socialism, liberalism, conservatism Flashcards
Liberalism
a political philosophy valuing individual freedom and aiming to create a society where everyone can pursue their own interests
Individualism
the belief in the importance and rights of each person as an individual
rationalism
the practice of basing opinions and actions on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response
freedom
the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint
justice
the quality of being fair and reasonable
toleration
the acceptance of different beliefs, practices and behaviors
meritocracy
a system in which people are rewarded and advanced based on their abilities and achievements rather than their status or wealth
divirsity
a range of different things or people
plurarism
a condition or system in which multiple groups, principles, sources of authority, etc. coexist
consent
permission for something to happen or an agreement to do something
constitutionalism
the belief in limiting governmental power by a written constitution
capitalism
an economic system in which country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by state
intervention
the action of becoming intentionally involved in a difficult situation, to improve ii or prevent from getting worse
social democracy
a political, social and economic philosophy that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a liberal democratic polity and a capitalist-oriented economy
feudalism
the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of nobles, while the peasants were obliged to live on their lord’s land and give him homage, labor and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military ptotection
tenant translation
nájemník
homage translation
pocta
welfare reform
changes to the regulations governing a welfare system, typically aiming to reduce government assistance or to alter the social support mechanisms in place for poor and unemployed
liberalisms beliefs
- every person is unique and capable of making reasonable decisions
- everyone should have the greatest amount of freedom possible, as long as it doesn’t limit the freedom of others
- all individuals should have equal rights and opportunities
- people should earn rewards based on their talents or hard work
liberal democracy
consent and constitutionalism
types of liberalism
classical and modern
classical liberalism
“minimal state” - government should only focus on keeping order and protecting people’s safety, government’s interference should be minimal
modern liberalism
more supportive of the government playing an active role, especially in correcting the unfair aspects of capitalism
conservatism
a political attitude, defined by the desire to conserve and a resistance to change
tradition
the values, practices and institutions that have been passed down through generations and are considered to be “tested by time”
organic society
the concept that institutions and values arise naturally and should be preserved to safeguard the societal “fabric”
authority
seen as the basis for social cohesion, providing individuals with a sense of identity and expectations
authoritarian conservatism
a starkly autocratic and reactionary form of conservatism, emphasizing government “from above” to establish order
paternalistic conservatism
advocates “reform from above” over “revolution from below” and argues that the wealthy have an obligation to care for the poor
libertarian conservatism
advocates maximum economic liberty and minimal government regulation, combining traditional social philosophy with an emphasis on authority and duty
individual freedom
the power or right to act, speak or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint
conservatism emphasizes
1.tradition, stability, continuity within a society,
2. gradual changes over sudden radical reforms,
3. preserving the cultural, social and political heritage of a community
Father of conservatism
Edmund Burke, argued that society should evolve slowly, respecting the wisdom embedded in its traditions and customs, abrupt changes imposed by radical ideologies could lead to chaos and societal breakdown
key principles of conservatism
1.tradition and order
2. skepticism of rapid change
3. individual responsibility
4. limited government
5. economic freedom
6. national sovereignty
socialism
belief against capitalism, believes in teamwork, equality, ending class differences
types of socialism
utopian, scientific, revolutionary, reformist
utopian socialism
focuses on moral values, saying socialism is better than capitalism because its based on kindness and caring for others
scientific socialism
says history shows socialism will naturally replace capitalism. it looks at the facts and patterns in history
revolutionary socialism
believes in changing society through revolution, thinking that the current system cant be fixed
reformist socialism
wants to achieve socialism through democracy and peaceful changes, blending socialism with democratic ideas
socialism started
because of unfair conditions faced by workers when industrial capitalism began
socialism historical examples
Soviet Union, China, Cuba, East Germany, Venezuela
socialism key principles
society without class division, production were owned by the community, full control by government, elimination of private property, collective ownership, redistribution of wealth, progressive taxation, provision of public goods and services
The Czech Republic
1948 - after ww2 czechoslovakia became a communist state under Soviet influence
1968 - prague spring, political liberalization, “socialism with a human face” by Alexander Dubcek - ended by the Warsaw Pact invasion
1989 - transition towards democracy, Velvet revolution, velvet divorce
