Socialisation, culture and identity

Question 1

What is cultural diversity?

Answer 1

What is seen as normal in one culture may be seen as abnormal in another

Question 2

What is the difference between intercultural and intracultural diversity ?

Answer 2

Inter = between cultures
Intra = within cultures

Question 3

What is cultural hybridity ?

Answer 3

The merging of two or more cultures through music fashion etc.

Question 4

What is high culture ?

Answer 4

Products and activities seen as very high status eg. theatre, opera and ballet.

Question 5

What is popular culture ?

Answer 5

Products and activities enjoyed by the majority of the population eg. watching tv or going to the cinema.

May be gradually more similar to high culture due to media giving access to activities they didnt have before eg the theatre.

Question 6

What is consumer culture ?

Answer 6

Argued we have consumer culture today as its much easier to get hold of goods and services across the world. Shopping = main focus.

Question 7

What is global culture ?

Answer 7

Growing trend of cultural products and activities becoming universal. Brands eg. Coca-Cola easily recognisable all over the world. People watch westernised tv in their own langue due to media.

Question 8

What is primary socialisation ?

Answer 8

The early years of life 0-5, learn through imitation of parents and modelling. Learn what is acceptable through trial and error. Reinforcement of behaviour for social control and learning of norms and values.

Question 9

What is secondary socialisation ?

Answer 9

What is learnt about norms and values after the age of 5. Through family, peers,workplace,religion,education, and media.

Question 10

Explain the influence of peer groups in secondary socialisation.

Answer 10

Peers = those of similar age group. Child learns a lot about whats acceptable from them because they want to fit in. Can cause rebellion, youth subcultures eg punks who resist norms and values of rest of society.

Question 11

Explain the influence of education on secondary socialisation.

Answer 11

Overlaps with peer groups. Formal curriculum eg maths based on language and culture of society and reflects its values. Informal curriculum eg sanctions and uniforms. Teachers pass these norms and values and children learn their place in society by the way teachers interact.

Question 12

Explain the influence of media on secondary socialisation.

Answer 12

Represents different groups in society in different ways eg. women presented in certain way (mulvey male gaze). Violence in films and games can lead to crime. Created consumer culture where people are convinced to keep buying even when cannot afford.

Question 13

Explain the influence of religion on secondary socialisation.

Answer 13

Uk becoming secular. However laws and morals in Uk still influenced by religion. (Modood and Berthoud - 67% of pakistani/bangladeshis saw religion as very important compared to 5% white british youths).

Question 14

Explain the influence of the workplace on secondary socialisation.

Answer 14

Resocialisation - new norms and values learnt for the job. Canteen culture (waddington) people socialised to accept norms and values eg language, behaviour and attitudes depending on workplace.

Question 15

What is formal social control ?

Answer 15

Behaviour in society controlled by laws. Eg. police, courts and cjs. Explicit and leads to fines, warnings, sentences etc.

Question 16

What is informal social control ?

Answer 16

Control behaviour subtly. Include secondary socialisation aspects eg media and religion. Social exclusion, criticism, disappointment etc.

Question 17

Define identity.

Answer 17

How someone sees themselves and how others see them

Question 18

What did Ghumann find about ethnicity and identity ?

Answer 18

Tradition, religion and family values important to 2nd gen asians in uk , children more likely socialised into extended family.

Question 19

What did Gilroy find about ethnicity and identity ?

Answer 19

Black atlantic- identity not formed in uk or country of origin and was shared with young black in us. Shared racism transcended background differences to create black identity.

Question 20

What did Hewitt find about ethnicity and identity ?

Answer 20

White backlash to multiculturalism as feel policies for equality are unequal on white wc.

Question 21

What did Spencer et al find about ethnicity and identity ?

Answer 21

Eastern European migrants spent little time with British.

Question 22

What did Cashmore and Troyna find about ethnicity and identity ?

Answer 22

Turn inwards to seek support so cultures strengthen

Question 23

What did Jacobson find about ethnicity and identity ?

Answer 23

Young pakistani adopting strong islamic identity as response to social exclusion. Form of resistance to racism.

Question 24

What did Modood find about changing ethnic identities ?

Answer 24

Generational differences - 2nd gen felt more british than parents while still keeping ethnic origin as key part of identity.

Question 25

What is code switching ?

Answer 25

Brah - suggests ideas of two cultures merging is misleading and british and asian culture both not clear cut or homogeneous.

Question 26

What did Anderson find about nationality and identity ?

Answer 26

Nation = imagined community, members will never meet most other members. Socially constructed by symbols eg flag.

Question 27

What did Kumar find about nationality and identity ?

Answer 27

English find it hard to say who they are unlike irish, scottish and welsh people. Quest to expand britishness diluted englishness.

Question 28

What did Sadar suggest about nationality and identity ?

Answer 28

World in middle of identity crisis. Many previous divides eg east vs west have broken down . Britain lost empire so feels very small in global world. To develop english identity again we should embrace diversity and focus on our common humanity.

Question 29

What did Hall say in nationality and identity ?

Answer 29

Responses to globalisation -
1. Cultural homogenisation
2. Cultural hybridity
3. Cultural resistance

Question 30

What is the biological view of gender ?

Answer 30

Wilson - need to reproduce of men makes men need to be promiscuous. Women need to nurture and stay faithful.

Question 31

What is the functionalist view of gender ?

Answer 31

Parsons - females have expressive role men instrumental role.

Question 32

What does Oakley argue about gender role socialisation in the family ?

Answer 32

Children socialised into gender in 4 ways :
1. Manipulation - encouraging behaviour that’s seen as gender norm and discouraging behaviour that’s not. eg. laughing at boy in mud but shouting at girl in mud.
2. Canalisation - parents channelling childs interests into toys and games that are considered norm for their gender eg. encouraging girls to play with dolls and boys to play football.
3. Verbal appellation - Giving children nicknames that reinforce stereotypes eg. monster/angel.
4. Different activities - giving gendered chores eg. washing car or cooking.

Question 33

What did Jackson state about gender and identity ?

Answer 33

Ladettes, drinking, smoking etc. Fear of being uncool or unpopular.

Question 34

What did Denscombe find about gender and identity ?

Answer 34

Increase in female risk taking behaviour. Women want to be seen as anything but a woman.

Question 35

What did Connell find about masculine identities ?

Answer 35

Theres now a range. Hegemonic (macho) still most common. But subordinate (homosexual) and marginalised (unemployed).

Question 36

What did Mac an Ghaill find about changing male identities ?

Answer 36

Crisis of masculinity, loss of breadwinner role, decline in manual jobs that were seen as masculine.

Question 37

What did Canaan research about male identities ?

Answer 37

Wc men in wolvo, those who were employed saw sex, fighting and drinking as most important. Unemployed saw having a job as most important.

Question 38

What did Hey find about female friend groups ?

Answer 38

Female peer groups deeply rooted in patriarchy and expectations o how girls should be.

Question 39

What did Mac an Ghaill find about male peer group in school ?

Answer 39

3fs - fighting, football and fucking. Hyper masculinity main source of identity of macho lads.

Question 40

What did Bourdieu say class fractions are determined by ?

Answer 40

Varying degrees of social, economic and cultural capital.

Social capital = people you know
Economic capital = economic resources eg. cash
Cultural capital = knowledge, attitudes and skills person has that giver higher status in society.

Question 41

What did Mooney say about the upper class ?

Answer 41

Invisibility = key feature. Separated from rest of society. eg. kids in boarding schools.

Question 42

What did Fox state about the middle class ?

Answer 42

upper middles, middle middles and lower middles. Unlikely all middle class people share the same beliefs and identity.

Question 43

What did Hutton state about working class ?

Answer 43

Decline in trade union memberships eroded wc community.

Question 44

What did Skeggs find about wc women ?

Answer 44

Feel humiliated by ways that others like doctors dismiss them because of their wc background. So they made effort with appearance and to look respectable.

Question 45

What did Murray state about the uc ?

Answer 45

Overgenerous benefits encourage people to develop dependency culture.