socialism, liberalism, conservatism

Question 1

Liberalism

Answer 1

a political philosophy valuing individual freedom and aiming to create a society where everyone can pursue their own interests

Question 2

Individualism

Answer 2

the belief in the importance and rights of each person as an individual

Question 3

rationalism

Answer 3

the practice of basing opinions and actions on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

Question 4

freedom

Answer 4

the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint

Question 5

justice

Answer 5

the quality of being fair and reasonable

Question 6

toleration

Answer 6

the acceptance of different beliefs, practices and behaviors

Question 7

meritocracy

Answer 7

a system in which people are rewarded and advanced based on their abilities and achievements rather than their status or wealth

Question 8

divirsity

Answer 8

a range of different things or people

Question 9

plurarism

Answer 9

a condition or system in which multiple groups, principles, sources of authority, etc. coexist

Question 10

consent

Answer 10

permission for something to happen or an agreement to do something

Question 11

constitutionalism

Answer 11

the belief in limiting governmental power by a written constitution

Question 12

capitalism

Answer 12

an economic system in which country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by state

Question 13

intervention

Answer 13

the action of becoming intentionally involved in a difficult situation, to improve ii or prevent from getting worse

Question 14

social democracy

Answer 14

a political, social and economic philosophy that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a liberal democratic polity and a capitalist-oriented economy

Question 15

feudalism

Answer 15

the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of nobles, while the peasants were obliged to live on their lord’s land and give him homage, labor and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military ptotection

Question 16

tenant translation

Answer 16

nájemník

Question 17

homage translation

Answer 17

pocta

Question 18

welfare reform

Answer 18

changes to the regulations governing a welfare system, typically aiming to reduce government assistance or to alter the social support mechanisms in place for poor and unemployed

Question 19

liberalisms beliefs

Answer 19

1. every person is unique and capable of making reasonable decisions
2. everyone should have the greatest amount of freedom possible, as long as it doesn’t limit the freedom of others
3. all individuals should have equal rights and opportunities
4. people should earn rewards based on their talents or hard work

Question 20

liberal democracy

Answer 20

consent and constitutionalism

Question 21

types of liberalism

Answer 21

classical and modern

Question 22

classical liberalism

Answer 22

“minimal state” - government should only focus on keeping order and protecting people’s safety, government’s interference should be minimal

Question 23

modern liberalism

Answer 23

more supportive of the government playing an active role, especially in correcting the unfair aspects of capitalism

Question 24

conservatism

Answer 24

a political attitude, defined by the desire to conserve and a resistance to change

Question 25

tradition

Answer 25

the values, practices and institutions that have been passed down through generations and are considered to be "tested by time"

Question 26

organic society

Answer 26

the concept that institutions and values arise naturally and should be preserved to safeguard the societal "fabric"

Question 27

authority

Answer 27

seen as the basis for social cohesion, providing individuals with a sense of identity and expectations

Question 28

authoritarian conservatism

Answer 28

a starkly autocratic and reactionary form of conservatism, emphasizing government "from above" to establish order

Question 29

paternalistic conservatism

Answer 29

advocates "reform from above" over "revolution from below" and argues that the wealthy have an obligation to care for the poor

Question 30

libertarian conservatism

Answer 30

advocates maximum economic liberty and minimal government regulation, combining traditional social philosophy with an emphasis on authority and duty

Question 31

individual freedom

Answer 31

the power or right to act, speak or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint

Question 32

conservatism emphasizes

Answer 32

1.tradition, stability, continuity within a society, 2. gradual changes over sudden radical reforms, 3. preserving the cultural, social and political heritage of a community

Question 33

Father of conservatism

Answer 33

Edmund Burke, argued that society should evolve slowly, respecting the wisdom embedded in its traditions and customs, abrupt changes imposed by radical ideologies could lead to chaos and societal breakdown

Question 34

key principles of conservatism

Answer 34

1.tradition and order 2. skepticism of rapid change 3. individual responsibility 4. limited government 5. economic freedom 6. national sovereignty

Question 35

socialism

Answer 35

belief against capitalism, believes in teamwork, equality, ending class differences

Question 36

types of socialism

Answer 36

utopian, scientific, revolutionary, reformist

Question 37

utopian socialism

Answer 37

focuses on moral values, saying socialism is better than capitalism because its based on kindness and caring for others

Question 38

scientific socialism

Answer 38

says history shows socialism will naturally replace capitalism. it looks at the facts and patterns in history

Question 39

revolutionary socialism

Answer 39

believes in changing society through revolution, thinking that the current system cant be fixed

Question 40

reformist socialism

Answer 40

wants to achieve socialism through democracy and peaceful changes, blending socialism with democratic ideas

Question 41

socialism started

Answer 41

because of unfair conditions faced by workers when industrial capitalism began

Question 42

socialism historical examples

Answer 42

Soviet Union, China, Cuba, East Germany, Venezuela

Question 43

socialism key principles

Answer 43

society without class division, production were owned by the community, full control by government, elimination of private property, collective ownership, redistribution of wealth, progressive taxation, provision of public goods and services

Question 44

The Czech Republic

Answer 44

1948 - after ww2 czechoslovakia became a communist state under Soviet influence 1968 - prague spring, political liberalization, "socialism with a human face" by Alexander Dubcek - ended by the Warsaw Pact invasion 1989 - transition towards democracy, Velvet revolution, velvet divorce