Socio-cultural issues in Sport Flashcards
What phrase can you use to recall the different social groups and the factors that affect participation?
What does each letter stand for?
Social groups= DR GAF
Factors that affect participation= CARS SAFE FAM
D= Disability
R= Race
G= Gender
A=Age
F=Family/friends
C=Culture/religion
A=Attitudes
R=Role Models
S=Socio economic factors/finance
S=Steroetyping/sexism
A=Accesibility to facilities
F=Family commitments
E=Education
F=Familiarity
A=Adaptability
M=Media coverage
The influence of a family, as a social group, can affect levels of participation.
(i) Explain, using an example, how a family could have a positive influence and help to increase participation. (2)
(ii) Explain, using a different example, how a family could have a negative influence and cause a decrease in participation. (2)
(i) * a family member such as a parent could help with transport / this would enable you to get to sporting events, training etc.
- a family member could provide financial help / this would enable you to pay for equipment, training etc
(ii) * a family member such as a parent could be reluctant to provide PE kit or equipment / this would make it difficult for a child to participate
- a family member may have had a poor experience in PE when they were at school / this might lead to them discouraging them from participating fully
Name two social groups and explain how they may influence a young person’s decision to participate in physical activity. (4 marks)
*Remember the mark scheme is for teachers, not students, So always follow the process for each command word!
AO1 (Sub-max 2 marks)
- Age (1)
- Family (1)
- Gender (1)
- Race (1)
- Disability (1)
AO2 (Sub-max 2 marks)
- (Age) Can reduce the likelihood of someone being physically active due to a lack of sporting opportunities.
- (Family) − Will encourage participation due to the support they offer either financially in the form of equipment, coaching or by providing transport or moral support (1)
- (Family) − May also be role models in that children follow other family members into the sports that they do (1)
- (Gender) − Some activities are stereotypically male or female (or equivalent ‘girls play netball’) (1)
- (Race) − Due to cultural or religious beliefs, some people are stereotypically drawn towards certain activities (1)
- (Disability)- Due to someone’s disability they may not be able to access certain sports such as Skiing
(a) What is meant by a ‘role model’?
(2 marks)
(b) Explain how a role model could have had an effect on a gymnast’s level of
participation or performance.
(2 marks)
A role model is somebody who other people aspire to, or are motivated or inspired to be like (1)
Who they look up to or idolise (1)
Who sets an example for others to follow (1)
Participation
* By watching the role model perform the gymnast is more motivated or inspired (1) * To train more or compete in more competition (1) * May take up the sport (1) * Role model’s success may have encouraged the gymnast to train harder (1)
Performance * To achieve a similar standard (1) * Because they enjoyed watching their performance may have copied their technique (1)
Accept any other suitable response
Analyse the factors that might influence the participation rates of the under-represented ethnic groups shown in the table above. [4 marks]
DR GAF CARS SAFE FAM
From the data, it is evident that the white British group has a higher participation rate compared to the ethnic minority groups (1)
Ethnic minority groups may lack role models / confidence and self-esteem, which leaves a lack of inspiration for ethnic minority groups to get involved in a sport (1)
Ethnic minority groups may have conflict with culture / religion which prevents them becoming involved in sport (1)
Some ethnic minority groups may still be concerned about racism / discrimination, making them more likely to not play sport (1)
Some ethnic minority groups still stereotype participation in particular sports, which may put some individuals off from participating (1)
There may still be language barriers that are preventing participation and access for ethnic minority groups, which may hinder confidence / access to join a club (1)
Accept any other appropriate analysis of the factors that might influence the participation rates of ethnic minority groups.
Jane has become increasingly inactive since she left school and started work in an office. She has recently been to see her doctor for a health check and she was classified as being obese.
Identify factors that could have caused Jane to become inactive and obese.
Justify your choices.
(Total 9 marks)
AO1 – Knowledge of factors, e.g.
- Negative attitudes * Education * Lack of role models * Accessibility to facilities / clubs / activities *Lack of media coverage *Sexism / stereotyping *Family / friends / peers * Familiarity * Available leisure time * Diet * Socio-economic factors / disposable income * Diet * Energy use * Personality type * Sedentary lifestyle.
AO2 – Application to Jane e.g.
- She may have developed a negative attitude due to bad experiences in physical activity / sport
- She may have not enjoyed the physical education / school sport opportunities provided at her school
- She may not be able to access the sports / physical activity she is interested in
- She may not be inspired by role models in the sports she could take part in
- She may not be motivated due to a lack of media coverage of female performers
- She may be suffering from sexist comments or worried about stereotyping
- Her family / friends / peers may not be interested or participate in physical activity / sport
- She may not be familiar with the physical activity / sports opportunities available to her
- She may have less leisure time available to her since starting work
- She may not be able to afford the cost of taking part in physical activity / sport
- She may not be eating a balanced diet
- Her energy use may be considerably lower than her energy intake
- She may be an introvert so doesn’t enjoy taking part in sport / physical activity where she has to mix with other people
- Her sedentary lifestyle is causing her to put on weight.
AO3 – Justification of choices, e.g.
* (Attitudes) Perhaps Jane’s friends also have a negative attitude and she is merely copying them
* (Attitudes) The attitude of the PE teachers towards Jane when she was at school may have been negative within lessons which has caused her to feel negative about taking part
* (Education) The curriculum and choice of PE opportunities available when Jane was at school may not have been ones she liked participating in eg games rather than aesthetic activities
* (Education) The facilities available when Jane was at school may have been poor and did not inspire her to be physically active
* (Role models) Jane may be completely unaware of female role models that exist in the sports being covered and therefore does not feel inspired by them
* (Role models) There simply is a lack of female role models who receive appropriate coverage to inspire girls like Jane
* (Accessibility) Jane may not have access to facilities or activities in her locality that she developed an interest in at school
* (Media coverage) It is a fact that men’s sport receives more coverage than women’s so Jane is not exposed to or inspired by women’s elite sport
* (Sexism) Jane may well have heard sexist viewpoints expressed by others about females taking part / getting sweaty / muddy
* (Stereotyping) Jane may well have been influenced by media stereotyping of ‘what women should look like’
* (Family) As Jane’s family are non-sporty they will not support or encourage her to take part in physical activity or sport
* (Familiarity) Jane’s school did not offer her the same activities as she now has access to and she is not familiar with them, therefore anxious
* (Available leisure time) As Jane is now working she has less time to take part in physical due to work commitments
* (Available leisure time) As Jane is working in an office for a living it limits the opportunities she has to be physically active throughout the day
* (Socio-economic reasons) As Jane is now an adult with a job, her income may not be enough to cover the cost of taking part in sport / physical activity or the equipment / clothing that she may need
* (Balanced diet) Jane’s diet could have too many fats / sugars in it which is causing her to put weight on
* (Energy use / sedentary lifestyle) Jane could be putting on weight as her energy intake is far greater than her energy use. This could be because of an unbalanced diet, lack of exercise or a combination of both
* (Personality type) Jane’s potential introvert nature may mean that she avoids mixing with others so going to participate in physical activity does not interest her.
The graph shows the percentage of adults in 2012 who met the expected physical activity rates set by the Government. 68% of women between the ages of 16 and 24 years achieved the expected physical activity rate.
Suggest three factors that may be preventing other women from meeting the expected physical activity rate. [3 marks]
- Attitudes formed due to poor experiences in female lessons (1)
- Lack of female role models (1)
- Accessibility (to facilities / clubs / activities / clubs) less for girls (1)
- Media coverage tends to focus on male dominated sports (1)
- Sexism / stereotyping / expectations (1)
- Culture / religion / religious festivals means women have to remain covered (1)
- Family commitments / stereotypical female role (1)
- Less familiar with some activities / lack of exposure to certain activities for girls (1)
- Uninspiring PE lessons for girls (1)
Accept any other suitable suggestion of a barrier that may be preventing women from meeting the suggested physical activity rate. Answers must relate to physical activity rates of women.
Using the above graph, analyse the reasons for the participation levels amongst the different age groups. [6 marks]
AO1 – Knowledge of factors affecting participation eg
* Attitudes
* Role models
* Media coverage/commercialisation
* Family commitments
* Available leisure time
* Socio-economic factors/disposable income
* Adaptability/inclusiveness
* Health and well-being
AO2 – Application of factors affecting participation eg
* Attitudes – society believes that certain sports should be played by certain groups of people
* Role models – motivate people to take part in sport as they want to replicate their performance
* Media coverage/commercialisation – highlight certain sports and activities while neglecting others
* Family commitments – such as childcare or children’s activities become a priority when adults start a family
* Available leisure time – is affected by working hours or shift patterns which vary due to occupation
* Socio-economic factors/disposable income – will have a major impact on what physical activities an individual can afford to take part in
* Adaptability/inclusiveness – of activities may be limited which limits accessibility
* Health and well-being – can deteriorate which prevents participation
AO3 – Analysis of factors affecting participation in different age groups eg
* (Attitudes) There is a view that certain sports and physical activities are for younger people and that as you get older you cannot cope with these. This may result in people, as they get older, thinking that they are too old to take part in certain sports and physical activities causing lower participation levels
* (Role models) Most role models tend to be current sportspeople and are therefore younger. As people get older there are fewer role models from their age groups, so people see sport and physical activity as only for the younger generations and do not take part
* (Media coverage/commercialisation) This focuses on high level sportspeople who are younger. A lack of promotion of physical activity and sport for older people can result in less motivation to take part
* (Family commitments) As people get older and start having families, they have less time to participate themselves. Their children’s/grandchildren’s activities start to take priority, so they spend their time transporting them rather than participating themselves
* (Available leisure time) When people start to work, the amount of leisure time they have available starts to decrease. Work patterns such as shifts may mean that places to participate in sport are not often available when they have their free time
* (Socio-economic factors/disposable income) As people get older quite often financial commitments increase due to house and living costs. They can also increase due to family costs related to their children. This means they have less money available to spend on physical activity and sport and therefore do not participate
* (Adaptability/inclusiveness) Activities and sports that are being provided are usually the full version. Few adaptations are being made to encourage older, less mobile people to take part or access activities. This results in lower participation levels as people get older
* (Health and well-being) As people become older their bodies are unable to cope with the same levels of physical activity as they have lower levels of fitness and strength. This leads to aches/pains after participation. As a result of this people may decide they are too old to take part and choose to stop
Credit other suitable responses relevant to the question.
Firstly Define the golden traingle and Explain the relevance of the Golden triangle [4 marks
Definition
The interlinking relationship between Sport, Media and Sponsorship [1 mark]
Explanation
- A sport is sold to businesses as a means of advertising the business’s product
- The business sponsors the sport to obtain advertising space and publicise its product
- The sport is shown in the media, which promotes the product
- The sport’s spectators see the advertising and buy the business’s product
Outline three negative impacts of commercialisation in sport on spectators. [3 marks]
- The timing of an event can be changed to suit worldwide audiences (Monday evening) which can make it difficult for spectators to attend (1)
- It is expensive to watch on TV as most sport is now shown via subscription or pay to view services (1)
- Tickets have become expensive due to the increased popularity of a sport (1)
- Merchandise has become expensive due to the increased popularity of a sport (1)
- As popularity of a sport rises it has become more difficult to obtain tickets (1)
- At live events sponsors can limit choice of food and drink which can also be very expensive (1)
It is expensive to watch on TV as most sport is now shown via subscription or pay to view services.
Accept any other suitable negative impact of commercialisation in sport on spectators.
[3]
Outline three positive impacts of commercialisation of sport in sport on spectators [3 marks]
- Sport is more accesible as the majroity of games/highlights are available via television or the internet
- The increase in competiton between broadcasters has caused a higher level of access to elite athletes training habits and lifestyle, Via the media
- Commentators/pundits can educate those watching at home about the sport
- The money generated from commericalisation has increased the quality of viewing. E.g instant replays and highlights
- The increase in money within the game has improved stadiums which has made watching sport live more accesible.
*feel free to use your own points!
Evaluate the role of the media in the relationship between sport, sponsorship and the media [2 marks]
Evaluation of the media
- The media attracts businesses / sponsors who want to promote their merchandise (1)
- Because the sport / spectators are interested in the media to watch the sport (1)
- Media can rely on subscription payments from the spectators (1)
- Sport spectators may buy merchandise via media / advertising (1)
Explain two positive effects of commercialisation for Sport performers
- Free facilities could be provided which allows more training time to increase performance.
- New, technologically advanced kit and equipment could be provided which increases fitness and skills
- Better clothing and Footwear can improve fitness levels, as the athlete will be able to train/compete more frequently than their opponents, which will increase performance.
- Direct payment can allow for better coaching/nutrition
- Being in the media can turn athletes into roles models
- Sponsorship can allow for athletes to access a wider range of tournaments as they can afford transport and entry fees.
- Raises the profile of the sports performer which increases their marketability
- Sports performers who are extroverts may thrive with the added media exposure.
- It reports on exceptional performance, which can raise the confidence or motivation of a performer
- Can allow athlete’s to analyse their own and their opponents use of tactics
Feel free to use your own answers!
State three different types of sponsorship a sportsperson may receive. [3 marks]
- Financial (1)
- Clothing/footwear (1)
- Equipment (1)
- Facilities (1)
- Transport (1)
- Entry to tournaments (1)
Accept any other suitable response. Maximum 3 marks
Outline two negative impacts of commercialisation in sport on sport performers [2 marks]
. Sponsors product may not be suitable (unhealthy) which may affect the sports performer’s reputation
2. The contract between the sponsors and the performer may demand that the performer has to submit to various commitments
3. A strong media following and Sponsorship may increase the pressure on athletes to perform, which could demotivate introverted characters.
4. Being in the public eye can lead to issues with mental health as athletes may be worried about how they may be percieved.
5. Some athletes may become more interested in fame rather than training.
6. Whilst good play can be highlighted and showcased it can also mean that the mistakes a performer makes become very public.
7. Inappropriate sporting etiquette or bad sportsmanship could be highlighted, which could give the performer a bad name.
Feel free to use your own points!
Discuss the effect commercialisation has had on a sport of your choice [4 marks]
Advanatages
- There is an increase in interest in sports that attract media attention, increasing participation at all levels.
- More money is available at grass roots levels as a consequence of the excessive finances at the pinncale of FOOTBALL.
- The more moeny available from the Media and Sponsorship has increased the funding available for Sports Science. This has led to improvements in kit and technology.
- Prize money has increased due to the increased media attention
- More role models can act as ambassadors for good causes
Disadvantages
- Minority sports get less coverage as people are more interested in mainstream sport. For example Skiing.
- Sponsors can advertise products that are unhealthy, e.g Alcohol
- The timing of an event can be changed to suit worldwide audiences (Monday evening) which can make it difficult for spectators to attend
State two types of sponsorship that would be beneficial to a football club which has just formed [2 marks]
- Specialised training equipment such as Footballs,Bibs and Cones
- Team kit
- Training facilities could be provided, for example an Astroturf
- Elite coaches, physiotherapists and nutritionists could be hired
- Direct payment which the club could use to fund the day to day running costs
- Tranpsort to get to and from games
- Entry fees into tournmaets could be paid to allow for a wider range of competitons to be accessed
Many companies sponsor elite performers.
Describe the advantages that a local company might gain from sponsoring an elite athlete
[2 marks]
- Increased revenue or sales
- Increased profile by association with the player
- Advertising of the company
- Tax benefits
- Develop a good relationship with the lcoal community
A Sports person who receives Sponsorship will see an improvement in their performance
Discuss this statement [5 marks]
Believe the statement is true (sub-max 3 marks)
* They will have more money available so they will be able to train more often as they do not have to work which could improve their skill levels (1)
* More money for better coaching and training programmes could improve their skill/fitness levels (1)
* Access to advanced equipment/kit through sponsorship could mean that performance is enhanced (1)
* By gaining sponsorship they could take part in more competitions which will improve tactics and competition strategies (1)
Believe the statement is false (sub-max 3 marks)
* The sponsorship could cause pressure to perform so more errors are made (1)
* Training could be disrupted due to sponsors’ demands to attend promotional activities (1)
* The sponsorship could cause scrutiny of their private lives which leads to them becoming stressed and underperforming (1)
* More competitions could lead to overtraining which leads to injury and the inability to perform (1)
Accept any other suitable discursive point.
Maximum 5 marks
