Social Studies Review Flashcards
Social Studies
Arranged in a difficult way
Complex
To build; usually some kind of structure, such as a house
Construct
An early city that was like a small, independent country with its own laws and government
City-state
A means of supplying land with water
Irrigation
A strong disagreement
Dispute
Fine particles of rock
Silt
An area in southern Mesopotamia where cities first appeared
Sumer
One of the two most largest rivers in Southwest Asia that flow from the mountains in Turkey to the Persian Gulf
Euphrates River
One of the two most largest rivers in Southwest Asia that flow from the mountains in Turkey to the Persian Gulf
Tigris River
A wall of Earth built to prevent a river from flooding its bank
Levee
A resource that can be used to make something else
Material
To keep something in good condition by making necessary repairs
Maintain
A substance that lies between or above other things
Layer
Mesopotamia is in what present-day country?
Iraq
Area between Euphrates River and Tigris River
Fertile Crescent
Where does the water come from?
Snow melts in Taurus mountains
4 problems Mesopotamians faced:
food shortages, uncontrolled water supply, difficulties building water boundaries, attacks by neighboring communities
Biggest problem with the region:
Uncontrollable water supply
Too much water can cause 3 problems:
“Root Rot”, flooding, and washing them away
Levees prevent what?
Floods
Scooping out stuff in creeks or rivers
Dredging
Sumerians built…
Complex irrigation systems
Sumerians built…
Walls, and dug out moats
Sumer is an area in southern Mesopotamia where…
Cities first appeared
A society marked by developed arts, sciences, governments, and social structures
Civilization
A task or problem that tests a person’s ability
Challenge
Historians name 7 characteristics of a civilization:
Stable food supply, social structure, system of government, religious system, a way of life in the arts such as, #1-painting, #2-architecture, #3-music, #4-literature, advances in technology, highly developed written languages
2 key adaptions to help them create a stable food supply:
Complex irrigation systems such as , #1- canals, #2- dams, #3- reservoirs, the plow
The plow is used for…
tilling, or turning the soil
An interconnected system of channels or lines
Network
A crafts person
Artisan
A person who makes money by selling goods
Merchant
First class contains:
Kings, priests, nobles, and government officials
Second class contains:
Merchants, artisans
Third class contains:
Enslaved people
6 things merchants and artisans made:
Swords, arrow heads, plows, hoes, mirrors, jewelry
2 things merchants and artisans did:
Farmed, and fished
3 things women did in second class:
They were scribes, artisans, and priestesses
Sumerians believed…
That their gods supported the king
Sumerian kings did:
Enforced the law, collected taxes, built temples, lead armies, and maintained irrigation systems
2 parts to Sumerian armies:
professional soldiers, and temporary soldiers
A religious system includes 2 things:
A set of beliefs, and various forms of worship
An ancient Mesopotamian temple tower with outside staircases and a shrine at the top
Ziggurat
The Sumerians also believed…
Their gods lived in the ziggurats
Their gods were pleased when the people showed signs of:
Devotion, love, and obedience
The ritual killing of a person as an offering to the gods
Human sacrifice
A characteristic of civilization that includes the beliefs and behaviors of a society or group of people
Culture
Expressive forms of art:
painting, architecture, and music
A wooden instrument made of a sound box and strings
Lyre
Most important technology advantage:
The wheel
3 technological advances:
The wheel, the arch, and written language
2 advantages of the wheel under a sledge:
Pulls more weight, and so they wouldn’t get stuck in the mud
2 shapes arches would take:
Upside-down U-shaped, or upside-down V-shaped
Arches added ______, and ______ to Sumerian buildings
Strength, and beauty
Cuneiform is from a Latin word for…
“Wedge”
A symbol that stands for an object
Pictograph
Writing that uses wedge-shaped characters
Cuneiform
A disagreement or fight caused by opposing points of views
Conflict
A city that is the center of government
Capital
A collection of written laws and rules
Code of laws
A large territory in which several groups of people are ruled by a single leader of government
Empire
Wealth sent from one country or ruler as a sign that the other is supreme
Tribute
To bring together
Assembling
To show something in a place where people can see it
Display
A way a region or country uses resources to produce and sell or trade goods and services to meet people’s needs and wants
Economy
Someone who forces entry into a place where they are unwanted
Invader
A military blockade and attack on a city to force it to surrender
Siege
A planned approach
Strategy
A skilled way of doing something
Technique
To join together
Unify
City-states of Sumer were like…
Small, independent countries
Sumerians often fought over…
Land, and water rights
One thing city-states never did:
Unite in one group
4 key empires in Mesopotamia:
Akkadian Empire, Babylonian Empire, Assyrian Empire, and Neobabylonian Empire
Akkadian Empire was ruled by:
King Sargon
Sargon was both a ______ king, and ______ general who built his empire through ________ _________ ____________
Sargon was both a strong king, and skilled general who built his empire through effective military strategies
Sargon would destroy walls of city-states so they wouldn’t…
Rebel
Tributes were also…
Taxes
Taxes did…
They kept the government running
Akkadians borrowed 3 things from the Sumerians:
They farmed using Sumerians irrigation techniques, used Sumer’s system of cuneiform writing, and worshipped the same gods and goddesses
Carved relief sculpture depicting events
Steles
Hammurabi was best known for his…
code of laws
Hammurabi’s laws covered:
Trade, payment for work, marriage, divorce
2 main things for punishment:
Stealing, or causing injury
Punishments always fit the…
Crime
Babylonians traded 1 Grain and 2 Woven clothes for:
Wood, gold, silver, gems, and livestock
4 things enslaved people could do:
Work elsewhere, keep their wages, own property, and buy their freedom
Women could:
Own property, and keep money of their own
Assyrians had perfected 5 things:
Siege warfare, use of horses, iron weapons, battering rams, and movable towers
Extremely crucial to social and political order…
Religion
Assyrians got water to the people by…
Aqueducts
Bas-reliefs were…
2D sculptures
Neo means…
New
Leader of Babylonian Empire…
Nebuchadnezzar II
Big display in Neo-Babylonian Empire…
Hanging gardens
2 reasons why they had vines cascading on buildings
Kept it cooler, and beauty
Babylonians were skilled in 2 things:
Mathematics, and astronomy
Astronomy is the study of…
Space and stars
Assyrian Empire lasted until…
Conquered by Alexander the Great
To bring something new
Create
Good at a job
Professional
Complex Irrigation systems included…
Dams, reservoirs, and canals
3 different kinds of art…
Painting, architecture, and music
