Minority

A

(subordinate group) any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment

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4
Q

dominant group

A

(majority) represents the rulers or is in the majority who can access power and privilege in a given society

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5
Q

Functionalism on Race and Ethnicity

A

emphasizes that all the elements of society have functions to enhance order in society
racism can contribute to a functioning society by promoting bonds between in-group members through the ostracism of out-group members

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6
Q

Interactionism on Race and Ethnicity

A

race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity
symbols of race, not race itself, are what lead to racism
Herbert Blumer- racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of dominant group
ex: person bases beliefs on group of people bc of images conveyed in social media

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7
Q

Conflict on race and ethnicity

A

past and current struggles between he white ruling class and racial and ethnic minorities
rising power of Black Amerian after the civil war resulted in draconian Jim Crow laws that limited black political/social power

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8
Q

Intersection on race and ethnicity

A

Feminist sociologist Patricia Hill Collins developed this theory
we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes
multiple layers of disadvantage intersect to create the way we experience race
ex: white woman prejudice differ from asian prejudice

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9
Q

White Privilege

A

benefits people receive by being a white or white passing

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10
Q

Prejudice

A

beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes someone holds about a group of people
ex: not based n personal experience

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11
Q

Discrimination

A

Consists of actions against a group of people
ex: unfair housing prices, “Dont ask, Dont tell”

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12
Q

Stereotypes

A

oversimplified generalizations about groups of people
ex: Latinas are crazy, Navy is gay

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13
Q

Color-avoidance

A

“color-blind racism”; avoidance of racial language by European Americans that racism is no longer an issue. Fails to recognize systemic racism and supports racism while avoiding references to race

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14
Q

Racial Steering

A

the act of real estate agents directing prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race

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15
Q

Systemic Racism

A

“structural or institutional racism”; systems and structures that have procedures or processes that disadvantages racial minority groups
ex: schools that send students of color into underfunded schools

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16
Q

Assimilation

A

describes the process by which a minority individual or group gives up its own identity by taking on the characteristics of the dominant culture

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17
Q

Pluralism

A

the ideal of the United States “salad bowl”; a great mixture of different cultures where each culture retains its own identity and yet adds to the flavor of the whole (societies coexisting)

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18
Q

True Pluralism

A

Mutual respect on the part of all cultures, both dominant and subordinate

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19
Q

Amalgamation

A

a minority group and majority group combine to form a new group
a form of miscegenation achieved through intermarriage between races

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20
Q

Genocide

A

deliberate annihilation of a targeted group
ex: MOST TOXIC INTERGROUP RELATION like the holocaust

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21
Q

Expulsion

A

a subordinate group being forced by a dominant group to leave a certain area o country
ex: Trail of Tears, Japanese Internment Camps

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22
Q

Segregation

A

physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in work place and social functions

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23
Q

De Jure segregation

A

segregation enforced by law

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24
Q

De Facto

A

segregation that occurs without laws but because of other factors

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25
Q

Sex

A

physical or physiological differences between males and females including both primary sex characteristics

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26
Q

Gender

A

behaviors, personal traits, and social positions that society attributes to being female or male

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27
Q

Gender Roles

A

society’s concept of how men and women are expected to look and how they should behave
Boys=aggressive
Girls=Nurturing

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28
Q

Doing Gender

A

when people perform tasks or possess characteristics based on gender

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29
Q

Transgender

A

people’s assigned sex at birth an gender identity are not same
transwomen is male at birth
transgender man is female at birth

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30
Q

Intersex

A

general term used to describe people whose traits, reproductive anatomy, hormones, or chromosomes are different form the usual two ways human bodies develop

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31
Q

Sexuality

A

a persons capacity for sexual feelings and meetings

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32
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex

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33
Q

Sexism

A

prejudice beliefs that value one sex over another

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34
Q

Functionalism on Gender, Sex, and Sexuality

A

Importance of sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion; sexual behavior in marriage is to increase the bond of partners

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35
Q

Conflict on Gender, Sex, and Sexuality

A

views men as dominant group and women as subordinate group
social problems are created when dominant groups exploit/oppress subordinate groups
benefits of heterosexual marriages are not given to homosexual marriages= struggles of social and financial resources will always conflict
ex: women suffrage

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36
Q

Interactionism on gender

A

Gender develops through how people behave with each other

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37
Q

Feminism

A

type of conflict theory that examines inequalities in gender-related issues

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38
Q

Radical Feminism

A

states that family dynamic perpetuates male dominance

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39
Q

Queer Theory

A

interdisciplinary approach to sexuality studies that identifies the Wests rigid splitting of gender into male and female roles and questions the manner in which we have been taught to think above sexual orientation

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40
Q

Baby Boomer

A

the cohort born between 1946-1964 and now reaching their 60s and 70s
this generation doesn’t want to get old
dramatic increase of population over 65

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41
Q

Society Views on Age

A

1 in 6 people will be 65>
healthcare and insurance will increase as population does

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42
Q

Global Issue on Aging

A

aging around the world
life course: birth to death
life entails maturing and change on physical, psych, and social levels

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43
Q

Hospice Care

A

type of healthcare that treats terminally ill patients when cure-oriented treatment doesn’t work

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44
Q

Physician-Assisted suicide

A

voluntary/physician assisted use of lethal medication provided by a medical doctor to end one’s life

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45
Q

Ageism

A

discrimination based on age; reduces elderly people to inferior or limited positions

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46
Q

Elder Abuse

A

when a caretaker intentionally deprives on older person of care or harms the person in their charge

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47
Q

Five categories of elder abuse

A

Physical, sexual, emotional/psych, neglect, and financial

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48
Q

Functionalism on Aging

A

elderly are vital to society through disengagement, activity, and continuity

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49
Q

Disengagement (functionalism)

A

withdrawing from society and social relationships is a natural part of growing old

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50
Q

Activity (Functionalism)

A

activity levels and social involvement are key to this process and key to happiness; the more active the more happy

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51
Q

Continuity (Functionalism)

A

elderly make specific choices to maintain consistency in internal and external structures
this is to maintain social equilibrium and stability

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52
Q

Conflict on Aging

A

elderly struggle to keep share of certain resources through modernization, age stratification, and exchange

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53
Q

Modernization (Conflict)

A

primary cause of the elderly losing power and influence in society are the parallel forces of industrialization and modernization

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54
Q

Age Stratification (Conflict)

A

processes in society ensure that people of different ages differ in their access to society’s power, rewards, and privileges

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55
Q

Exchange (Conflict)

A

increased dependence and must submit to the will of others because we have fewer ways of compelling others to submit to us

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56
Q

Interactionism

A

If people develop a sense of self through their social interactions, their sense of self is dependent on those interactions
changes with old age have no inherent meaning

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57
Q

Subculture of aging theory

A

shared community created by elderly when they are excluded from participating in groups

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58
Q

Selective Optimization with Compensation

A

successful personal development throughout the life course and subsequent mastery of the challenges in life
energy diminishes and we find ways to make up for that loss

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59
Q

Gerotranscendence

A

the older we get the more connected to nature we are

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60
Q

Functionalism on Marriage

A

families are importnt social institutions and that they play a key role in a stabilization theory

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61
Q

Four FUNCTIONS of family

A

sexual, reproductive, educational, economic

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62
Q

Conflict on Marriage

A

families are private entities
role of power in family and contends that the family is often not a haven but rather an arena where power struggles can occur
enforcement of rules from parent to child or more serious issues (abuse)
person with most access to resources holds the most power

63
Q

Interactionism on Marriage

A

view family a group of actors/role players that com together to act out their parts in an effort to construct a family

64
Q

Patterns of Marriage

A

marriage is a legal contract between two people
was traditionally seen as a way to start a family

65
Q

Family

A

socially recognized group that forms an emotional connection and serves as an economic unit of society

66
Q

Family of Orientation

A

family into which a person is born

67
Q

Family of Procreation

A

family formed through marriage

68
Q

Bilateral Descent

A

maternal/paternal kinship

69
Q

Kinship

A

traceable ancestry-blood, marriage or adoption

70
Q

Patrilineal

A

fathers line only
only males carry family surname males get prestige and permanent family membership

71
Q

Matrilineal

A

mothers line only
Crow and Cherokee tribes; children belong to women

72
Q

Patrilocal Residence

A

for wife to live with or near husband family

73
Q

Matrilocal

A

husband lvies with wifes family ornearby

74
Q

Nuclear Family

A

two parent family structure- married parents and children serve as “nuclear” or core of group

75
Q

Single-parent

A

only 1 parent in household

76
Q

Blended families

A

step-parents/siblings in home

77
Q

Cohabitation

A

when a couple shares a residence but not a marriage

78
Q

same-sex couples

A

approximately 594k same-sex couples live together increased in last decade
average income 50-170k and less likely to have children
lesbian couples children have higher self-esteem and less behavioral issues
suicide among HS students decreased with states that legalized same-sex marriage

79
Q

Divorce, children, poverty

A

children of divorce are 40% more likely to divorce
feminization of poverty: women no longer solely depend on male spouse and feel more confident to divorce in miserable marriage

80
Q

Intimate Partner Violence

A

domestic violence in household or family members

81
Q

Religious Rituals

A

behaviors or practices that are either required or expected of the members of a particular group, such as a bar mitzvah or confession of sins

82
Q

Historical View of Religion

A

Emile Durkheim saw religion as sacred
inspired order and that seemed connected to the concept of divine
religion happens when society has a separation between the profane (ordinary life) and the sacred
saw religion as a community to form bonds

83
Q

Functionalism on Religion

A

depends on society for is existence, value, and significance
provides opportunities it creates for social interaction and the formation of groups
promoted social control: reinforces social norms such as appropriate styles of dress, following the law, and regulating sexual behavior

84
Q

Conflict of Religion

A

views religion as an institution that helps maintain patterns of social inequalities
uses power dynamic to keep the poor in place by forcing belief to be grateful for “true reward” after death

85
Q

Interactionism on Religion

A

beliefs and experiences are not sacred unless individuals ina society regard them as sacred

86
Q

Religion and Social Change

A

Max Weber claims that the modernization of society would bring a decrease in the influence of religion

87
Q

Secularization

A

what occurs when religious values are recouped with non-religious values and beliefs
decline in the importance of religion and supernatural or sacred

88
Q

Liberation theology

A

use of a church to promote social change via the political arena
it is now an international movement that encompasses many churches and denominations

89
Q

Global Inequalities in Education

A

universal access- peoples equal ability to participate in an education system
world level- access to education can be more difficult based on class or gender
US- access is supported through federal or state governments covering the cost of free public education

90
Q

Functionalism on Education

A

education contributes to two kinds of functions: latent and manifest

91
Q

Manifest (Functionalism)

A

Primary; intended and visible functions of education
socialization, learning rules, conformity to law and respect for authority

92
Q

Latent (Functionalism)

A

Secondary; hidden and unintended functions
exposure to peer groups, social networks

93
Q

sorting (Functionalism)

A

classifying students based on academic merit or potential

94
Q

Conflict on Education

A

educational system reinforces and perpetuates social inequalities that arise from differences in class, gender, race, and ethnicity
push people to lower status quo into obedience

95
Q

Interactionism on education

A

sees education as labeling theory in action
direct correlation to those in power and those who are labeled
credentialism emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill

96
Q

Social Construct of health

A

medical sociology emphasizes the socio-cultural aspects of the disciplines approach to physical, objectively defined phenomena
cultural meaning of illness, socioconstruct of medical knowledge

97
Q

Stigmatization of illness

A

this has the greatest effect on the patient and the kind of care they receive

98
Q

Medicalization

A

process by which previously normal aspects of life are redefined as deviant
ex: women’s periods are seen as deviant

99
Q

Social Epidimiology

A

study of the causes and distributions of diseases

100
Q

medical sociology

A

the systematic study of howhumans manage issues of health and illness, disease and disorders, and health care for both the sick and the healthy
doctor/patient relationship, the structure and socioeconomic of healthcare, and how the culture impacts attitudes toward disease and wellness

101
Q

High-Income nations on healthcare

A

obesity, cardiovascular problems, MSK problems, diabetes, respiratory issues

102
Q

Low-income nations on healthcare

A

infectious disease, high infant mortality rates, scarce medical personnel, scarce medical personnel, and inadequate water and sewer systems

103
Q

Health by Gender

A

women have experienced higher costs in healthcare and decline in accessibility to see providers
medicalization of women’s issues is seen as institutionalized sexism

104
Q

Health by Race

A

Afr. Americans experience higher incidence of disease that cause mortality, from cancer to heart disease
ethnic minorities have higher rates of CVD, and mortality rates than white people
racial and ethnic minority groups receive poorer quality of care and less access to care than dominant groups

105
Q

Health in Socioeconomic Status

A

racial and ethnic minorities are more than likely to be poor or near poor
education also plays a role by dispersing information of disease/illness

106
Q

Anxiety Disorder

A

most common mental health disorder; OCD, panic disorders, PTSD and social/specific phobias
normal reactions in times of stress
strong feelings of worry and fearfulness that lasts for months at a time

107
Q

Mood disorders

A

10% of adults affected by this
most common cause of illness-related hospitalization

108
Q

Personality Disorders

A

9% of people affected in US
enduring an inflexible pattern of long duration leading o significance distress or impairment NOT due to substances or other medical conditions

109
Q

US Healthcare system

A

public/private HC
2 main public healthcare systems are Medicare, which provides health services to people over 65 and others who qualify for disability and Medicaid which provides services to people with low-income
Private insurance is categorized as employment-based or direct purchase insurance

110
Q

Private Insurance categories

A

Employment-based provides health insurance to employee or/and their family and covered by employer or union
Direct-purchase is coverage that an individual buys directly from a private company

111
Q

Global Healthcare

A

socialized medicine, the government owns and runs healthcare system
US has 1 socialized system (The VA)
Universal healthcare: A system that guarantees healthcare coverage for everyone

112
Q

Functionalism on Healthcare

A

health is vital to society
sick role is the patterns of expectations that define appropriate behavior for the sick and for those who take care of them
exemption to perform tasks while sick requires legitimation by a physician (they must certify illness is genuine)
doctors serve as GATEKEEPERS, deciding who is sick or healthy

113
Q

Conflict on Healthcare

A

capitalism and the pursuit of profit lead to the commodification of health
the changing of something not generally thought of as a commodity into something that can be brought and sold in a marketplace
people with money and power (dominant group) are ones who make decisions about how healthcare systems will run
when health is a commodity, the poor are likely to experience illness caused by poor diets, to live and work in unhealthy environments AND less likely to challenge the system

114
Q

Interactionism on Healthcare

A

health and illness are social construct
medicalization and medicalization contribute to who responds to patient, how to respond to patient, and how people view the personal responsibility of the patient
ex: alcoholism

115
Q

Collective behavior

A

noninstitutionalized activity in which several or many people voluntarily engage
crowds, mass, public

116
Q

Crowds

A

large number of people in close proximity

117
Q

Types of crowds

A

casual, conventional, expressive, acting

118
Q

Casual crowd

A

people who are in same place/time but not interacting

119
Q

conventional crowd

A

coming together for a scheduled event that occurs regularly like a religious service

120
Q

expressive crowds

A

people who join together to express emotion
funerals, weddings, etc.

121
Q

Emergent Norm theory (interactionism)

A

people perceive and respond to crowd situation with their particular (individual) set of norms which may change as crowd experience evolves
ex: looting became norm during hurricane katrina

122
Q

Value-Added theory (functionalism)

A

perspective within functionalism on the idea that several conditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur
structural conduciveness, structural strain, growth and spread of a generalized belief, precipitating factors, mobilization for action, social control

123
Q

Structural conduciveness

A

occurs when people are aware of the problem and have the opportunity to gather ideally in an open area

124
Q

Structural strain

A

peoples expectations about the situation at hand being unmet, causing tension and strain

125
Q

Growth and spread of generalized belief

A

a problem is clearly identified and attributed to a person or group

126
Q

precipitating factors

A

spur collective behavior; the emergence of a dramatic event

127
Q

Mobilization for Action

A

when leaders emerge to direct a crowd into action

128
Q

Social Control

A

action by agents’ the only way to end the collective behavior episode

129
Q

Assembly Perspective

A

another system for understanding collective behavior that credited individuals in crowds as rational beings
refocuses attention from collective behavior to collective action

130
Q

Social Movements

A

purposeful, organized groups that strive to work toward a common social goal
Local, state, global, and NGO

131
Q

Local movements

A

Movements in cities/towns

132
Q

State

A

most impactful would be for a state to secede from country

133
Q

Global

A

takes stand on bigger things like poverty, sex-trafficking, and use of genetically modified organisms in food (GMO)

134
Q

NGO

A

non-governmental organizations are formed to support gloval movements like international FOAM

135
Q

Reform Movement

A

seek change in something specific about the social structure
ex: Mothers against drunk driving

136
Q

Revolutionary Movement

A

seek to completely change every aspect of society
ex: Texas Secede!

137
Q

Religious/Redemptive Movement

A

“meaning seeking” and their goal is to provoke inner change or spiritual growth in individuals

138
Q

Alternative Movement

A

focused on self-improvement and limited, specific changes to individuals beliefs and behaviors

139
Q

Resistance Movements

A

seek to prevent or undo the change to the social structure

140
Q

Preliminary stage of social movement

A

people become aware of an issue and leaders emerge

141
Q

coalescence stage of social movement

A

people join together and organize in order to publicize the issue and raise awareness

142
Q

intitutionalization stage of social movement

A

movement no longer required grassroots volunteerism (established organization with paid staff)

143
Q

Decline stage of social movement

A

movement successfully brings about the change it sought or when issue is no longer serious

144
Q

Resource mobilization

A

A way to explain movement successin terms of the ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals
usually time and money
existing social mvmt sector: multiple social movement industries in a society even if they have widely varying constituents and goals
social movements industry: the collection of the social movement organization that are striving toward similar goals

145
Q

Framework analysis categories

A

diagnostic, prognostic, motivational, frame alignment

146
Q

diagnostic framing

A

states the probem in a clear easily understood way
no gray areas
belief in what “they” do is wrong and how “we” will fix it

147
Q

prognostic framing

A

offers a solution and states how it will be implemented

148
Q

motivational framing

A

the call to action. what to do when DF and PF are in movement

149
Q

frame alignment process

A

when groups join together to maximize their impact - an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to the movement

150
Q

Frame alignment process categories

A

Bridging, amplification, extension, transformation

151
Q

Bridging

A

connects uninvolved and unorganized individuals or ineffective groups with social movements with similar goals

152
Q

Amplification

A

organizations seeking to expand their core ideas to gain wider more universal appeal

153
Q

Extension

A

social movements agreeing to mutually promote each other

154
Q

Transformation

A

complete reversion of goals to remain relevant

socio (1 decks)

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