Socialization Flashcards
module 4
socialization
is a lifelong learning process that involves figuring out or being taught how to be a social person in a given social context. It brings changes in an individual’s sense of self
what are the types of socialization/
-primary socialization
-secondary socialization
primary socialization
is the socialization that occurs during childhood
secondary socialization
is the socialization that occurs later in life
determinism
refers to the degree to which an individuals behavior, attitudes and other personal characteristics are determined or caused by something specific
what are the 2 contentious topics of socialization?
- determinism vs free will
- biological determinism vs social determinism
what is nature vs nurture in determinism
biological determinism vs social or cultural determinism
biological determinism
states that the greater part of who we are is determined by our roughly 26,000 genes
-Ex. if we are good at sports its in our genes
-is the “nature” part
what did Sigmund Freud argue?
both biological and social factors shape human personality
what are the 3 parts of the human mind?
- ID
- superego
- ego
what is ID
represents our unconscious instinctive drives
what is superego
it is the part of the mind that polices the id ( your conscience)
what is ego
the main agent of personality, driven by the ID and its demands but restrained by the superego
what is Eros
dedicated to pleasure seeking
what is Thanatos
the instinct for aggression
social (or cultural) determinism /behaviorism
a school of thought in psychology that takes a strong cultural-determinist position
-“nurture” part
-who we are is shaped by our experiences
behavior modification
shaping someone’s behaviors through rewards and punishment
what is the law of effect and who came up with it?
Edward Thorndike
-it is when desired behaviors are rewarded and reinforced and undesired behaviors are ignored or punished and most likely abandoned
-part of behavior modification
what did Canadian socialization Dennis H. Wrong (1961) argue?
that behaviorists work with an over socialized representation of human beings
agents of socialization
are groups that have a significant impact on one’s socialization
what are examples of agents of socialization
family
peers
neighborhood/community
school
mass media
legal system
religion/ culture
who is George Herbert Mead?
a symbolic interactionist, argued children are socialized by others and internalize norms and values
what 2 categories of agents of socialization did George Mead distinguish
- significant others
- generalized others
who are significant others?
key individuals, primarily parents, siblings and friends, that children imitate and model themselves after
what are generalized others?
the attitudes, viewpoints and general expectations of the society into which the child is socialized
who is Charles Cooley and what idea did he introduce?
he was a symbolic interactionist and introduced the looking glass self as an explanation of how the self develops
what are the 3 components to the looking-glass self?
- how you imagine you appear to others
- how you imagine those others judge your appearance
- how you feel as a result (proud, self-confident, etc)
what is a persons self-image based on?
how a person thinks they are viewed
family
the first and often most powerful agent of socialization
what are peer groups?
a social group sharing key characteristics such as age, social position and interests
peer pressure
refers to the social force exerted on individuals by their peers to conform in behavior, appearance or externally demonstrated values
what are risk behaviors
lifestyle activities that place a person at increased probability of suffering negative consequences
ex. drinking too much, speeding
what did Arnett and Balle-Jensen make an important distinction between?
broad socialization and narrow socialization
broad socialization
independence and individualism are promoted in the culture
ex. higher rates of risk behavior
narrow socialization
obedience to standards and conformity of culture
Ex. lower rates of risk behavior
