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tudors; triumph of elizabeth > society in elizabethan england > Flashcards

society in elizabethan england Flashcards

1
Q

What was the highest peerage title?

A

Duke.

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2
Q

What were the 4 ducal titles to exist in England 1547-1572?

A
  • Somerset
  • Northumberland
  • Suffolk
  • Norfolk
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3
Q

Why was Elizabeth careful not to create any more dukes after 1572?

A

As the four that had existed had suffered traitors’ deaths.

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4
Q

How did many of the peerage attempt to enhance their prestige in Elizabeth’s reign?

A

Through massive building projects, partly to accommodate the queen when she was on royal progress.

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5
Q

Who were below the peerage?

A

The gentry.

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6
Q

Who were in the gentry?

A

Covered a wide social range, from knights of the shire and figures of national importance, to modest local landowners.

In between the two were gentlemen and esquires who dominated local government through their JPs.

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7
Q

What happened to the gentry class during Elizabeth’s reign?

A

It increased in size and the proportion who were seriously wealthy went up.

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8
Q

What happened to layers of society other than the gentry during Elizabeth’s reign?

A

They had differed very little from what they’d been at the start of the century.

However, her reign had been a period where the gap between rich and poor widened.

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9
Q

How big was the population by the end of Elizabeth’s reign?

A

Roughly 4 million, the bulk living in the countryside.

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10
Q

How big was the population of London by the end of Elizabeth’s reign?

A

150,000 at its highest, but it was the only large city. Few other cities had populations exceeding 5000.

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11
Q

What measures did Elizabeth take in her later years to relieve poverty?

A
  • Act of 1572
  • Poor Law Act of 1576
  • Further Acts in 1597 and 1601
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12
Q

What did the poor Act of 1572 do?

A

Established principle that local ratepayers should be required to pay a rate for the relief of their own poor.

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13
Q

What did the Poor Law Act of 1576 do?

A

First act to attempt to create a national system of poor relief to be financed and administered locally. Under the Act, towns were required to make provision for the employment of the deserving poor.

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14
Q

What did further poor law Acts in 1597 and 1601 do?

A

Completed legislative process. Elizabethan Poor Law Act 1601 parishes became designated as institutions required to raise the rates for, and to administer, poor relief.

Each parish was to appoint an overseer of the poor who was to ensure both the efficient collection of poor rates and the appropriate distribution of relief to the poor.

Overseers’ key responsibilities were relieving the impotent poor, setting the able bodied to work and apprenticing poor children. Activities were supervised by justices of the peace.

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15
Q

What did the multiple poor legislation passed by government show?

A

That they had taken the responsibility of ensuring a minimum level of subsistence for the deserving poor.

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16
Q

What was treatment of the undeserving poor like?

A

They were treated harshly, and this remained so despite the reforms for the deserving poor.

Notion remained that they should be whipped.

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17
Q

What did a 1572 act mean for the undeserving poor? What further act was there in 1597?

A

That branding was added to the range of punishments available to authorities.

Another act was passed where first-time offenders should be whipped and then sent back to the parish of their birth with repeat offenders being executed.

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18
Q

What was the one serious rebellion in Elizabeth’s reign?

A

The Northern Rebellion in 1569.

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19
Q

What were Elizabeth’s attitudes towards Ireland?

A

That it should be subjected to a policy of ‘Englishness’ in both religious and secular matters.

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20
Q

What was Elizabeth’s title in Ireland in 1560?

A

Supreme Governor of the Church of Ireland.

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21
Q

Why couldn’t Elizabeth impose Protestantism in Ireland?

A

They were largely Catholic, mostly Gaelic in language and, had customary laws and landownership which differed hugely to England.

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22
Q

What had led to bad relations with the Gaelic Irish and Old English?

A

The ‘get rich quick’ mentality of English incomers as Ireland became a breeding ground for fortune hunters, and frequent use of martial law.

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23
Q

When did rebellions in the south of Ireland against English rule break out?

A

There were 3:
- 1569-1573
- 1579-1582, linked with a Spanish incursion into County Kerry
- 1595-1601

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24
Q

Why had Anglo-Irish relations worsened on behalf of the County Kerry invasion/rebellion in 1579-82?

A

Due to the brutality from response of Lord Deputy of Ireland to the rebellion.

25
What was the 3rd Irish rebellion linked to?
The Anglo-Spanish war and it proved much more difficult + expensive to suppress.
26
Where did the 3rd Irish rebellion take place? Who led it?
Around Ulster. It was clan chief Hugh O'Neill who'd been made the Earl of Tyrone by Elizabeth in 1585. He rose up in rebellion in 1595.
27
How did the Spanish attempt to exploit the rebellion of Tyrone in Ireland? How did this cause unease on the English crown?
By including an Irish contingent in the Armada of 1596. However, this was unsuccessful. It did show that the Spanish had clearly signalled their intentions and caused unease among Elizabeth and her councillors.
28
How was the unease of Elizabeth due to the rebellion of Tyrone deepened in August 1598?
When the rebels were victorious at the Battle of Yellow Ford. It led to Tyrone being in control of much of Ireland 'beyond the Pale'. It seemed he was going to try to establish an independent and Catholic Ireland that would look to Spain for support.
29
What did Elizabeth do in desperation to respond to the Earl of Tyrone's rebellion?
She sent the Earl of Essex to Ireland as Lord Lieutenant in 1599.
30
What did the Earl of Essex do when he had been sent to Ireland in 1599?
He disobeyed the queen's orders. He had a large force but did not confront Tyrone and instead made a truce and returned to court. As soon as the truce expired Tyrone moved south and camped south-west of Cork hoping to link up with a Spanish army.
31
Who became the new Lord Lieutenant after the Earl of Essex failed in Ireland?
Lord Mountjoy, who made significant progress with help from Sir George Carew.
32
What were the final events of the Rebellion of the Earl of Tyrone?
Tyrone seemed to have been saved by the landing of over 3000 Spanish troops in Kinsale in September 1601. However the English triumphed on Christmas Eve 1601. Tyrone retreated back to Ulster before negotiating peace with Mountjoy in March 1603.
33
Why had Lord Mountjoy been desperate to offer generous terms of peace to the Earl of Tyrone in March 1603?
Unbeknownst to Tyrone, Elizabeth had died and Mountjoy had wanted to leave Ireland quickly and attend the new King, James I.
34
What did King James I do with the ruling of Ireland when he came to the throne?
He returned the policy which had been abandoned 70 years earlier, entrusting rule in Ireland to local nobility.
35
What had happened to Ireland during the entirety of conflict in Elizabeth's reign?
It had been destroyed or impoverished, with the conflict leaving a huge legacy of bitterness among the native population.
36
What were the conditions of Wales like in Elizabeth's reign? [3]
- Structure of border administration, most importantly Council of Wales and the Marches, remained in operation - Welsh language disappeared as medium of government - Poverty remained constant and though many Welsh gentry prospered, disproportionate amount in the Essex rebellion suggests level of discontent with political situation by the end of her reign.
37
How had the Welsh language been preserved?
Was preserved as a medium of religion with translation of both Book of Common Prayer and Bible into Welsh. There were also publication of dictionaries and grammars in Welsh also helped.
38
Why would there be consistent border conflict between Scotland and England?
As long as Scotland remained a separate and independent state there would be border conflict.
39
Why were the problems for the authorities in both England and Scotland?
As there was a continuation of a lawless subculture, which placed large emphasis on casual violence and rustling of sheep and cattle.
40
Who did administrative matters of the Scottish border lay in England?
It had traditionally been responsibility of wardens who'd been appointed from families of great northern magnates. However Henry VIII had moved away from this and so did Elizabeth, as she appointed southerners to maintain the border.
41
What was the problem with appointing southerners to maintain the Anglo-Scottish border?
It was difficult for nobles without a local landed base to control either northern landed families or the border clans.
42
What did the Northern Rebellion have little to do with?
Social and economic aspirations of the poor, as for most part of the reign there was relative societal order.
43
Where did food riots take place?
In London as well as in Kent, Hampshire and Norfolk.
44
What was the 'Oxfordshire rising' of 1596?
It was not really a rising but more an ill-thought out scheme of a group of 4 men desperate to seize armaments and march on London due to their experience in poverty.
45
How did authorities respond to the 'Oxfordshire rising'? What did this show?
They were heavy-handed in their response, reflecting a fear about social dislocation.
46
Where did the Northern Rebellion take place?
Mainly in Durham and the North Riding of Yorkshire.
47
What other rising was the Northern Rebellion linked to?
A rising in Cumberland in 1570.
48
Who led the Northern Rebellion?
Leading northern nobility, the earls of Northumberland and Westmorland.
49
What were some of the reasons for the Northern Rebellion? [2]
- Genuine religious fervour - Political reasons
50
Why were there political reasons for the Northern Rebellion?
The leaders had considered themselves dishonoured by having been displaced from their traditional aristocratic role of controlling northern government.
51
What conspiracy was the Northern Rebellion tied to?
A courtly conspiracy where it was proposed that Westmorland's brother in law, the Duke of Norfolk, should marry Queen of Scots, who could be restored to the Scottish throne.
52
When did the Northern Rebellion begin?
9th November 1569.
53
What were the events of the Northern Rebellion? [5]
- Marched on Durham and seized the city 14th November. Heard Mass in the Cathedral - Then marched on York camping for a time west of the city. However, made no attempt to capture it or march south to pressure the government - Instead moved back to county Durham and besieged Crown's stronghold of Barnard Castle which fell on 14th December - When leaders informed of Crown force they fled over Scottish border and disbanded their forces - Following month Northumberland's cousin restarted rebellion in Cumberland but heavily defeated by royal force under queen's cousin
54
Why had the Northern Rebellion failed? [4]
- Disorganisation with lack of clear objectives - Poor leadership - Lack of expected foreign support - Decisive action by authorities
55
How had government responded well to the Northern Rebellion?
They had spent huge time on the matter, studying a map of Durham to help come to decisions about appropriate courses of action.
56
What had the Northern Rebellion revealed about the London government?
That they lacked comprehension of the differences between north and south of problems of managing localities, and difficulty of raising forces to deal with potential threats. Also demonstrated ruthlessness of government in punishing those who offended it, with mass executions of rebels ordered.
57
Why was the Northern rebellion geographically limited?
There were few rebels from outside Durham and the North Riding of Yorkshire. They gained no support from equally conservative nobility of other parts of the north, with the appearance of little enthusiasm to get rid of Elizabeth.
58
How did Elizabeth try to reinforce the Crown's hold on the north after the Northern Rebellion?
By reconstituting the Council of the North in 1572, placing it under control of Earl of Huntingdon who was an outsider with no local ties, and had strong Puritan inclinations.
59
Why did Elizabeth place a strong Puritan as head of the Council of the North?
Where Catholics were perceived as potential enemies, his strong commitment to religious reform was seen as an advantage.

tudors; triumph of elizabeth (9 decks)

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