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america 1917-1993 > Society and culture in change > Flashcards

Society and culture in change Flashcards

1
Q

what is the 19th amendment?

A

guaranteed women the vote in all US elections

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2
Q

how did women’s employment change?

A
  • by 1920 8.2 million found work outisde the home
  • by 1930 this had risen to 10.4 million
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3
Q

how did womens leisue time change?

A
  • more women spent it at dance halls, cinemas and sports clubs
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4
Q

how did womens fashion change?

A

Corsetswent out of fashion, hemlines rose and hair became bobbed. Comestics became a growth industry

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5
Q

who was Frances Perkins?

A

she was the first female cabinet member appointed by roosevelt in 1933

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6
Q

what role in women play in ww2?

A

200,000 women served in the Women’s Army Corps and the navy’s equilvalent and thousands worked as nurses.

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7
Q

how did social norms surrounding marriage change?

A

by the 1930s love and companionship as the basis of marriage had gained ascendacy

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8
Q

how many women entered the workforce in 1945?

A

6 million

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9
Q

how many women made up the workforce in 1944?

A

14% in shipbuilding and 40% in aircraft plants

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10
Q

who was Rosie the Riveter?

A

she symbolised women in war work

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11
Q

in 1945 what percentage of married women were employed outside the home?

A

25% compared to 15% in 1940 > married women outnumbered single women for the first time

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12
Q

how many people favoured married women working in war industries?

A

By 1942 a poll showed 60% in favour

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13
Q

what happened to women’s jobs after the war?

A

women were encouraged, sometimes forced, to turn their wartime jobs over to returning veterans

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14
Q

what happened to births after the war?

A

There was a baby boom - the birth rate per 1000 of total population grew from 19.4 in 1940 to over 24% annum by 1946

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15
Q

how were women discriminated against in employment?

A
  • most went into low paid, low prestige occupations
  • they were paid substantially less than men when doing the same work
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16
Q

What did Betty Friedan do?

A

she published the ‘feminine mystique’ , claiming the middle class home had become a comfortable concentration camp

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17
Q

what was the National Organisation for Women?

A

in 1966 Friedan and a small group of activists founded NOW

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18
Q

what did NOW intend to do?

A
  • end gender job discrimination
  • legalise abortions
  • obtain federal and state support for childcare centres
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19
Q

What did women liberation activists do?

A

sought support through newletters and consciousness-raising meetings aimed at raising awareness of gender inequalities

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20
Q

what action did congress take to support women?

A
  • In 1972 they approved the Equal righst amendment which had been stuck for almost 50 years
  • The supreme court in roe v wade 1973 struck down state laws forbidding abortions during the first 3 momths of pregnancy
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21
Q

how did women’s sexual liberation change in the 1960s?

A

there was increased acceptance of casual premartial sex, abortion & extramarital relations

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22
Q

what accelerated this change?

A

the widespread availability of the first oral contraception

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23
Q

what were some of the failures of the women’s movement?

A
  • divisions between radical and moderate feminists
  • ERA failed to gain enough support to become part of congress
  • lead to a powerful reaction from catholics and protestants regarding abortion
  • few women were elected to congress
    still faced employment discrimination
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24
Q

what were the successes of the womens movement?

A
  • women constituted 51% of the population
  • women’s growing presence in the workforce assured them a greater share of economic and political influence
25
Q

what was the red scare?

A

communist scare after the Bolshevik revolution in 1917

26
Q

how many people entered america between 1920-1921?

A

800,000

27
Q

how did the US try to restrict immigration?

A
  • in 1921 congress passed the emergency immingration act which restricted to 3% of immigrants
  • the 1924 quota law reduced the number to 2% therefore limited at 150,000 immigrants per year
28
Q

what did the quota law exclude?

A

immigrants arriving from western hemisphere countries

29
Q

how many mexican migrants constituted farm labour in the west?

A

75%

30
Q

During the 1920s how many americans left the farms for the cities?

A

six million americans - black and white

31
Q

How many black people moved from the South ?

A

one and a half million

32
Q

What problems did black migration cause?

A
  • black newcomers were forced into ghettos
  • fear of black invasion prompted neighbourhood restrictive covenants > white home owners pledged not to sell or rent property to back people
33
Q

What was the McCarran- Walter Act 1945-80?

A
  • allowed small quota of immigrants from Asia
  • enabled asian people to become american citizens
  • maintained the existing national orgins system of immigration
34
Q

how many japanese and chinese immigrants entered america in the 1950s?

A

45,000 japanese
32,000 chinese

35
Q

What was the 1965 immigration legislation?

A
  • the discriminatory quota system was abolished
  • 290,000 immigrants per year could be admitted to the USA
  • limits were placed on immigrants from Western hemisphere countries : max of 20,000 from any single nation
36
Q

What was the impact of this legislation?

A

Over the decade an average of 100,000 were admitted each year, and 290,000 authorised

37
Q

How many films did hollywood produce a year?

A

600

38
Q

Give examples of hollywood stars in the 1920s

A
  • Charlie Chaplin
  • Buster Keaton
  • Rudolph Valentin
39
Q

what were talkies?

A

the first movies with sound

40
Q

what was the first talkie?

A

The Jazz Singer (1927)

41
Q

What dances became popular?

A

the Charleston and Black Bottom

42
Q

What increased the popularity of jazz music?

A

Prohibition brough speakeasies in the 1920s which hired musicians, spefically jazz, to attract customers

43
Q

what influence did radio have?

A

Radio brought music to more consumers and stimulated the sale of sheet music

44
Q

Give examples of some successful radio stations

A
  • KDKA in Pittsburg offered a weekly schedule of talk and music
45
Q

How many radio stations were on air by 1922 compared to 1945?

A

500 in 1922 and 1000 in 1945

46
Q

How did Roosevelt use the radio?

A

he used radio ‘fireside chats’ in the 1930s to sell his new deal measures

47
Q

how did radio advertising increase

A

from 1% in 1928 to 15% in 1945

48
Q

In 1955 how many homes had TV’s?

A

32 million - 75% of all households and 90% by 1960

49
Q

what were some popular tv shows at the time?

A
  • Gunsmoke
  • 77 sunset strip
50
Q

how did TV avoid bias?

A
  • business men and professional people were favourably protrayed
  • few featured black americans as main characters
  • political issues were off limits
  • fathers were all knowing, mothers all supportive and children obedient and loveable
51
Q

what were the arguments against TV?

A
  • strengthened violent tendencies
  • sabotaged the reading habit
  • stifled conversation
    harmed radio, newspaper and cinema
  • big boost to advertising industry
52
Q

what are the positive aspects of TV?

A
  • helped define a national culture
  • people had choice in what they viewed - not passive
  • advertsiing led to a consumer boom and benefited the economy
53
Q

By 1930 how many had a radio and how long did they listen for?

A

80% owned a radio and spent on average 4 hours listening per day

54
Q

how did news reporting increase in popularity?

A
  • CBS and NBC expanded their nightly broadcast to 30 minutes
  • by 1963 surveys suggested tv broadcast was americans main source of info
55
Q

How did Nixon use TV?

A

he used it to defend himself in his ‘checkers speech’ which impressed americans

56
Q

how many people watched the kennedy v nixon presidential debate?

A

60 million

57
Q

How did TV impact Civil Rights?

A

TV cameras captured events at Little Rock, Birmingham and Selma when violence was used against peaceful protest. These images shocked viewers

58
Q

How did TV impact the Vietnam War?

A

The televison news coverage of the war is often regarded as crucial in determining its outcome by turing uS opinion against the war

america 1917-1993 (3 decks)

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