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Society and Technology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the looking glass self?

A

Cooley’s idea that you understand yourself through the interactions with others.

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2
Q

What are reference groups? what is their normative function?

A

Reference groups are people we can compare ourselves to. Communities act as reference groups. They have a normative function of developing morals standards and values.

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3
Q

What is the comparison function to reference groups? do people compare up or down?

A

we can say what are their lives vs. what is mine like. People are more likely to compare “up” to celebrities or leaders.

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4
Q

How does technology change reference groups?

A

Tech expands communities across space and time so now reference groups can be much bigger.

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5
Q

what is an online echo chamber?

A

it’s when algorithms and communication with like-minded individuals leads to reinforcement of ideas you already have. Can cause an ethno-centric view on the world.

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6
Q

What is Gemeinschaft? what are some of the characteristics

A

Gemeinschaft is German for community. It’s usually found in small towns. Everyone knows everyone, the family unit is very close, limited social networks, high levels of trust and support

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7
Q

What is Gesellschaft? List a few traits

A

Gesellschaft means society. large broad social networks with shallower connection and more privacy.

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8
Q

What are the three theories of Community and Tech developed by Wellman?

A
  1. Community-lost
  2. Community saved
  3. Community-liberated
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9
Q

What are the defining characteristics of Community-lost theory?

A

fewer opportunities to socialize, long work hours give less time for other activities, new transportation and communication remove people from immediate area. (everyone head down on the way to campus on LT)

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10
Q

What were Turkle’s 2 ideas that are contrasting but relate to the community-lost theory of community and tech?

A

Turkle believed in a new sense of being alone together (together but on devices) and togetherness. technology can create a paradoxical situation where people are constantly connected yet feel isolated.

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11
Q

what is the Community saved theory? what are some characteristics?

A

The community saved theory says that community is still alive and stronger than ever. Networked connectivity brings people together. society may be changing but friends and family continue to dominant social organization.

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12
Q

What is Community-liberated? what are some characteristics?

A

communities have gone through radical social changes. Tech has created communities that don’t rely on proximity (unbounded) with the telephone, email, cars, social media.

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13
Q

What are the three VIEWS of community in the internet era?

A
  1. Utopian view
  2. Dystopian view
  3. Supplement view
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14
Q

What are characteristics of the Utopian View

A

The internet stimulates positive change. It connects people over space and time

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15
Q

What are the key views of the Dystopian view?

A

The internet has detrimental effects on the public sphere like bringing people out of their local environment and alienating people from social engagement and civic participation.

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16
Q

What does the Supplement view of community say?

A

Adds to rather than replaces other forms of communication. Ex: Facebook neighborhood group

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17
Q

What is the rich get richer hypothesis in terms of social networks?

A

People with large social networks benefit disproportionately form sns. Social media and the internet allow users to create and increase network.

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18
Q

What are the two types of social capital?

A

Bonding social capital: intimate strong bond
Bridging social capital: weak ties (associates)

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19
Q

What is the triple revolution that led to networked individualism?

A
  1. personalized internet
  2. move from close-knit groups to networks
  3. widespread adoption of mobile devices
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20
Q

What is mechanical solidarity? Organic solidarity? Where are we at now?

A

We moved from mechanical to organic solidarity through interdependence. Mechanical (small town): shared understandings and collective conscious. Organic (big city): special social roles and multiple partial networks

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21
Q

How is the public perception of hackers different from how they see themselves?

A

They see themselves as passionately working towards finding a solution to any given problem.

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22
Q

What are some of the hacker beliefs

A

Hackers believe in
*freedom of information over ownership
* creativity over conventionality
* hard work over indolence
* intellectualism over looks and style
* unorthodox over conformity

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23
Q

What are the 7 tenets of the hacker?

A
  1. higher understanding requires an unorthodox approach
  2. hacking takes hard work
  3. learn for yourself approach
  4. mistrust authority
  5. share knowledge with others
  6. info should be free
  7. evaluated based on knowledge and desire to learn
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24
Q

How do online communities maintain and reinforce a belief system?

A
  1. Secondary socialization approximating the conditions of primary socialization. (Learning as if at home. Dependent on info learned from the group leaders.)
  2. suppressing cognitive dissonance (Avoid confusion)
  3. subcultural support and the echo chamber (others think like you)
  4. outsider persecution (if someone disagrees, they’re attacking you)
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25
Q

What is civil inattention? What are three patterns of public interaction that are inattentive?

A

Civil inattention is acknowledging the strangers in close proximity to us but being disinterested in them. 1. ignoring them
2. staring openly and fixedly at one another
3. glancing then averting your eyes

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26
Q

How do open people invite engagement? What do closed people embody

A
  1. status
  2. presence in interactive contexts
  3. signaling (voluntary or involuntary)
    Closed people embody social inattentiveness.
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27
Q

What was people’s initial reaction to the telephone?

A

People were initially resistant because of skepticism and fear.

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28
Q

How did the telephone affect social accessibility?

A

The phone made realms like the home that were previously inaccessible, accessible. social realms and boundaries accessible.

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29
Q

What are Prensky’s two groups of usage?

A

Digital natives: people who grew up and don’t know life without the internet. Quick to adopt new tech.
Digital immigrants: people who grew up without tech who are slow to adopt it.

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30
Q

What is the difference between the self and identity? what are characteristics of self?

A

The self is how you view yourself, but Identity is how others view you. Self contains name, likes, beliefs, values, self-perception. Self is dynamic.

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31
Q

What were Higgin’s core components of self?

A
  1. Actual self
  2. Idealized self
  3. “ought to be” self
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32
Q

What is online disinhibition? identity play?

A

These are two similar phenomena where people feel more comfortable expressing themselves online or exploring different sides of their personality on the internet.

33
Q

What is context collapse and what behavior does it emphasize?

A

Context collapse is different social groups coming together on social media. It makes identity management important because you have to please all the different types of people.

34
Q

What are the 4 things that affect friendships online?

A
  1. persistence: old posts may no longer represent you
  2. searchability: friends can search you up and find old posts
  3. replicability: a momentary post can be copied and shared by others
  4. invisible audience: you never know who may see what you post
35
Q

What is social comparison? Feedback seeking? what do they have in common?

A

S.C is using info and reactions from peers to evaluate the self. Feedback seeking is looking for engagement from peers for validation. Both are engaged in more frequently on social media.

36
Q

How can social media be used for romance online?

A
  1. you can learn about one’s interests
  2. you can screen potential partners
  3. you can meet potential partners
  4. Declaring relationship status or sexual orientation.
37
Q

What is the concept of Breakup 2.0?

A

Social media has made breaking up with someone much more difficult. Digital traces make it difficult to forget the past.

38
Q

What are problematic breakup strategies associated with breakup 2.0?

A
  1. changing status online
  2. Re-reading posts/texts/pics
  3. cyberstalking
  4. defriending
  5. Ghosting
  6. (extra) posting to entice jealousy
39
Q

What did Carroll and Landry identify as four activities on sns after loss?

A
  1. creation of a story of the person’s life
  2. Public expression of sadness
  3. praise for the deceased
  4. Asking the dead for guidance, comfort, understanding.
40
Q

How has technology changed the surveillance landscape?

A

They can now track digital data “new gold” instead of physical surveillance. it’s embedded in our lives. New tools to collect, store, and analyze data.

41
Q

What does “creeping is normalized” mean?

A

so many people analyze their friends posts and pictures they don’t realize how weird it is.

42
Q

What is surveillance capitalism?

A

It’s when companies monetize the human experience by selling your data to advertising companies. These companies use complex algorithms to predict your future behavior and profit off of it.

43
Q

What are the two national agencies that collect data? what are their intended purpose?

A

The CSIS and NSA gather information to support national and international security.

44
Q

What is liquid surveillance?

A

liquid surveillance is the idea that everyone is constantly monitored through technology.

45
Q

Under the Capitalism understanding of surveillance what two forms of surveillance took place?

A
  1. means of production (surveillance to profit)
  2. means of discipline.
46
Q

under capitalism understanding who watches who?

A

The ruling class watches the workers but not the other way around.

47
Q

What does the rationalization understanding say?

A

Everyone lives in the most efficient way possible. instead of behavior being based on kinship, tradition, and ties now it’s based on rules based on rational choices and informal ties.

48
Q

What three factors played a role in this shift to rationalization?

A
  1. more knowledge (from surveillance)
  2. Growing impersonality (everyone is data points)
  3. Enhanced control (surv. used to monitor and control behavior)
49
Q

What is the iron cage? Which understanding of behavior does it epitamize?

A

Iron cage is a society where everything is based on efficiency with little room for individual needs and life history. (think McDonald’s workers evaluated on production)

50
Q

What does the Power way of understanding surveillance say?

A

Power is inherent in all social relationships and systems. Social control is a feature of all modern societies and is achieved through hierarchical surveillance.

51
Q

What equation does Foucault’s prison and Benthem’s model of the Panopticon create?

A

Visibility of power + uncertainty of power = automation of power

52
Q

Gary Marx identified 3 approaches to describe changes in surveillance as a result of info tech. What are they?

A

1.Functional view: society needs security and safety which requires surveillance
2. Revolutionary view: tech has evolved surveillance so there’s less privacy
3. Cultural view: social factors shaped surveillance

53
Q

What are some differences between new surveillance and traditional surveillance?

A

New surveillance is mechanical, remote, more involuntary, less expensive, continuous, combined data, past-present-future, real-time, more comprehensive, etc.

54
Q

What is the right to be forgotten?

A

The right to be forgotten is the right to remove personal information from the internet. It’s available in the EU but not clearly defined in USA or Canada.

55
Q

What did Mark Zuck mean when he said privacy is dead?

A

People willingly give away their info so often that there shouldn’t be an expectation of privacy.

56
Q

What are the 2 types of concerns with privacy? 2 types of privacy?

A

future concerns: worry long after the info is disclosed
immediate concerns: occur instantly after disclosure
Social privacy: privacy from people you know
Institutional privacy: privacy against corporations or government.

57
Q

Why do people disclose personal info despite privacy concerns?

A

Privacy concerns are only relevant after harm is caused. People must sacrifice privacy to build an online presence (information revelation). Some people believe if they have nothing to hide, they have nothing to fear.

58
Q

What is the privacy paradox?

A

This is the idea that people are the most concerned about their privacy then ever but still continue to sacrifice their personal information online.

59
Q

What are the core reasons to study ethics in relation with tech?

A
  1. Important to innovate responsibly
  2. Must consider social impacts
  3. Decide on appropriate uses
60
Q

What is the Neutrality of Technology view say?

A

Technology is impartial because it lacks values.

61
Q

What are the 3 ways tech is neutral?

A
  1. Multiple uses of tools (humans decide it’s use not the tool)
  2. Uncontextualized tools (Value is assigned when a tool is used in practice)
  3. Tools as science (tools come from science and science is impartial)
62
Q

What do critics of Tech neutrality argue?

A

Tech is embedded with the values of the culture it comes from.

63
Q

What did the MIT machine moral dilemma decision reveal?

A

Different regions and social groups had different opinions on who a driverless car should kill. usually preferred saving more lives, saving the young and saving humans over animals.

64
Q

What’s the core thought behind technology as destiny?

A

Technology is inevitable and an inescapable part of human existence.

65
Q

When did people change their view on the inherent goodness of tech?

A

After WWII and the atomic bomb people began to question tech as destiny. Before WWII tech was linked to progress.

66
Q

According to Jonas what are the two distinct spheres of tech? what are his thoughts?

A

Traditional tech: stationary and needs human interaction
Modern tech: Ai and autonomous.
Modern tech amplifies actions and produces unintended consequences which needs ethical responsibility.

67
Q

What does grant argue about tech as destiny? What does Environmental degradation have to do with his ideas?

A

Grant thinks that tech is in all aspects of society. People become so reliant on tech they ignore other solutions to problems. ex: env degradation: people look for new tech to clean the env instead of changing behavior.

68
Q

What was Heidegger’s worry? what was his solution?

A

Heidegger worried tech would disguise its true nature and then enslave everyone. His solution was to be weary of tech and question why you rely on it.

69
Q

What is the tech as progress view?

A

Tech is inherently good, and tech improvement will improve human society (utopian view). Tech marks our time and without improvement society stagnates. Tech empowers people to fulfill wants and needs.

70
Q

What did Baudrillard mean when he said tech as progress is a myth

A

He believes this view obscures moral and social implication. Distracts us from critical engagement.

71
Q

What do moral backwardness and model of repressiveness have to do with tech as progress?

A

Both argue against tech as progress saying that if tech advances too fast society either lags behind in morality or regresses because society lacks critical discussion.

72
Q

What idea does the Gizmo reinforce?

A

the gizmo (product or feature) highlights the idea of innovation for innovation’s sake. The idea that every problem can be taken care of with a product (grant)

73
Q

What do Gizmo’s represent in a modern society?

A

They can represent status (I’m progressive), consumerism, and materialism.

74
Q

Where do gadgets that are old or broken go?

A

Many developing nations (Ghana, China, India) take old devices, and it pollutes these nations because they have less standards. They also use unethical labor to dispose of them.

75
Q

What are the reasons that electronic waste levels have risen?

A
  1. Globalization
  2. Development
  3. population growth
  4. Declining retail prices
76
Q

What causes overload? what is Overload?

A

Overload is caused by a reliance on technology. Overload is defined as excessive demands, time pressure, and blurring of boundaries between work and personal life.

77
Q

What are other causes of overload beyond tech?

A

Increased work demands, family structures and commodification of free time. (think about working parents)

78
Q

What do time-space compression and info overload lead to?

A

They lead to less free time, more mental and physical problems. They call for a measured evaluation of moral and ethical benefits.

79
Q
A

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