Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANT100 FINAL > socio-cultural anthro > Flashcards

socio-cultural anthro Flashcards

1
Q

colonial uses of anthropology

A
  • study of colonized by colonizers
  • “primitive”, “native”, “no history”
  • served colonial administrations
  • inherently colonial (active in classifying people into ethic groups)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

idea of a people

A
  • social construct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

metropolitan / metropolis

A
  • centered in the colonizing countries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

fields of anthropology (physical/evolutionary/biological)

A
  • physical appearance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

fields of anthropology
(archaeology)

A
  • material culture (objects, culture, tech)
  • especially from the past
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

fields of anthropology (socio-cultural)

A
  • customs, ideas, social organization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

fields of anthropology (linguistic)

A
  • what language is spoken via geography
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

decolonizing anthropology

A
  • decenter the colonial gaze and step away from typical position
  • change the demographics of anthro (make it less white-centric)
  • introduce global context (ethnography of west, not just racialized groups)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

culture

A
  • what we learn from each other vs. what was programmed by our genes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

culture

A

language as a principal tool of
- social construction (group understanding of the world, people, and their relationships)
- communication
- identity formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

culture

A

cultural universals and particulars
- significantly different but not infinitely different
- cultures have more in common than not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

culture

A

cultures reflect global influence (colonization)
- weather
- politics
- economy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

culture

A

languages have more in common than not
- nouns, verbs, word order
- sentence formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

culture

A

identity formation
- sameness (affect: community)
- difference (affect: othering)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

culture

A
  • culture and language are human universals
  • universals (language/culture) are innate
  • transmitted via genes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

adaptive value of social transmission

A
  • flexible: major changes occur easily (generationally and species wide)
  • language and culture preserves species
  • specific language and culture develop to cope with specific environmental and social contexts (niches)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

gift economies

A
  • potlatch
  • dowry
  • moka
  • kula trade
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

adaption in humans and other animals

A
  • the proportion of social to genetic transmission is qualitatively greater in humans than in other animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

anthropocene

A
  • geological epoch where humans are in control of environmental state + future
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

technology

A
  • can be a threat (biotech and ai will replace humans)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

community and difference

A
  • positive affect of group identity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

imagined communities (benedict anderson)

A
  • extends community beyond fact-to-face contact (profession, nation, etc)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

difference

A

the negative affect of group identity: othering (fear/prejudice/opinion of other group/outsiders)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

competition, inequality, conflict

A
  • stems primarily from competition for resources and power
  • ideology: prejudice, racism
  • political economy: competition for resources
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

social construction

A
  • utilizes terms like “invented”
  • race, gender, nationality are invented
  • works with material reality, but transforms and shapes it into social reality
  • skin color is a material reality; however, that does not mean it is a social construct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

anthromorphism

A
  • animals seen as human
  • animal breeds are comparable to human races
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

race

A
  • invention whose material reality is genetic pools
  • category of imagines common descent
  • folk notion, NOT scientific
  • product of racialization, a social construct
  • races exist, but not as scientific category
  • notion with history; different through periods of time
  • anti black white supremacy justifies slavery
  • different races’ different genetic characteristics are socially constructed (not different to be justified scientifically)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

one drop rule

A
  • if you have any black blood = youre “black”
  • not a natural fact, but a social construct
  • classification is given by social context and language
  • ex. wasians are seen primarily as white in asia/asian contexts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

types of race

A
  • people/nation (english race)
  • regional population (nordic race)
  • speakers of a family of languages (aryan race)
  • dispersed group of conquerors (anglo-saxon race)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

signification >= semiosis

A
  • making signs/sense
  • linguistic and non linguistic signs/symbols
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

nature of signs

A
  • signifier
  • signified
  • icon
  • index
  • symbol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

anthropological linguistics and semiotics

A
  • ferdinand de saussure’s view of semiosis
    = signifier and signified
    = material and immaterial
    = together the signifier and the signified make up the sign
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

icon

A
  • shares some of their physical form (shape, sound, etc) with the referent
  • ex. beware of moose sign shows moose silhouette
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

index

A
  • do not share form (shape, sound, etc) with the referent, but indicates it
  • ex. poison’s symbol is a skull = death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

symbol

A
  • arbitrary
  • no palpable relation to the referent
  • wedding rings symbolize marriage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

denotation

A
  • what a sign means literally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

connotation

A
  • what a sign implies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

the unrepresentable

A
  • it’s ineffable, transcendental
  • signs (linguistic and other) attempt to construct a reality that we can think and talk about
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

stages of development

A
  • the real, the imaginary, the symbolic, the self as a construct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

the real

A

may not always be the same as what exists independently of semiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

jargon v ordinary language

A
  • reality is what is real (ordinary language)
  • reality is how we understand the real (humanities/social science jargon)
  • it is our “reality”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

species specific construction of reality

A
  • different animals see things differently
  • what is the real unconstructed scene?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

colors

A
  • the color spectrum is continuous and its a language that divides it into units
  • color distinctions vary across languages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

social construction and perception

A
  • people did not understand terms as essentially different due to language disparities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

social construction of the self

A
  • our concept of having a self is not entirely given by nature
  • it is constructed in society, by signs, especially language
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

whorf hypothesis

A
  • each lnaguage decisively influences the way its speakers think
  • different languages construct different realities
  • linguistic relativity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

theory

A
  • like colors and race, there is a continuum out of which language delineates a distinguishable “self”
  • all our experiences and actions are united in the distinct whole called “I”
  • largely through social construction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

jacque lacan

A
  • stages of how the self develops
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

jacque lacan’s real

A
  • when born, there is no self
  • undifferentiated/no signs/uncategorized experience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

jacque lacan’s imaginary / mirror

A
  • infant begins to develop self
  • cannot express itself without language
    = corresponds to icons rather than words
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

jacque lacan’s symbolic

A
  • language appears to child (mainly symbols)
  • learnt from parents/society
  • world is categorized by signifiers
  • ex. ego = “I”
  • systematic, socially constructed, socially sanctioned, not nature-given
  • not Lacan’s real, but reality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

“I” as a symbol

A
  • occurrence of “I” is a signifier, whose meaning is developed from relations to other signifiers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

inner conversation

A
  • we are both “I” and “You” to ourselves
  • one party coaches the other
  • the “coach” is influenced by society and it represents society
  • ex. freud’s superego = voice of self and society - superego included in inner conversations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

language and signs

A
  • make sense of the world
  • how we appear to others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

erving goffman

A
  • saving and losing ‘face’
  • ‘face’ is how we appear to others
  • ‘facework’ = how we maintain face
  • social media enables facework and projects ourselves to be desirable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

religion

A
  • spirituality
  • community
  • politics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

anthropological attitude to religion

A
  • not to judge or to establish truth/falsehood
  • recognize the nature and role of religion in its social/cultural context
  • what religion might mean as a general characteristic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

religion or spirituality

A

spirituality is an aspect of religion
- many equate religion to
- a.) organized religion
- b.) religious beliefs/texts
in anthropology, we look beyond a&b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

jacques lacan’s religion

A
  • refused to discuss a relationship between his psychoanalysis and religion
  • reality = the world
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

clifford geertz’s religion

A
  • animatism: the belief that a common spirit pervades the world
  • dao (chinese)
  • karma (hindu)
  • god (?)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

abrahamic religion

A
  • judaism, christianity, islam
  • one god (monotheism) who revealed himself to abraham
  • sacred books: torah, bible, quran
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

religion is NOT necessarily

A
  • a modern or western one
  • none of the ff exist in ALL religions: ‘god,’ holy text, dogma, natural history
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

religion

A
  • a doubtful but revealing etymology
  • ‘re-link’
    -re-link the world as we understand (sigify) it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

ritual by victor turner

A
  • liminality: a powerful, possibly dangerous state at ‘the threshold’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

EX. balinese theatre

A
  • plays where it is a civic duty to participate
  • trance dance: powerful spirits enter people (rangda and barong)
  • universal order depends on the balance of these forces
  • trance dance is part of reality for the balinese
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

religion in the law

A
  • secular law can conflict with religious law = abortion, insulting religion, etc.
    -the divine = source of the law
  • divine are above the law?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

religion as imagined communities

A
  • oldest and most widespread form of imagined community (more so than nation)
  • likely to transcend the state as a form / organization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

religion in politics

A
  • religion extends social relations to the sacred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

religion and physical space

A
  • spatial rituals linking ‘worldly’ to the sacred (liminal)
  • processions, pilgrimages, sacred sites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

sacred sites

A
  • sacralized: functioning in ways resembling the sacred (parliament building, hockey hall of fame, home, homeland)
  • sacred sites: holy land (can embody conflict over land ownership/control)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

does religion cause war?

A
  • no more than culture, language, or ideas
  • conflict is caused not by difference but competition of resources
72
Q

supernatural world

A
  • some religious thinking posits the existence of beings in a parallel, mostly invisible world
  • spirit world, heaven, netherworld
  • religion links the regular world to the supernatural
  • the link is LIMINAL and the liminal is sacred
73
Q

materializations of the sacred

A
  • sacred performances (rituals)
  • spirit possessions
  • sacred places
  • sacred people
74
Q

sacred performances (rituals)

A
  • motion in space
  • linking the sacred and the profance
  • liminal
  • ex. pilgrimage, wedding, secular rituals
75
Q

spirit possessions

A
  • spirits are liminal between culture and society (reality) and the (ineffable, unsymbolized) real
76
Q

sacred places

A
  • heterotopia by foucault
  • a differnet place where the presence of other places is powerful
  • makes ‘utopia’ possible
  • includes holy places and bad places
  • sacred precinct of tenochtitlan
77
Q

sacred people

A
  • liminal between ‘this world’ and the beyond (reality and the real)
  • the incarnation of jesus
  • the buddha (siddharta gautama)
  • ‘celebrities:’ have not existed since time immemorial (commercial and capitalist)
78
Q

religious identity

A

community: religious identity, conflict, political identity

79
Q

identity

A
  • demand loyalty, kin, religion, nation
  • all are political and must be performed to function
  • unmarked religious identity: default, often unmentioned (in Christian countries, Christianity is the norm + expected)
80
Q

imagined community

A
  • benedict anderson
  • a group who feel and act like a community but don’t know each other personally
81
Q

nation

A
  • fosters unity over class/ethnic/religious divisions
  • depoliticizes the community
  • a ‘unit’ constructed through diversity + continuity
82
Q

national identities

A
  • constructed, imagined, and they change
  • reality out of the real
  • nation is a transcendental signifier
83
Q

identities

A
  • multiple, flexible, changing
  • suggests heterogeneity (x)
  • homogenous nation: an impossible construction, always in the making
84
Q

ethnonationalism

A
  • nationalism based on imagined common descent
85
Q

civic nationalism

A
  • nationalism based on residence / citizenship
86
Q

jus sanguinis vs. jus soil citizenship

A
  • blood vs. soil
  • descent vs. citizenship
  • most citizenship is mixed, but mostly jus soil
87
Q

bordering

A
  • the activity of marking national, ethnic, and racial borders
  • geographic and internal
88
Q

multiculturalism

A
  • used to create national unity
  • multi-ethnic / nationality / background
89
Q

language and national identity

A
  • 19th century europe
  • the origin of modern linguistic enthnonationalism
90
Q

language and dialect

A
  • political and identity labels
  • some languages are very similar and can be understood to an extent
  • ex. norweigan and danish / russian and ukraninan
91
Q

relatedness via family and kin

A
  • share identity, economic functions, living space, community
  • lewis henry morgan: fictive kinship
92
Q

kinship

A
  • consanguineal (by descent, blood)
  • affinal (by marriage)
  • not an imagined community but a model for one
93
Q

patrilineage

A
  • everyone descended from the same male line
  • mother not part of the lineage
  • children belong to the patriarchal side
94
Q

matrilineage

A
  • reckoned on the female side
  • father is not part of the lineage
95
Q

avunculate

A
  • mother’s brother is the most powerful male
  • wendat, iroquois
96
Q

trobriand island society (malinowski)

A
  • matrilineal, avuncular society
  • biological father is a playmate who is sidelined in power dynamics
97
Q

social construction of common descent

A
  • adoptive and fostering relations: flexibility of relatedness
98
Q

social construction of common descent: janet carsten in malaysia

A
  • langkawi, malaysia
  • food produces blood: commensality (eating together = blood relations)
99
Q

social construction of common descent: rita segato in brazil

A
  • recife, brazil
  • circulation of children among families
  • religion: imanja and oxum
  • legitimate mother: strict and authoritarian
  • adoptive mother: affectionate and familiar
100
Q

marriage

A
  • reproductive alliance between families
  • can involve 2+ people
  • love marriage vs. arranged marriage
101
Q

participant observation

A
  • the ethnographer spends time in the field alongside their subject
  • essential method of sociocultural anthro
  • is this science?
  • can ethnographers be biased and lose objectivity?
102
Q

cultural relativism

A
  • attitude that goes with participant observation
  • asks for the respect and acknowledgment that each culture is a unique entity with its own genus, views, and characteristics
  • differences are caused by society, economy, and politics but not culture
103
Q

noam chomsky

A
  • innate universal ‘language acquisition device’
  • language is innate and universal
  • all humans have a language, from society
  • from 6 years old+
104
Q

universal levels of language

A
  • texts
  • sentences
  • words
  • phonemes
  • phonetics
  • language
105
Q

deep structure / surface structure in syntax

A
  • check notes pp 64
106
Q

universal (absolute) vs. particular moral values

A
  • believing that universal values exist regardless of culture is the opposite of moral relativism
  • cultural relativism allows for moral universals and moral particulars
107
Q

absolute or relative morality examples

A
  • female genital mutilation?
  • polygamy?
  • abortion?
  • does culture excuse morals
108
Q

moral relativism

A
  • there are no absolute values
  • what is good/evil depends on cultures
109
Q

cultural relativism

A
  • assumptions and behaviors mean different things in different cultures
  • recognize historical, social, and economic conditions that affect behavior
110
Q

moral issues in anthroplogy

A
  • ethics: about moral conduct, good/bad
  • may be universals and particulars (culture)
  • fieldwork often poses ethical questions
111
Q

ethics in the political economy

A
  • raising and distribution of wealth including production and trade in relation to government, law, and social orgs
  • ethical decisions are made in the context of the political economy
112
Q

global organ trade

A
  • shows connection between ethics and economics
  • neoliberalism
  • consent is problematic when organ donor is poor
  • world is divided into potential donors and potential recipients (who is likely to be which?)
  • functions alongside human trafficking and illicit animal trade
  • donors, recipients, and mediators follow path of “free” global interaction
  • medical professionals, businesspeople, and criminals organize organ trade
113
Q

neoliberalism

A
  • free interactions among free consenting individuals
  • promotes an unrestricted free market
114
Q

biopower

A
  • michael focault
  • political and economic power are inscribed on human bodies
  • who gets to live/die
115
Q

economy: base of culture

A
  • human survival requires food, clothing, and ways to change the environment to support life
116
Q

economic system

A
  • regular and anthropological
  • anthropological is less rule based and more fieldwork heavy; when pursuing the ethnographic method, results will be less generalized
117
Q

base and structure

A
  • old and new marxist models
  • see pp 66
118
Q

old marxist model

A
  • super structure: government, family, religion, education, culture
  • base (economy): means and relations of production
  • pyramid of hierarchy where ss is on top
119
Q

new marxist model

A
  • super structure: government, family, religion, education, culture
  • base (economy): means and relations of production
  • both sides have mutual influence and are equal
120
Q

means of production (MOP)

A
  • natural resources like tools, mines, factories, offices, infrastructure, etc.
121
Q

relations of production (ROP)

A
  • social relationships required by economy like lords, serfs, employers, employees, teachers, students, etc.
122
Q

economic systems

A
  • each system has different bases (MOP/ROP) which correlate with different superstructures (politics, beliefs, rituals, art, etc.)
  • arranged historically (though new systems don’t replace old ones)
  • past systems have adapted to life in the ‘post-industrial’ system
  • indigenous systems are usually pre-industrial, but had to adapt
123
Q

history of economic systems

A
  • foraging, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture, industrialism
124
Q

foraging

A
  • 50-40k years ago
  • hunting and gathering
  • minimal environmental manipulation
  • group herd hunting
  • ex. inuit, !kung people
  • superstructure: egalitarian, rudimentary labor division, flexible gender roles, free sexual behavior, informal authority, little surplus, nature based religion
125
Q

horticulture / slash and burn

A
  • 10k years ago
  • greater environmental manipulation, but on a small scale so not so hazardous
  • ex. wendat, iroquois, appalachia, indonesia
  • superstructure: chiefs and hierarchy, focus on natural cycles and seasons, harvest rituals, knowledge of time, solstices, and space
126
Q

pastoralism

A
  • 10-12k years ago
  • herding and nomadism
  • depend on and live with live animals (dog, camel, sheep, horses)
  • nomadic life with large settlements
  • individual and group ownership of the MOP (animals, land)
  • superstructure: male dominated, unequal social status, chiefs/states/empires, conflicts, belief in Gods, the great steppe
127
Q

agriculture

A
  • 5-10k years ago
  • intensive
  • environmentally harmful due to use of tools
  • central wealth accumulation
  • large concentration of people
  • ex. urban centers, towns, merchants, artisans, traders, land owners, peasants, feudalism, involuntary labor, craft specialization, little upward/downward mobility
  • superstructure: ideologies justify social inequality, writing, public buildings, sciences, art styles, religious specialists, shurch power
128
Q

industrialism

A
  • the economic base
  • post industrial society
  • these all exist today (currently in this epoch)
  • NO teleology (progress with a direction)
  • ex. MOP, ROP, manufacturing, wage labor, unprecedented surplus, large cities, megalopoles
129
Q

global impact of western colonialism and capitalism

A
  • no economic system that has been untouched by colonialism and capitalism
  • traditional plains culture
130
Q

capitalism and money

A
  • capital; anything one owns that can make them wealthier
  • money is financial capital
  • in industrial and capitalist society, almost all value can be expressed as money
  • capital organizes society and it is an impersonal force
131
Q

gift exchange

A
  • marcel mauss’ theory of gift
  • in traditional society, gifts are a way to cement society
  • receiving a gift entails an obligation and establishes a relationship
132
Q

market exchange

A
  • items are bartered for economic value
  • ex. kula ring exchange in trobriand islands
  • no monetary value, just a show of status
133
Q

a classic sociological classification of classes

A
  • includes social capital as well as economic
  • industrialists/investors/bankers: the high bourgeoisie or capitalist: the upper class
  • originated among the townsfolk of the agricultural period
  • upper middle class: doctors and lawyers
  • lower middle class: white collar workers
  • working class: blue collar workers (largest class that originated among peasants)
134
Q

individualist superstructures

A
  • market ideology (liberalism)
  • the market is an impersonal and abstract exchange mechanism
  • items are exchanged for money and vice versa
  • the market orders society: invisible hand by adam smith
  • free market ideology: limit government interference
  • liberalism and neoliberalism
135
Q

global impact of capitalism and western colonialism

A
  • agriculture, capitalism, and imperialism
  • globalized agriculture
  • indentured laborers, plantation workers brought from africa and enslaved
  • russian peasants were enserfed (bought/sold as a group)
136
Q

agribusiness

A
  • conflict between globalized large-scale agribusiness = deforestation, racial conflict, environmental degradation
  • ex. tutsi and hutu: rwanda and burundi: pastoralists (tutsi) and agriculturalists (hutu)
137
Q

contact in north america

A
  • unequal encounter between indigenous plains, prairie people, and europeans
  • horses introduced from europe and traded to the west
138
Q

indigeneity

A
  • a condition of indigenous people with similarities world wide
  • not just about having been there first
  • a condition of historic land dispossession by settler colonists
  • fourth world movement
  • indigenous rights intersects with environmental rights
139
Q

industrialist superstructure

A
  • love marriage
  • adolescence and youth culture, expanding education, standing armies
140
Q

nationalism

A
  • demands for a nation state appeared at a time when large markets were needed to facilitate use of capital
  • large scale use of capital often demanded the national government’s protection from corruption
  • colonial exploitation: a competitive project among capitalist nations
141
Q

colonialism

A
  • political domination by an imperial power (incorporating a territory with a status of subordination)
  • premised on violence using asymmetrical power given to the colonizer by superior military tech via the industrial revolution
  • transforming local economy and incorporating it into the colonial powers economy and world capitalist system
  • racialized division of labor
  • mainly abolished by the 1970s
142
Q

settler colonialism

A
  • dispossessing local people of land and brining it into legal ownership of settlers (aka colonizers)
143
Q

necropolitics

A
  • achille mbembe
  • direct violence, politics of impoverishment, negative health policies by the colonial power
144
Q

post industrial society

A
  • 1970s—
  • means of production: knowledge production
  • relations of production: within the state
  • in rich countries, service sector as important or even more important than manufacturing
  • increasing income disparities
  • growth of unemployed/underemployed surplus populations (homeless, urban slums, etc.)
145
Q

post industrialist relations beyond the state

A
  • neoliberal policies: deregulation of border controls, supranational free markets
  • outsourcing
  • global south struggles with industrialization
  • wealth gap increases
146
Q

people moving

A
  • increased mobility of capital is not matched by increased mobility of labor
  • middle class rises in the global south; many want to migrate to global north
147
Q

people without jobs

A
  • ‘bad neighborhood’
  • failed states among poor countries
  • corruption issues
148
Q

emerging markets

A
  • majority of the poor live in the global south
  • eventually they will catch up
149
Q

postcolony

A
  • a former colony or dominated country, now independent
  • all former colonies; taken together
  • inherited means of production
150
Q

coloniality

A
  • the character of colonial relations
151
Q

developmental models

A
  • foreign aid
152
Q

market (neoliberal) models of development

A
  • neoliberal government’s encourage market + privitization
153
Q

market models

A
  • IMF and world bank
  • international and dominated by the USA and the west
154
Q

microfinance

A
  • very small loans to poor people in the global south
  • does it really work? may empower minorities
155
Q

the digital revolution: human - machine interaction

A
  • humans create machines to help, but may cause damage
  • we fear that machines will destroy us
  • frankenstein, AI, robots
156
Q

the digital revolution: human - animal interaction

A
  • affected by digital tech
  • animal to human transplants
  • cloning
  • lab grown meat
157
Q

why are we afraid of robots?

A
  • look dead, reminder of mortality, unpredictable, challenge reality, hard to destroy, intelligence
158
Q

robot rebellion

A
  • karel kapek: coined the term “robot” which means worker
  • robot rebellion = represents the slave and labor revolt
  • cyborgs are part human part machine
159
Q

artificial intelligence (AI)

A
  • does it think? does it have its own will? will it take over?
160
Q

the internet of things

A
  • objects take initiative based on info, rather than direct prompting (spying)
161
Q

virtuality

A
  • image, objects, and people generated from code
  • no limit, and challenges what its like to be human, original/copy, signified/signifier, material/immaterial, base/superstructure, MOP by nonhumans, ROP is a human privilege
162
Q

human-machine fusion

A
  • mixing mechanics, biology, and virtuality
  • cyborgs/androids
163
Q

who rules the digital world?

A
  • internet is out of control, but it benefits the powerful
  • surveilance
164
Q

collecting big data

A
  • databases that collect info for the government, corporations, etc
  • used in warfare, advertising, law enforcement, academic research
  • surveillance is out of our control
  • surveillance vs privacy
165
Q

panoptic surveillance

A
  • michael focault
  • a feature of power in industrial and post industrial society
166
Q

big data algorithms

A
  • target ads, fights crime, prevents diseases, etc.
  • privacy issues (AI, chatGPT)
  • governmental surveillance (whistleblowers, hackers)
  • digitalized warfare and surveillance: tech can win wars (drones, targeted killings)
  • asymmetrical warfare: powerful state fights a weaker state (high tech v. low tech)
167
Q

malfunctions of digital warfare

A
  • bias built into design
  • lack of qualitative data = lack of understanding
  • inability to prevent evasion of surveillance
  • surveillance errors: collateral damage, failure to complete, expanding violences
168
Q

hegemony and violence

A
  • hegemony: non-violence exercise of control by the powerful
  • obtained by implicit threat of violence and the prestige associated with power
  • as long as power can be exercised without violence, non-violent hegemony is ideal
169
Q

quote by antonio gramsci

A

“spontaneous” consent given by the great masses of the population to the general direction imposed on social life by the dominant fundamental group; this consent is historically caused by the prestige… which the dominant group enjoys because of its position and function in the world of production.

170
Q

consent

A
  • necessary part of hegemony
  • ex. working class speakers accept that upper/middle class speech is the standard and better
  • people come closer to standard on formal occasions
171
Q

non-standard language persists

A
  • among family and friends, non standard language and bad manners are counter hegemonic
  • horizontal solidarity vs vertical prestige
172
Q

counter movement: political counter hegemony

A
  • always been a part of capitalism
  • karl polanyi
  • movement (towards free market, individual based life, flattening group movements, etc.)
173
Q

counter movement: marx’s socialism

A
  • increase role of society via the government in moderating the greediness of capitalism
  • more control of the market
174
Q

counter movement: corporatism

A
  • the state represents communities, not individuals
175
Q

incorporation

A
  • commercialization
  • diffuses the original agenda; compromises it

ANT100 FINAL (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions