Socio-cultural Influences Flashcards
What phrase can you use to recall the different social groups and the factors that affect participation?
What does each letter stand for?
Social groups= DR GAF
Factors that affect participation= CARS SAFE FAM
D= Disability
R= Race
G= Gender
A=Age
F=Family/friends
C=Culture/religion
A=Attitudes
R=Role Models
S=Socio economic factors/finance
S=Steroetyping/sexism
A=Accesibility to facilities
F=Family commitments
E=Education
F=Familiarity
A=Adaptability
M=Media coverage
The influence of a family, as a social group, can affect levels of participation.
(i) Explain, using an example, how a family could have a positive influence and help to increase participation. (2)
(ii) Explain, using a different example, how a family could have a negative influence and cause a decrease in participation. (2)
A
(i) * a family member such as a parent could help with transport / this would enable you to get to sporting events, training etc.
a family member could provide financial help / this would enable you to pay for equipment, training etc
(ii) * a family member such as a parent could be reluctant to provide PE kit or equipment / this would make it difficult for a child to participate
a family member may have had a poor experience in PE when they were at school / this might lead to them discouraging them from participating fully
Name two social groups and explain how they may influence a young person’s decision to participate in physical activity. (4 marks)
AO1 (Sub-max 2 marks)
Age (1)
Family (1)
Gender (1)
Race (1)
Disability (1)
AO2 (Sub-max 2 marks)
(Age) Can reduce the likelihood of someone being physically active due to a lack of sporting opportunities.
(Family) − Will encourage participation due to the support they offer either financially in the form of equipment, coaching or by providing transport or moral support (1)
(Family) − May also be role models in that children follow other family members into the sports that they do (1)
(Gender) − Some activities are stereotypically male or female (or equivalent ‘girls play netball’) (1)
(Race) − Due to cultural or religious beliefs, some people are stereotypically drawn towards certain activities (1)
(Disability)- Due to someone’s disability they may not be able to access certain sports such as Skiing
(a) What is meant by a ‘role model’?
(2 marks)
(b) Explain how a role model could have had an effect on a gymnast’s level of
participation or performance.
(2 marks)
A role model is somebody who other people aspire to, or are motivated or inspired to be like (1)
Who they look up to or idolise (1)
Who sets an example for others to follow (1)
Participation
* By watching the role model perform the gymnast is more motivated or inspired (1) * To train more or compete in more competition (1) * May take up the sport (1) * Role model’s success may have encouraged the gymnast to train harder (1)
Performance * To achieve a similar standard (1) * Because they enjoyed watching their performance may have copied their technique (1)
Accept any other suitable response
Jane has become increasingly inactive since she left school and started work in an office. She has recently been to see her doctor for a health check and she was classified as being obese.
Identify factors that could have caused Jane to become inactive and obese.
Justify your choices.
(Total 9 marks)
AO1 – Knowledge of factors, e.g.
Negative attitudes * Education * Lack of role models * Accessibility to facilities / clubs / activities *Lack of media coverage *Sexism / stereotyping *Family / friends / peers * Familiarity * Available leisure time * Diet * Socio-economic factors / disposable income * Diet * Energy use * Personality type * Sedentary lifestyle.
AO2 – Application to Jane e.g.
She may have developed a negative attitude due to bad experiences in physical activity / sport
She may have not enjoyed the physical education / school sport opportunities provided at her school
She may not be able to access the sports / physical activity she is interested in
She may not be inspired by role models in the sports she could take part in
She may not be motivated due to a lack of media coverage of female performers
She may be suffering from sexist comments or worried about stereotyping
Her family / friends / peers may not be interested or participate in physical activity / sport
She may not be familiar with the physical activity / sports opportunities available to her
She may have less leisure time available to her since starting work
She may not be able to afford the cost of taking part in physical activity / sport
She may not be eating a balanced diet
Her energy use may be considerably lower than her energy intake
She may be an introvert so doesn’t enjoy taking part in sport / physical activity where she has to mix with other people
Her sedentary lifestyle is causing her to put on weight.
AO3 – Justification of choices, e.g.
* (Attitudes) Perhaps Jane’s friends also have a negative attitude and she is merely copying them
* (Attitudes) The attitude of the PE teachers towards Jane when she was at school may have been negative within lessons which has caused her to feel negative about taking part
* (Education) The curriculum and choice of PE opportunities available when Jane was at school may not have been ones she liked participating in eg games rather than aesthetic activities
* (Education) The facilities available when Jane was at school may have been poor and did not inspire her to be physically active
* (Role models) Jane may be completely unaware of female role models that exist in the sports being covered and therefore does not feel inspired by them
* (Role models) There simply is a lack of female role models who receive appropriate coverage to inspire girls like Jane
* (Accessibility) Jane may not have access to facilities or activities in her locality that she developed an interest in at school
* (Media coverage) It is a fact that men’s sport receives more coverage than women’s so Jane is not exposed to or inspired by women’s elite sport
* (Sexism) Jane may well have heard sexist viewpoints expressed by others about females taking part / getting sweaty / muddy
* (Stereotyping) Jane may well have been influenced by media stereotyping of ‘what women should look like’
* (Family) As Jane’s family are non-sporty they will not support or encourage her to take part in physical activity or sport
* (Familiarity) Jane’s school did not offer her the same activities as she now has access to and she is not familiar with them, therefore anxious
* (Available leisure time) As Jane is now working she has less time to take part in physical due to work commitments
* (Available leisure time) As Jane is working in an office for a living it limits the opportunities she has to be physically active throughout the day
* (Socio-economic reasons) As Jane is now an adult with a job, her income may not be enough to cover the cost of taking part in sport / physical activity or the equipment / clothing that she may need
* (Balanced diet) Jane’s diet could have too many fats / sugars in it which is causing her to put weight on
* (Energy use / sedentary lifestyle) Jane could be putting on weight as her energy intake is far greater than her energy use. This could be because of an unbalanced diet, lack of exercise or a combination of both
* (Personality type) Jane’s potential introvert nature may mean that she avoids mixing with others so going to participate in physical activity does not interest her.
People are individuals with different needs.
Explain how culture may affect an individual’s participation in physical activity. (2 marks)
[AO1 = 2]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks
Kit
* Some religions do not allow women to wear certain items of sports kit (1)
* This may prevent participation in certain physical activities e.g. swimming (1)
Role
* Some countries see a woman’s role as in the home (1)
* This may limit their leisure time (1)
Traditions
* The traditions of a particular country or region or religion (1)
* May increase participation in physical activity or sport e.g. cricket in India or curling in Scotland (1)
Accept any other suitable response.
Role models can greatly influence the levels of both performance and participation.
(i) Explain, using an example, how a role model could help to improve the level of performance in a sport or activity.
(3)
(ii) Explain, using an example, how a role model could help to improve the level of participation in a sport or activity.
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
(i) Award up to three marks for a correct response. Award one mark for the
example of the role model improving performance and up to two more
marks for the explained example.
Examples include:
* a top level rugby player such as Jonny Wilkinson / can demonstrate
good skills within a game / these can be observed or even recorded/
and a performer can copy them
Accept the above plus any other suitable examples.
3
(ii) Award up to three marks for a correct response. Award one mark for the
example of the role model improving participation and up to two more
marks for the explained example.
Examples include: * a top level soccer player such as Wayne Rooney / can be playing a game at a top level / the rewards in terms of financial gain etc./ would encourage other people to take part as well
Accept the above plus any other suitable examples.
The graph below shows the participation levels in physical activity of different age groups in England.
Using the above graph, analyse the reasons for the participation levels amongst the different age groups.
Possible content may include:
AO1 – Knowledge of factors affecting participation eg
* Attitudes
* Role models
* Media coverage/commercialisation
* Family commitments
* Available leisure time
* Socio-economic factors/disposable income
* Adaptability/inclusiveness
* Health and well-being
AO2 – Application of factors affecting participation eg
*Attitudes – society believes that certain sports should be played by certain groups of people
*Role models – motivate people to take part in sport as they want to replicate their performance
*Media coverage/commercialisation – highlight certain sports and activities while neglecting others
*Family commitments – such as childcare or children’s activities become a priority when adults start a family
*Available leisure time – is affected by working hours or shift patterns which vary due to occupation
*Socio-economic factors/disposable income – will have a major impact on what physical activities an individual can afford to take part in
*Adaptability/inclusiveness – of activities may be limited which limits accessibility
* Health and well-being – can deteriorate which prevents participation
AO3 – Analysis of factors affecting participation in different age groups eg
*(Attitudes) There is a view that certain sports and physical activities are for younger people and that as you get older you cannot cope with these. This may result in people, as they get older, thinking that they are too old to take part in certain sports and physical activities causing lower participation levels
*(Role models) Most role models tend to be current sportspeople and are therefore younger. As people get older there are fewer role models from their age groups, so people see sport and physical activity as only for the younger generations and do not take part
*(Media coverage/commercialisation) This focuses on high level sportspeople who are younger. A lack of promotion of physical activity and sport for older people can result in less motivation to take part
*(Family commitments) As people get older and start having families, they have less time to participate themselves. Their children’s/grandchildren’s activities start to take priority, so they spend their time transporting them rather than participating themselves
*(Available leisure time) When people start to work, the amount of leisure time they have available starts to decrease. Work patterns such as shifts may mean that places to participate in sport are not often available when they have their free time
*(Socio-economic factors/disposable income) As people get older quite often financial commitments increase due to house and living costs. They can also increase due to family costs related to their children. This means they have less money available to spend on physical activity and sport and therefore do not participate
*(Adaptability/inclusiveness) Activities and sports that are being provided are usually the full version. Few adaptations are being made to encourage older, less mobile people to take part or access activities. This results in lower participation levels as people get older
*(Health and well-being) As people become older their bodies are unable to cope with the same levels of physical activity as they have lower levels of fitness and strength. This leads to aches/pains after participation. As a result of this people may decide they are too old to take part and choose to stop
Credit other suitable responses relevant to the question.
The graph shows the percentage of adults in 2012 who met the expected physical activity rates set by the Government.
68% of women between the ages of 16 and 24 years achieved the expected physical activity rate.
Suggest three factors that may be preventing other women from meeting the expected physical activity rate.
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of three marks.
*Attitudes formed due to poor experiences in female lessons (1)
*Lack of female role models (1)
*Accessibility (to facilities / clubs / activities / clubs) less for girls (1)
*Media coverage tends to focus on male dominated sports (1)
*Sexism / stereotyping / expectations (1)
*Culture / religion / religious festivals means women have to remain covered (1)
* Family commitments / stereotypical female role (1)
-Less familiar with some activities / lack of exposure to certain activities for girls (1)
*Uninspiring PE lessons for girls (1)
Accept any other suitable suggestion of a barrier that may be preventing women from meeting the suggested physical activity rate. Answers must relate to physical activity rates of women.
Max 3 marks
[3]
Describe how an individual’s gender and age may affect their engagement in physical activity and sport.
Gender
Age
(Total 4 marks)
[AO1 = 4]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of four marks.
Gender (sub-max 2 marks)
*Stereotypical views that sport is for males/not feminine may mean that a female may participate less or in certain activities OR that certain sports are for females (gymnastics, netball) which limits the participation by males (1)
*Stereotypical views that a woman’s role is to be the mother and carer could mean they have less time to participate (1)
*Fewer opportunities in sports for women to participate compared to men (1)
* Lower levels of media coverage of female sports compared to male sports (1)
* Fewer role models for females may mean that fewer young girls take up sports as they have no one to inspire them to take part (1)
Age (sub-max 2 marks)
* School age children may have greater levels of participation in physical activity and sport as this is provided by opportunities in schools (1)
*As young people start to leave education, their levels of participation may drop due to work commitments (1)
*As people start families, participation tends to drop as they have family commitments which limits the time they have available (1)
*As people get older, injury and illness may prevent them from participating (1)
*As people retire, they tend to take part in more physical activity as they have more available leisure time (1)
NB Accept responses which could be the converse of above.
Accept any other suitable response.
Max 4 marks
The attitudes of family members are the most important factor affecting a child’s engagement in physical activity and sport.
Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement.
AO1 – Knowledge of factors affecting participation eg
* Family
* Peers/Friends
* Role models
* Accessibility (to facilities/clubs/activities)
* Media coverage
* Sexism/stereotyping/gender
* Culture/religion
* Education
* Socio-economic factors
* Health and wellbeing
* Somatotype
* Personality type
AO2 – Application of factors affecting participation eg
*Family – will encourage their children to participate in the same sports they do or like.
*Peers/Friends – will encourage people to play the sport that they do or like.
*Role models – motivate people to take part in certain sports as they want to replicate their performance.
*Accessibility to facilities/clubs/activities – will mean that certain sports will be played in that locality.
*Media coverage – highlight certain sports and activities while neglecting others.
*Sexism/stereotyping/gender – can suggest that some sports are just for males or females.
*Culture – of a country or area may have sports which are associated with it.
*Education – that an individual receives may promote sports that teachers like.
*Socio-economic factors – will have major impact on what physical activities an individual can afford to take part in.
- Health and wellbeing – could mean that certain sports are not accessible due to poor health.
*Somatotype (body shape) – will mean that certain sports are more suited to different individuals.
*Personality type – will affect whether an individual may take part in individual or team sports.
AO3 – Discussion of factors affecting participation eg
*(Family) Parents will introduce their children to sports that they play at an early age and encourage them to participate in these. They will take them to practices and matches so they become better and enjoy these sports.
*(Family) Often children want to follow in their parent’s or brother and sister’s footsteps. If they see them playing a sport, they choose to play this as well.
*(Family) If parents don’t like a sport then they may not agree to take their children. This means that they are unable to participate in sports they want to but just ones their parents approve of.
*(Peers/Friends) The friendship group of the children may have different sporting interests than those of their parents. To fit in with their friends and to socialise they choose to participate in their sports rather than the ones their parents play.
*(Role models) Role models may be developed in sports other than those liked by other family members. Therefore this may inspire them to take up those sports instead.
- (Accessibility to facilities/clubs/activities) Parents may have an interest in a certain sport such as athletics. However, in the area that they live there may not be a track/club for their children to attend. The likelihood is that they will take up a sport where there are clubs/facilities.
*(Media coverage) The sport that parents may enjoy might not be televised very often. Therefore, children see other sports and become interested in playing these.
*(Sexism/stereotyping/gender) Some people believe that sports like rugby is for boys and netball is for girls. Therefore, a parent could be really interested in rugby, but their daughter will not play this as others have led her to believe it is for boys.
*(Culture) While parents may play or like a certain sport it may not be popular in the area or country, they live in. For example, they could be interested in hockey but live in North-East England where football is seen as the main sport to play. As a result, their children could play football instead to fit in.
*(Education) Sports that parents are interested in may not be played at the school that the children attend. This could be because of the school’s history or the interests of the teachers. Therefore, children choose to play sports they are introduced to at school rather than ones that their parents want them to.
- (Socio-economic factors) Parents may have an interest in an expensive sport such as skiing. However, children may not be able to participate in this as it is too expensive for all the family.
*(Health and wellbeing) Parents may enjoy a sport such as rugby which is very physical and has a lot of body contact. A child could have a physical problem such as weak bones which stops them from participating in this sport.
*Somatotype) The parents may have an ectomorph body type which means they have participated in long distance running as this is suited to that body type. However, their child may be an endomorph body shape so is not suited long distance running and therefore chooses to participate in another activity.
*(Personality type) Parents may be extroverts and as such enjoy playing team sports. Their children may be introverts which means they may prefer to participate in individual sports where they do not have to mix with others.
Credit other suitable responses relevant to the question.
Max 9 marks
Jane has become increasingly inactive since she left school and started work in an office. She has recently been to see her doctor for a health check and she was classified as being obese.
Identify factors that could have caused Jane to become inactive and obese.
Justify your choices.
(9 marks)
AO1 – Knowledge of factors, e.g.
* Negative attitudes
* Education
* Lack of role models
* Accessibility to facilities / clubs / activities
* Lack of media coverage
* Sexism / stereotyping
* Family / friends / peers
* Familiarity
* Available leisure time
* Socio-economic factors / disposable income
* Diet
* Energy use
* Personality type
* Sedentary lifestyle.
AO2 – Application to Jane e.g.
* She may have developed a negative attitude due to bad experiences in physical activity / sport
* She may have not enjoyed the physical education / school sport opportunities provided at her school
* She may not be able to access the sports / physical activity she is interested in
* She may not be inspired by role models in the sports she could take part in
* She may not be motivated due to a lack of media coverage of female performers
* She may be suffering from sexist comments or worried about stereotyping
* Her family / friends / peers may not be interested or participate in physical activity / sport
* She may not be familiar with the physical activity / sports opportunities available to her
* She may have less leisure time available to her since starting work
* She may not be able to afford the cost of taking part in physical activity / sport
* She may not be eating a balanced diet
* Her energy use may be considerably lower than her energy intake
* She may be an introvert so doesn’t enjoy taking part in sport / physical activity where she has to mix with other people
* Her sedentary lifestyle is causing her to put on weight.
AO3 – Justification of choices, e.g.
* (Attitudes) Perhaps Jane’s friends also have a negative attitude and she is merely copying them
* (Attitudes) The attitude of the PE teachers towards Jane when she was at school may have been negative within lessons which has caused her to feel negative about taking part
* (Education) The curriculum and choice of PE opportunities available when Jane was at school may not have been ones she liked participating in eg games rather than aesthetic activities
* (Education) The facilities available when Jane was at school may have been poor and did not inspire her to be physically active
* (Role models) Jane may be completely unaware of female role models that exist in the sports being covered and therefore does not feel inspired by them
* (Role models) There simply is a lack of female role models who receive appropriate coverage to inspire girls like Jane
* (Accessibility) Jane may not have access to facilities or activities in her locality that she developed an interest in at school
* (Media coverage) It is a fact that men’s sport receives more coverage than women’s so Jane is not exposed to or inspired by women’s elite sport
* (Sexism) Jane may well have heard sexist viewpoints expressed by others about females taking part / getting sweaty / muddy
* (Stereotyping) Jane may well have been influenced by media stereotyping of ‘what women should look like’
* (Family) As Jane’s family are non-sporty they will not support or encourage her to take part in physical activity or sport
* (Familiarity) Jane’s school did not offer her the same activities as she now has access to and she is not familiar with them, therefore anxious
* (Available leisure time) As Jane is now working she has less time to take part in physical due to work commitments
* (Available leisure time) As Jane is working in an office for a living it limits the opportunities she has to be physically active throughout the day
* (Socio-economic reasons) As Jane is now an adult with a job, her income may not be enough to cover the cost of taking part in sport / physical activity or the equipment / clothing that she may need
* (Balanced diet) Jane’s diet could have too many fats / sugars in it which is causing her to put weight on
* (Energy use / sedentary lifestyle) Jane could be putting on weight as her energy intake is far greater than her energy use. This could be because of an unbalanced diet, lack of exercise or a combination of both
* (Personality type) Jane’s potential introvert nature may mean that she avoids mixing with others so going to participate in physical activity does not interest her.
What is commercialisation?
Is to manage or exploit an organisation or activity in a way designed to make a profit.
What is the golden triangle?
The media, sport and sponsorship
Sponsorship is very common in sport.
Paying for transport costs is one example in which sponsorship can help a sports performer. Give three other different examples.
(Total 3 marks)
Award one mark for each correctly identified way in which sponsorship
can help a sports performer.
- Through direct cash payments
- Paying for entry fees
- Providing equipment, apparatus
- Providing clothing, footwear
- Paying accommodation costs
- Providing coaching
- Providing training facilities.
Accept the above plus any other suitable examples.
Define ‘the media’. (1 mark)
[AO1 = 1]
Award one mark for defining ‘the media’.
* A means of mass communication (1)
* The main ways that people communicate collectively (1)
* Mass broadcasting of information (1)
Analyse the impact that the media and sponsorship have had on sport. (9 marks)
Possible content could include:
AO1 – Knowledge of sponsorship and the media e.g.
* Television / Radio / The Press / The Internet / Social Media.
* Sponsorship
* Financial / Technology / Facilities / Equipment and kit.
AO2 – Application of sponsorship and the media to the sport e.g.
* Increases publicity of the sport which attracts more people to take part in it.
* Raises the profile of the sport which increases their marketability further.
* Being in the media spotlight can turn more performers into role models who are ambassadors for the sport.
* More demand for the sport so more competitions are developed for broadcasting.
* Increased financial support allows more money to be available to pay for better coaching, equipment, clothing or facilities.
* Facilities have been able to be developed which are of a higher standard.
* Higher quality kit and equipment are available.
* More coaches and support staff in clubs or for the NGB.
* Greater prize funds for events and competitions.
* More money available to develop grass-roots participation.
* Technology has been introduced into sports due to the greater amounts of money available.
AO3 – Analysis of the effect of sponsorship and the media on sport e.g.
* More exposure in the media could increase popularity of a sport but if there is too much of one sport then it could cause people to lose interest. This could result in fewer spectators, viewers or grass-roots participants.
* More exposure in the media of male sports could result in participation levels being lower in females as they do not see the sporting pathways that are available to them.
* Increased competitions to suit broadcasters has brought more money to clubs/sport but the demands on the clubs/players is causing injuries due to tiredness which then lowers the standard of the sport.
* The demand for extra competitions can lead to clubs trying to form their own events/leagues which do not fit with what the organising body for the sport wants.
* The increased exposure of the sport creates role models/ambassadors but it can also bring bad publicity. If there are any scandals regarding players/clubs it can give a sport a bad reputation e.g. doping issues in cycling.
* Pressure from sponsors for their teams/performers to be successful in a sport could lead to teams/performers taking part in unethical practices e.g. doping in cycling.
* Pressure from sponsors for their teams/performers to be successful in a sport could lead to a win at all costs attitude where cheating / gamesmanship and a lack of respect for opponents becomes commonplace.
* Pressure for success from sponsors in a sport has led to greater pressure on performers at the highest level. This has led to mental health and wellbeing issues across elite performers.
* The huge amounts of money available in some sports e.g. football has led younger players to become more focussed on the extrinsic rewards (trophies/money) for playing rather than intrinsic rewards. This has led to a greater drop out of young participants as they have not been playing for enjoyment or to develop. When the extrinsic rewards aren’t achievable they choose to stop playing.
* Increased participation in the sport due to increased publicity. More people playing the sport may lead to higher standards in the sport as greater levels of competition.
* Higher standards of facilities mean that performance levels may rise as participants can train / compete on a regular basis on these.
* New technology in kit and equipment will give participants in the sport the opportunity to maximise their performance.
* An event/match can by hyped up in the media which could lead to problems between spectators e.g. hooliganism at football matches where there are local rivalries.
* Media deals with the top leagues are where all of the money is. It may lead to clubs having financial problems as they spend fortunes trying to get into these leagues without success.
* The influx of money through media and sponsorship deals has led to a small number of clubs becoming richer year on year which makes it harder for smaller clubs to achieve success.
* The sport may get a bad name as the sponsors may sell products or services that promote poor lifestyle choices e.g. unhealthy foods which could lead to poor physical health.
* Sports/clubs can become dependent on the money from sponsors so if this is withdrawn then they struggle financially.
* Rules of sports can be changed to meet the requirements of the media and sponsors.
* Start times for events are scheduled to suit the demands of the media and sponsors so that they get maximum exposure which affects everyone involved in those fixtures.
* Due to the media analysing officials’ decisions technology has been introduced into sports to help. This has had positive and negative effects for sports as it has slowed some games down (football) but has made sure correct decisions are made (cricket).
* The financial rewards from sponsors have made clubs become extrinsically motivated for success. Less emphasis on developing players at some clubs has been the result of this.
Credit other suitable responses relevant to the question.
Max 9 marks
[9]
Which one of these is a negative effect of sponsorship on a performer?
A. Increased access to free clothing.
B. Increased access to technologically advanced equipment.
C. Increased amounts of money.
D. Increased time commitment needed to attend promotional events.
(Total 1 mark)
Answer D – Increased time commitment needed to attend promotional events. (1)
Identify three positive effects that the media in sport has on the audience/spectators. (3 marks)
[AO1 = 3]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of three marks.
* Spectators can watch their team/sport on the TV or the internet (1)
* Can educate the viewers watching at home on the TV or the internet via commentary or specific documentaries (1)
* Provides information on results and rankings (1)
* Instant reviews and close-up replays are available to viewers (1)
* The media pays to show live sport, which improves facilities for spectators attending (1)
* Money from the media is given to clubs which means they can afford higher quality players enhancing the quality of the spectator experience (1)
Accept any other suitable response.
Identify three negative effects that the media in sport has on performers. ( 3 marks)
AO1 = 3]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of three marks.
* Can increase the pressure to perform if the event/match is televised (1)
* Any mistakes made can become very public (1)
* Increased focus on their private life (1)
* In team sports, the achievements of one or two players can be emphasised at the expense of the team (1)
* Training can be disrupted by carrying out media duties (1)
* Could be the subject of online / social media abuse (1)
Accept any other suitable response.
Max 3 marks
Discuss the positive and negative effects of the use of technology in sport. (5 marks)
[AO3 = 5]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of five marks.
Positive effects (sub-max 3 marks)
* Performance analysis tools have been able to help improve performance (1)
* Officials can communicate with each other via microphones and earpieces to discuss and ensure correct decision is arrived at (1)
* Makes competition fairer as decisions by the officials can be checked / overturned (1)
* It can enable the spectators to see how and why decisions have been made (1)
* It can add to the excitement and tension in sports as spectators wait for the outcome of video reviews (1)
Negative effects (sub-max 3 marks)
* Technology may not be available at all levels of sports as it is expensive to buy and install (1)
* Too many video reviews can slow the game down which annoys spectators (1)
* Too many reviews could put a performer off their game as it disrupts their concentration (1)
* Officials can become reliant on technology to make decisions (1)
* Can highlight mistakes from referees/umpires which affects their future credibility (1)
* Some forms of technology are still reliant on human judgement (1)
* The joy of scoring is lost as you can’t celebrate a goal as much in football until it has been checked (1)
* In some sports not all spectators can see how and why decisions have been made (1)
* The accuracy of technology is also being questioned and fuelling more discussions (armpits and toes being offside) (1)
Accept any other discursive point.
Max 5 marks
Identify three positive effects of sponsorship on sport. ( 3 marks)
[AO1 = 3]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of three marks.
* Increased income (1)
* Allows more competitions to be held (1)
* Better facilities can be built (1)
* Allows prize funds to be bigger (1)
* More money available to support grass-roots participation (1)
Identify three negative effects of sponsorship on performers. ( 3 marks)
[AO1 = 3]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of three marks.
* Increases the pressure to perform (which reduces enjoyment) (1)
* Can disrupt training by organising promotional events they have to attend (1)
* May have to use equipment they are not comfortable using (1)
* May have to wear clothing that is not comfortable (1)
State three different types of sponsorship a sportsperson may receive. ( 3 marks)
[AO1 = 3]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of three marks.
* Financial (1)
* Clothing/footwear (1)
* Equipment (1)
* Facilities (1)
‘A sportsperson who receives sponsorship will see an improvement in their performance.’
Discuss this statement.
(Total 5 marks)
[AO3 = 5]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of five marks.
Believe the statement is true (sub-max 3 marks)
* They will have more money available so they will be able to train more often as they do not have to work which could improve their skill levels (1)
* More money for better coaching and training programmes could improve their skill/fitness levels (1)
* Access to advanced equipment/kit through sponsorship could mean that performance is enhanced (1)
* By gaining sponsorship they could take part in more competitions which will improve tactics and competition strategies (1)
Believe the statement is false (sub-max 3 marks)
* The sponsorship could cause pressure to perform so more errors are made (1)
* Training could be disrupted due to sponsors’ demands to attend promotional activities (1)
* The sponsorship could cause scrutiny of their private lives which leads to them becoming stressed and underperforming (1)
* More competitions could lead to overtraining which leads to injury and the inability to perform (1)
Accept any other suitable discursive point.
[5]
State three different types of media. ( 3 marks)
[AO1 = 3]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of three marks.
* Television (1)
* Radio (1)
* The press (1)
* Internet (1)
* Social media (1)
NB specific examples will be accepted but only one per type of media.
Explain two positive effects the media could have on a sport.
Positive effect 1 _____________________________________________________
__
Positive effect 2 _____________________________________________________
(Total 4 marks)
[AO2 = 4]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of four marks.
* There is an increased interest in a sport (1) so grass-roots participation increases (1)
* More money is available (1) to pay for grass-roots facilities (1)
* Increased number of competitions (1) allows more people to go and watch the sport (1)
* More role models are created (1) which promotes the sport globally (1)
Accept any other suitable response.
[4]
Explain the relationship between sport, sponsorship and the media.
(Total 3 marks)
[AO1 = 3]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of three marks.
* A sport is sold to businesses as a means of advertising the business’s product (1)
* The business sponsors the sport to obtain advertising space and publicise its product (1)
* The sport is shown in the media, which promotes the product (1)
* The sport’s spectators see the advertising and buy the business’s product (1)
NB Do not credit Golden Triangle
Accept any other suitable explanation of the relationship between sport, sponsorship and the media.
[3]
Outline three negative impacts of commercialisation in sport on spectators. ( 3 marks)
[AO1 = 3]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of three marks.
* The timing of an event can be changed to suit worldwide audiences (Monday evening) which can make it difficult for spectators to attend (1)
* It is expensive to watch on TV as most sport is now shown via subscription or pay to view services (1)
* Tickets have become expensive due to the increased popularity of a sport (1)
* Merchandise has become expensive due to the increased popularity of a sport (1)
* As popularity of a sport rises it has become more difficult to obtain tickets (1)
* At live events sponsors can limit choice of food and drink which can also be very expensive (1)
Accept any other suitable negative impact of commercialisation in sport on spectators.
[3]
Outline three positive impacts of commercialisation in sport on performers. ( 3 marks)
[AO1 = 3]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of three marks.
* Free equipment or clothing or footwear for the performer (1)
* More money to pay for higher quality training facilities (1)
* More money to pay for higher quality equipment or clothing or footwear (1)
* Performers can be paid to wear and advertise clothing or equipment (1)
* There is more money in the sport so wages for the performer become higher (1)
* Additional income gives them more time to train which should mean that skills and fitness develop (1)
* Can turn performers into heroes and role models due to being in the media spotlight (1)
* More money to pay for better coaching and training programmes (1)
Accept any other suitable positive impact of commercialisation in sport on performers.
[3]
Evaluate the use of technology in relation to its effect on officials and sport.
(Total 6 marks)
AO1 – Knowledge of technology, e.g.
* Technology can be used to make decisions
* Technology can be used to enhance performance
* Technology can be used for analysis
* Technology can be used for rehabilitation
* Technology can be used for safety reasons
* (Accept any other use of technology)
AO2 – Application of technology to sport, e.g.
* Officials will use decision making technology
* Officials will use decision making technology to prevent wrong decisions, eg Hawkeye in tennis
* Performance can allow for enhanced performance through heart rate monitors, monitoring diet / calorie counter
* Analysis of performance can allow photos / videos / biomechanics
* Rehabilitation through ice baths, hypoxic tents
* Safety implications relating to cycle helmets, goal keeper protection in hockey
AO3 – Evaluation of the effect of technology on officials and on sport itself, e.g.
Officials
* Provides the officials with additional help to come to the correct decision
* Officials can now communicate clearly with each other
* Can reinforce good and correct decisions which show officials in a positive light
* Technology available to officials means that some of the pressure on them is reduced as technology can help confirm the correct decision
* Technology can never be perfect and decisions are still made that some feel are wrong
* If an official is seen to get a number of decisions wrong it can cause performers or the media to doubt an official’s ability
* Officials can become over-reliant on technology and slow the game down too much
* Due to the cost it is not available to all levels of sport so only officials at the highest level benefit from it.
Sport
* Analysis of sport performance has allowed coaches to greatly improve the quality of feedback given to performers
* Increased accuracy in time and distance measurements of performance
* Improved design of sport equipment, clothing and footwear
* Improved facilities (eg all weather pitches) has led to an increased skill level across sports
* Provides spectators with better viewing of sport
* Can cause excitement at events as spectators wait for the off-field decisions
* Sports are now often not undertaken on an equal basis as those with access to the best technology are often the winners
* Waiting for off-field decisions can delay or slow down sporting events.
* Waiting for off-field decisions can cause frustration in the crowd.
Credit other suitable responses relevant to the question.
[6]
Sport has become commercialised due to its relationship with sponsorship and the media.
Evaluate the impact that the media and sponsorship have had on sports performers. ( 9 marks)
Possible content may include:
AO1 – Knowledge of sponsorship and the media:
Media
* Television / Radio / The Press / The Internet / Social Media
Sponsorship
* Financial / Clothing and equipment, including footwear / Facilities
AO2 – Application of sponsorship and the media to the sports performer:
Media
* Raises the profile of the sports performer which increases their marketability
* Being in the media spotlight can turn performers into heroes and role models
Sponsorship
* Increased financial support allows more money to be available to pay for better coaching and training programmes and they are under less stress to win because of the reduced worry about finances
* Free facilities could be provided which allows more training time to increase performance
* New, technologically advanced kit and equipment could be provided which increases fitness and skills.
AO3 – Evaluation of the effect of sponsorship and the media on sports performers:
Media
* A strong media presence could increase the pressure to perform which may reduce a performer’s enjoyment. Performance may become extrinsically rather than intrinsically motivated
* Being in the media spotlight can bring fame but often brings with it scrutiny into their private lives. This may affect the mental health and well-being of the performer as their movements and actions are always being scrutinised
* Whilst good play can be highlighted and showcased it can also mean that the mistakes a performer makes become very public. Inappropriate sporting etiquette or bad sportsmanship could be highlighted, which could give the performer a bad name
* Sports performers who are extrovert may thrive with the added media exposure. However, for those who are introvert, it may result in lower performance levels as they are unable to cope with this.
Sponsorship
* The contract between the sponsors and the performer may demand that the performer has to submit to various commitments which may mean a loss of free time or privacy or take them away from training
* Sponsors product may not be suitable (unhealthy) which may affect the sports performer’s reputation
* Outcome goals may be set, which could increase stress to produce successful results in order to ‘repay’ sponsored support and uphold reputations
* A run of poor results may lead to a loss of sponsorship and therefore income even their professional status. This could lead a performer to cheat during competition (bad sportsmanship) or take prohibited substances to prevent such a run, maintain their sponsorship and source of employment
* Acts of direct aggression or cheating may put sponsors off or could result in withdrawal of sponsorship for sports performers.
Credit other suitable responses relevant to the question.
Max 9 marks
(a) Define the terms contract to compete and sportsmanship.
Contract to compete:__________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Sportsmanship:______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) Describe two examples of how the contract to compete is followed in sporting activities of your choice.
- _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
- _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
[AO1 = 2]
(a) Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks.
* Contract to compete – unwritten agreement to follow and abide by the written and unwritten rules (1)
* Sportsmanship – Conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport / fair play / appropriate / polite (1)
Accept any other suitable definition of contract to compete and / or sportsmanship.
Max 2 marks
[AO2 = 2]
(b) Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks.
* Shaking hands before a football match (1)
* Rugby players respecting the referee’s decision (1)
* Tennis players showing sportsmanship by not serving before their opponent is ready (1)
* In a long jump qualifying round, the performer tries their best with the final jump, even when they have already qualified for the final (1)
Accept any other suitable explanation of how the contract to compete is followed. Answers must be linked to sporting activities.
Max 2 marks
[4]
Hawkeye is an example of technology used in tennis.
Evaluate the use of technology in sport in relation to its effect on spectators and on performers.
Possible content may include:
AO1 – Knowledge of technology, e.g.
* Technology can be used to make decisions
* Technology can be used to enhance performance
* Technology can be used for analysis
* Technology can be used for rehabilitation
* Technology can be used for safety reasons
* (Accept any other use of technology)
AO2 – Application of technology to sport, e.g.
* Officials will use decision making technology to prevent wrong decisions, e.g. Hawkeye in tennis
* Performance can allow for enhanced performance through heart rate monitors, monitoring diet / calorie counter
* Analysis of performance can allow photos / videos / biomechanics
* Rehabilitation through ice baths, hypoxic tents
* Safety implications relating to cycle helmets, goal keeper protection in hockey
AO3 – Evaluation of the effect of technology on spectators and on performers, e.g.
Spectators
* Creates excitement for the audience whilst they wait on decisions so it is a positive
* Audience can join in / interactive element by cheering / clapping / creates atmosphere
* Can frustrate spectators who do not like waiting or feel the entertainment has been interrupted
* Prevents unruly behaviour / hooliganism as the decision has been made by technology / less controversial
* Makes the event last longer / more value for money
* Less likely to criticise officials
* Performers recover quicker so spectators get to see their favourites more often
* Spectators can get involved in the analysis of their favourite performers, e.g. statistics / performance analysis
* Technology enhanced performers can perform to a higher standard which audiences will enjoy
Performers
* Greater care and support through the use of technology / prolonged career
* Quicker recovery rate means less time on the treatment table / more time performing
* Better understanding about their performance
* Over reliance on technology to understand performance / recovery is a negative
* Less frustrated with the official as the decision has been reviewed / proved / fairer outcome for the performers
* Reliance on technology to keep up with other competitors can cost money
* Easier to analyse competitors
Credit other suitable responses relevant to the question.
Max 9 marks
[9]
Explain how two types of sponsorship may improve an individual’s performance.
(Total 2 marks)
[AO2 = 2]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks.
- Clothing / footwear, for example higher quality running shoes enables performer to run greater distances / comfort / grip (1)
- Equipment, for example higher quality balls enables advanced skills to be developed / easier to catch / grip (1)
- Facilities, for example could be provided free of charge can train more effectively / often (1)
Accept any other suitable description of how a type of sponsorship may improve an individual’s performance. Answers must directly relate sponsorship to improvement in performance.
[2]
The media can have a major influence on its audience.
Identify one type of media and explain two positive effects that it may have on an individual’s performance.
Type of media: __________________________________________________________
- _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
- _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 5 marks)
[AO1 = 1 AO2 = 4]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of five marks.
AO1
* Television (1)
* Radio (1)
* Newspapers (1)
* Magazines (1)
* Books (1)
* Internet (1)
* Social media (1)
AO2
* It demonstrates good performance or gives exemplars for an athlete to copy (1)
* To improve the standard of the individual’s skills (1)
* It can educate a performer by analysing individual or team tactics (1)
* Which can enable a performer to have a greater understanding of the physical activity (1)
* Slow motion replays highlight good or bad technique (1)
* Which a performer could then use in his or her own performance (1)
* It reports on exceptional performance (1)
* Which can raise the confidence or motivation of a performer (1)
Accept any other suitable response.
Identify two benefits a sponsor would expect to receive as a result of sponsoring an athlete.
- _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
- _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 2 marks)
[AO2 = 2]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks.
* Increased revenue or increased sales (1)
* Increased profile by association with successful performer (1)
* Advertising of the company (1)
* Cheaper than TV advertising (1)
* Tax benefits (1)
* A good relationship developed with the local community (1)
[2]
A netball club is seeking sponsorship to help its finances.
State two different types of sponsorship and explain how each could help to improve the players’ performance. ( 4 marks)
[AO1 = 2 AO2 = 2]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of four marks
- (AO1) Equipment e.g. balls (1)
- (AO2) Higher quality enables advanced skills to be developed (1)
- (AO1) Clothing e.g. team kit (1)
- (AO2) Which boosts confidence or morale so that they work better as a team (1)
- (AO1) Footwear (1)
- (AO2) Improves grip to stop them from slipping (1)
- (AO1) Transport and travel (1)
- (AO2) Enter more competitions a greater distance away to play a greater variety of teams (1)
- (AO1) Money (1)
- (AO1) To employ a coach to develop advanced skills (1)
- (AO1) Facilities (1)
- (AO2) Train more often to develop fitness (1)
- (AO1) Entry fees or league fees (1)
- (AO1) Enter more competitions and play at a higher level (1)
Accept any other suitable response.
[4]
Many companies sponsor elite performers.
Describe the advantages that a local company might gain from sponsoring an elite athlete. ( 3 marks)
[AO1 = 3]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of three marks
- Increased revenue or increased sales (1)
- Increased profile by association with successful performer (1)
- Advertising of the company (1)
- Cheaper than TV advertising (1)
- Tax benefits (1)
- Develop a good relationship with the local community (1)
Accept any other suitable response.
[3]
A football club has only just been formed and needs to attract sponsorship.
State two types of sponsorship that would be useful to the football club. (2 marks)
[AO1 = 2]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks
- Specialised training equipment such as footballs, bibs, cones (1)
- Clothing such as team kit or tracksuits or footwear (1)
- Training facilities could be provided to improve performance, e.g. Astroturf (1)
- Specialist coaches to run training sessions (1)
- Money which the club could use to buy what it needs (1)
- Specialist support e.g. physiotherapist to help player recover from injury (1)
- Specialist support e.g. nutritionist to help monitor diet (1)
- Transport to get teams or individuals to matches (1)
[2]
Sponsorship is very common in sport.
Paying for transport costs is one example in which sponsorship can help a sports performer. Give three other different examples. ( 3 marks)
(i) Award one mark for each correctly identified way in which sponsorship
can help a sports performer.
- Through direct cash payments
- Paying for entry fees
- Providing equipment, apparatus
- Providing clothing, footwear
- Paying accommodation costs
- Providing coaching
- Providing training facilities.
Accept the above plus any other suitable examples.
3
(ii) Award up to two marks for describing a form of sponsorship which
would be unacceptable. Award one mark for the unacceptable plus
one additional mark for stating why:
- Tobacco firms/because it would be encouraging people to
smoke and this is clearly an identified health risk
s - Alcohol firms/because it could be seen to be encouraging
under age drinking and also alcohol abuse which is clearly
dangerous.
[5]
Define Gamesmanship and provide two sporting examples
Define Sportsmanship and provide two sporting examples
Gamesmanship is attempting to gain an advantage by stretching the rules to their limit. (Not breaking the rules)
Taking as long as possible to perform a Goal kick or a throwing in football to run the clock down
Distracting a penalty taker by shouting at them before they kick the ball to put them off.
Not returning the ball to the opposition after they kicked it out of play for your injured player to be treated
Pushing the ball against an opponent at the base of the ruck to make it look like they’re preventing the ball from being available for your scrum half
A Wicketkeeper talking to the batter when they’re waiting for the bowler to bowl
Pretending to be injured by lying down so the medical staff come on the pitch to treat you, which delays the game and stops your opponents attacking momentum.
Moving the ball forward slightly before taking a freekick
Walking slowly to a line out or to a corner
Sportsmanship is conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport.
Kicking a ball out of play in football when an opposing player is injured. (1)
Shaking hands with an opponent or official at the beginning or end of a game in tennis. (1)
Not arguing with a referee in a game of rugby. (1)
Walking when you know you have hit the ball in cricket and been caught, before the umpire gives you out. (1)
Signalling to the referee that you touched the ball
last before it went out of play (1)
Helping an opponent stand up after they’ve been tackled in rugby (1)
Accept any other suitable examples of sportsmanship.
Define Etiquette and provide two sporting examples
Define the term contract to compete and provide two sporting examples
Etiquette= A convention or unwritten rule in activity. It is not an enforceable rule but it is usually observed.
Kicking a ball out of play in football when an opposing player is injured. (1)
Shaking hands with an opponent or official at the beginning or end of a game in tennis. (1)
Not arguing with a referee in a game of rugby. (1)
Walking when you know you have hit the ball in cricket and been caught, before the umpire gives you out. (1)
At the end of a rugby game a tunnel is formed and the opponents are clapped through and off the pitch (1)
At the end of a tennis match the players thank the umpire and shake their hand (1)
Signalling to the referee that you touched the ball
last before it went out of play (1)
Contract to compete= An unwritten agreement between opponents to follow and abide by the written snd unwritten rules of the sport.
Evaluate the effects that different performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) may have on a sprinter’s performance. [6 marks]
*AO1 – Knowledge of performance enhancing drugs**
Stimulants * Narcotic analgesics * Anabolic agents * Peptide hormones (EPO) * Diuretics * Beta blockers
AO2 – Application of performance enhancing drugs
Stimulants – make more alert, speed up parts of the brain and the body and deaden pain.
Narcotic analgesics – very strong painkillers which will mask pain * Anabolic agents – increase the rate and amount of muscle growth and speed up recovery
Peptide hormones (EPO) – are naturally occurring substances that can improve muscle growth and increase production of red blood cells
Diuretics – taken to remove excess water from the body
Beta blockers – reduce the effects of adrenaline on the body, heart rate, muscle tension and blood pressure
AO3 – Evaluation of the effectiveness of performance enhancing drugs on a sprinter
Stimulants – could be beneficial to a sprinter as it could make them more alert and reduce their reaction time, so their start is faster. As they mask pain the sprinter could train for longer which could improve strength and speed. However, as they mask pain it could lead to overtraining or injury which would decrease their performance
Narcotic analgesics – allow a sprinter to train when they are injured or recovering from excessive training which could improve muscle development and speed. However, training when injured could lead to more serious injuries which would have a negative effect on performance
Anabolic agents – will develop a sprinter’s muscle size and body weight which will make them more powerful and allow them to run faster. They can also increase aggression and competitiveness of the sprinter which is beneficial in quick, explosive events such as the 100m. However, they could decrease performance, as side effects such as hypertension and heart damage could cause medical issues which prevent training and competing. An increase in aggressive behaviour could make an athlete over-aroused and have a negative effect on performance
Peptide hormones (EPO) – could improve performance by helping with muscle growth of the sprinter. However, it mainly increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. This does not improve the performance of a sprinter as their events are anaerobic and of a short duration
Diuretics – would not help the performance directly of a sprinter as they need to be fully hydrated and do not need to lose weight
Beta blockers – would not help improve the performance of a sprinter as their events are fast and explosive. Reducing heart rate and muscle tension therefore would not increase their speed. This could also increase their reaction time out of the blocks resulting in a slower start
Credit other suitable responses relevant to the question.
Maximum 6 marks
Name one advantage and disadvantage an athlete may experience from the following PED’s
Anabolic agents
Stimulants
Diuretics
Anabolic agents
Advantages- steroids can increase muscle mass, strength/power and reduce recovrey time
Disadvantages- Increase the likelihood of a heart attack, may cause a blood clot, damages the liver
Stimulants
Advantages-Increased levels of physical and mental alertness, reduced reaction time, reduce tiredness and increase their aggressiveness.
Disadvanatages- High blood pressure, Strokes, Heart and Liver problems
Diuretics
Advantages= Rapid weight loss, Removes other illegal substances from the body
Disadvantages = Dehydration, Low blood pressure and Muscle cramps caused by low Sodium / potassium salts, Muscle weakness and Heart damage.
Name one advantage and disadvantage an athlete may experience from the following PED’s
Peptide hormones
Beta blockers
Narcotic analgesics
Peptide hormones
Positive effects to the body= Increased ability to transport oxygen
Negative effects to the body= Excess Viscosity (Thickening of the blood) which puts excess pressure on the heart, increasing the chance of stroke or a Heart attack
Beta blockers
Positive effects to the body= Reduce Heart rate/ Muscle tension/Blood pressure. Reduce the effects of Adrenaline, Improve Fine motor skills
Negative effects to the body= Poor circulation, Nausea, Heart problems, Tiredness and Weakness
Narcotic analgesics
Positive effects to the body= Mask pain, increase confidence as athletes don’t fear hurting themselves
Negative effects to the body= Constipation, Low blood pressure, issues concentrating
Using a sporting activity of your choice, suggest why performers may use beta blockers [2 marks]
To reduce heart rate / muscle tension / blood pressure, e.g. more relaxed on the tee in golf (1)
To reduce the effects of adrenaline, e.g. greater control over shot distances in golf (1)
To improve fine control/preciseness, e.g. will assist putting/chipping in golf (1)
Accept any other suitable suggestions of why a performer may use beta blockers. The suggestion must be linked to a suitable sporting activity.
In 2016, 136 Russian track and field athletes were banned from competing at the Rio Olympics due to evidence of widespread use of performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) and blood doping.
Describe the process of blood doping. [3 marks]
Removal of blood from an athlete several weeks before a competition and is frozen (1)
The body makes more blood (red blood cells) to replace the amount taken out (1)
1-2 days before the competition the frozen blood is thawed and injected back into the athlete (1)
Accept any other suitable description of the process of blood doping.
Explain how blood doping could improve the performance of a marathon runner. [3 marks]
The marathon runner’s blood has more red blood cells (1)
This results in an increased aerobic capacity / a greater oxygen carrying capacity in the body (1)
Allows the marathon runner to run faster for longer before fatigue sets in (1)
Accept any other suitable explanation of how blood doping could improve the performance of a marathon runner.
State three negative side effects that an athlete may suffer as a result of blood doping. [3 marks]
Thickening of blood (increased viscosity) (1)
Potential for heart attacks / heart disease (1)
Potential risk of blood-borne diseases such as HIV and hepatitis (1)
A blockage of the blood vessel (embolism or stroke) (1)
Accept any other possible side effect that an athlete may suffer as a result of blood doping.
NB Do not accept responses relating to being banned / ruining reputation
Suggest the negative impacts that Russia’s ban at the Olympics may have had on the sport of athletics. [4 marks]
Reputation of the sport of athletics is damaged (1)
Successful performers may be suspected of cheating giving the sport of athletics a negative image (1)
Could lose income due to loss of sponsorship (1)
Reduced numbers of spectators wanting to attend athletics events (1)
Participation levels may fall as people think it is impossible to achieve without taking drugs or doping (1)
The sport of athletics has to invest more and more money into drug testing, rather than helping elite or grass-roots athletes, therefore standards can drop (1)
Loss of trust in results – results lose reliability (1)
Need to re-visit previous scores / results / records and re-distribute titles and medals (1)
‘Honest’ athletes are tarred with the same brush and lose credibility (1)
‘Honest’ athletes lose opportunities through no doing of their own (1)
Accept any other suitable suggestions of the negative impact that Russia’s ban at the Olympics may have had on the sport of athletics.
Performers face lengthy bans from competing if they are caught taking a performance enhancing drug.
Identify two possible non-physiological reasons why a performer may risk taking a performance enhancing drug. [2 marks]
Increased chances of success (1)
Fame (1)
Wealth (1)
Level playing field (1)
Accept any other suitable reason why a performer may risk taking a performance enhancing drug. Answers must refer to non-physiological reasons.
Joel, a young professional footballer, is struggling to make progress into the first team at his club. A friend has suggested that he takes PEDs.
Discuss the possible advantages and disadvantages that Joel needs to consider before deciding whether to take PEDs. [5 marks]
Advantages to Joel (sub-max 3 marks)
Increase his chance of making the first team as the PEDs could improve his strength and speed and ultimately his performance (1)
Could lead to an increased income if he breaks into the first team (1)
Linked to this will be better recognition or fame for Joel (1)
PED’s could level the playing field against Joel’s opponents that have a genetic advantage over him
Disadvantages to Joel (sub-max 3 marks)
If he was to be caught taking PEDs Joel’s reputation will be irreparably damaged (1)
He may be sacked from his job as a professional footballer if he is caught taking PEDs (1)
He could be banned or fined if he is caught taking PEDs (1)
He could lose any sponsorship or endorsements that he may have (1)
There could be health risks associated with the PEDs that he may take (1)
He could become addicted to the PEDs (1)
Accept any other suitable discursive point of what Joel needs to consider before deciding to take PEDs.
Explain why the following may lead to hooliganism at football matches.
Alcohol / drugs
Gang culture
(Total 4 marks)
Alcohol / drugs (sub-max 2 marks)
It is argued that alcohol or drugs lessen inhibitions (1)
People may get involved in things they may not normally (1)
Gang culture (sub-max 2 marks)
It is thought to be linked to tribal behaviour (1)
Where gangs protect their local area or patch from the away fans (1)
Accept any other suitable explanation as to why alcohol / drugs and gang culture may lead to hooliganism at football matches.
Hooliganism is often associated with the game of football.
Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies that are being used to combat hooliganism at football matches.
(Total 6 marks)
AO1 – Knowledge of the strategies used to combat football hooliganism:
Travel restrictions / banning orders
Alcohol restrictions
All seater stadia
Segregation of fans
Early kick-offs
Improved security
Education/promotional activity / campaigns and high profile endorsements
Sharing of intelligence between different police forces and different police forces in different countries
AO2 – Application of the strategies used to combat football hooliganism:
Travel restrictions / banning orders – prevents known hooligans from attending / travelling to matches by reporting to police stations / handing in passports
Alcohol restrictions – Alcohol is not allowed to be consumed whilst watching matches in stadiums and many stadiums do not sell alcohol, in an attempt to reduce disorderly behaviour. Police can also apply for pubs close to stadiums to not serve alcohol on match days.
All seater stadia – reduces the ability of people to move within a stand and allows better control over ticket distribution, which stops troublemakers congregating together or actually attending matches
Segregation of fans – travelling to the match and within grounds which means rival fans are kept apart reducing the chance of violence or disorder
Early kick-offs – to prevent excessive alcohol consumption which may reduce disorderly behaviour
Improved security – by increased levels of policing and stewarding and the introduction of CCTV at stadiums to identify troublemakers. Improved surveillance of known troublemakers who may behave if they know they’re being watched
Education / promotional activity / campaigns and high profile endorsements – to appeal to spectators to behave such as ‘Kick Racism out of Football’ which attempted to lessen the influence of racist movements among football supporters.
AO3 – Evaluation of the strategies used to combat football hooliganism:
Overall the strategies have significantly reduced the amount of violence at football matches compared to the 1970s and 1980s. It is a lot safer for people attending matches but this has come at a significant cost. However football hooliganism still exists and troublemakers are always looking to get around restrictions
(Travel restrictions / banning orders). This has reduced the number of hooligans travelling / attending matches but costs a lot of money and police time to create a list of known troublemakers, their location and their intentions. Banned troublemakers still risk attending matches as they have to be spotted for their banning order to be enforced
(Alcohol restrictions / Early kick offs) Means loss of income for local pubs and many spectators drink elsewhere (home) which means that excessive consumption occurs earlier in the day which can lead to disorder later in the day
(All-seater stadia) Significant cost to clubs who get promoted to higher divisions and groups of supporters can still sit / congregate in the same area. It is also possible for people to buy tickets for known hooligans so that the authorities are not aware of their attendance
(Improved security / Segregation of fans) This has significantly reduced the amount of disorder within football stadiums but at a significant cost to clubs. The fear of being identified being involved in violence means hooligans are moving away from stadiums and looking to cause disorder with rival supporters in town centres / railway stations.
Identify three strategies that have been implemented to combat Hooliganism in sport [3 marks]
Travel restrictions / banning orders
Alcohol restrictions
All seater stadia
Segregation of fans
Early kick-offs
Improved security
Education/promotional activity / campaigns and high profile endorsements
Sharing of intelligence between different police forces and different police forces in different countries
Suggest three possible negative effects of having spectators at a sporting event.
(Total 3 marks)
Negative effect on performance of performer(s) / team(s) as a result of increased pressure from the spectators (1)
Potential for crowd trouble / hooliganism / violence / unruly behaviour (1)
Safety costs / concerns / policing / CCTV (1)
Negative effect on participation numbers amongst younger performers who have been put off by crowd / spectator behaviour (1)
Creation of a negative atmosphere (1)
Accept any other suitable outline of a possible negative effect of having spectators at a sporting event.
Max 3 marks
Identify two positive effects of having spectators at a sporting event.
(Total 2 marks)
Creation of atmosphere (1)
Home field advantage (1)
Source of revenue (1)
Increase the profile of a sport (1)
Motivates participants (1)
Accept any other suitable positive effects of having spectators at a sporting event.
Identify three different reasons why hooliganism occurs [3 marks]
Rivalries
Alcohol/drugs
gang culture
frustration at official’s decisions
Displays of masculinity
