Social Studies Praxis Flashcards
The Continental Divide passes through which state?
Colorado
A wide area of rolling hills between the Apalachian Mountains and the Atlantic Costal plain.
Piedmont region
The Anasazi culture most strongly influenced which American Indian groups?
Hopi, Zuni, Acoma
Why did the population of the English colonies in North America grow more rapidly than the population of the French colonies in North America?
Unlike the French Crown, The English Crown allowed religous disenters to leave the homeland for North America.
What was the most significant contribution of the Articles of Confederation to the growth of the United States?
Passing the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, establishing the procedure whereby territories become states
The principal source of opposition to the ratification of the constitution during the years 1787-1788 came from a fear that ratification would
Weaken the power of the states
Assuming the debts of all the states and selling bonds to pay off previous debts.
Alexander Hamilton’s economic plan
A document intended to end European colonization in the Western Hemisphere : Promuglated by President Monroe in 1823
Monoroe Doctrine
Young women from neighboring farms were hired to work in the textile mills to earn money until they were married
Waltham or Lowell factory System
Acted as a “conductor” on the Underground Railroad
Harriet Tubman
A consequence of including the principle of popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
Reopened the issue of slavery in the area closed to slavery north of the 36 degree 30’ line of the Missouri Compromise
A major obstacle that had to be overcome before the Panama Canal could be successfully completed
Doctors had to develop a way to combat Malaria
Progressive Era
Vote Wilson–Stay out of WWII–8 hr work day
Contained a criticisim of Booker T. Washington’s approach to expanding the opprotunities of African Americans
W.E.B. Du Bois’ The Souls of Blacj Folk (1903)
President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal attempted to combat the economic problems of the Great Depression by
Providing funding for publiic-works projects
Proximate cause of the United STates decision to become involved in WWII
An air bombardnent of a US naval facility by Japan
A major challenge that President Lyndon Johnson faced in 1968 as he completed his full term as president
Struggled to make the federal budget support both the Vietnam War and the “War on Poverty”
The Vedas and the Upanishads are associated with which religous traditions?
Hinduism
Contributed to the spread of Christianity in the 4th century C.E.
The support of the emperors Constatine and Theodosius
The granting of land in exchange for military service
Central principle of Feudal socities in Europe.
Facilitated the spread of Islam to Southeast Asia
The Strait of Malacca
Reliance on a bureaucracy of merit
Major accomplishment of China’s Tang dynasty (618-907 C.E.)
Postulated the theory of the heliocentric universe
Copernicus
The decimation of native populations exposed to European Diseases.
Major effect of the Spanish Conquest of MesoAmerica
Provided a portable and relatively stable source of power, allowing factories to be located near urban centers
18th century invention of the steam engine
The Wealth of Nations
Adam Smith
The dismantling of empires in central, eastern, and southeastern Europe led to the creation of numerous unstable states
major consequence of the treaties that ended the first World War
During the 1930’s, Italy, Germany, and Japan, had what in common?
Rejection of the league of nations
Glasnost
Solidarity Movement
Perestrokia
A discussion on these 3 terms would likely focus on
Collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of the Cold War
New Communication Technologies
accelerated the spread of a global popular culture.
Greater restrictions on absolute freedom of speech, decreased government management of the economy
supported by a political conservative and opposed by a political liberal
The executive serves a fixed term in office
Presidential System of Govt
Security Council of the United Nations
Five permenant member states
authorize the use of United Nations peacekeeping forces.
Only permanent members have veto powers
John Locke
European Enlightenment philosopher
influenced the writers of American Constitution
Marbury v. Madison established
power of the Supreme Court to invalidate an act of Congress
Concurrent Power
United States Constitution permits both the federal and state governments to borrow money
The Prime minister and the cabinet are members of parliment
basic characteristic of a parlimentary system
The Establishment Clause
Prohibits the United States government from interfering with religous practices
The United States Senate and. House of Representatives have passed a bill and forwarded it to the president. The president vetoed the bill. Congress is still in session. Under what circumstances will the bill become law?
The bill is returned to congress, and both houses passed the bill by 2/3 majority.
Amend the constitution
Both houses of Congress propose and approve the ammendment by 2/3 vote –> Stattes ratify the amendment by approval of 3/4 of the states.
The president of the United States Senate is also the
Vice President of the United States
The role of interest groups in the U.S. political system?
They utilize lobbyist to provide policymakers with information on bills and issues
Cartographers use pictorial symbols and colors to represent physical and cultural features on a map. What part of a map identifies these symbols?
Legend
Relative Location
A point defined with refrence to another position
Absolute Location
Exact location of a place on earth using Latitude and Longitude
Topography
Detailed Precise description of a place or region
The development of new strains of grain and land-management strategies that have led to increased food production
Green Revolution
Movement of a concept, innovation, or discovery from its area of origin to new areas
Cultural Diffusion
Functional Region
The New York metropolitan statistical area (MSA)
Contributions to desertification
Clearing of original vegetation for cultivation
increased salinization of the soil
heavy rains on exposed soil.
A result of a diffrence in air pressure in adjacent zones
Wind
Climate Type found in low latitudes
Wet equatorial
Why have geographers concluded that developing countries will continue to experience population growth despite a declining birth rate?
A young age profile
Andean West in South America
Bolivia, Equador, Peru
The fundemental economic problem stems from
scarce resourses and unlimited wants
A market structure in which there is a single seller producing a product for which there are no close substitutes is knwn as
monopoly
Unemployment rate
measure of the percent of the labor force that is unemployed
The government reduces taxes to increase aggregate demand
expansionary fiscal policy
A fractional reserve banking system allows banks to
create money and expand the money supply
If the international value of the United States dollar weakens in the foreign-exchange markets, what will occur?
United States Exports will increase
First People to arrive in the Americas and how they got there.
Crossed over by land bridge known as Beringia following the animals they were hunting. Known as Paleo-Indians
Mound Builders
Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippians
Ancient Pueblo People
Lived in Southwest 2,000 years ago
The Aztecs
Ruled Central Mexico for 200 years beginning 1300. Capitol City Tenochitlan.
The Pacific Northwest
Alaska to Northern California. 1500. Used Cedar and Spruce trees as a major resources. Made Totem Poles. Potlatch is a festivity that was very important and still is today.
Tlingit
Pacific Northwest Indians. One of the largest. Built villages near coast to make hunting easier. Clans lived together and followed rules. Now, 17,000 live in southeastern Alaska
The Southwest
Arizona, New Mexico and across Utah, Colorado, Nevada, Texas, Southern California, and Northern Mexico. The Hopi lived in Northeastern part of present day Arizona before 1350. Pueblo Indians. Corn is a staple due to dry weather.
Plains Indians
The Great Plains in center of North America stretching from the MS river to the Rocky Mountains.
Eastern Plains
Pawnee and Omaha were able o farm due to rainfall amounts,Lived in lodges. Spent Spring and fall farming in their villages and summer and winter they left villages to hunt buffalo.
Western Plains
Western Plain Indians were nomads who followed Buffalo
The Comanche
Migrated from Wyoming to the Great Plains. Lived as Nomads and at times were at war with other Indian groups. Had a system of government, fierce warriors,
Eastern Woodlands
Farmed and Hunted. Haudenosaunee aka Iroquois. Built longhouses. Lived in New York State. Made peace with oneanother. Traded with each other and other Indians.
Marco Polo
In 1271 began a trading journey from Italy to China. Journey took 3 years. Stayed in China for 16 Years working for Kublai Khan (China’s Ruler). He returned to Venice and told of his journey on the Silk Road which interested them.
The Silk Road
Trade Routes connecting China and Europe. Merchants traveled the routes to purchase Silk, Spices, and other goods.
Zheng He
Admiral who traveled and traded in 1405 through Southeast Asia to Africa. 1434 New Ruler took over and stopped the exploration.
African Trading Kingdoms
first West African trading kingdom was Ghana which grew powerful in the 700’s. Traded Gold for Salt from Arabians who crossed the desert in caravans to trade.Arab taught Ghana about ISlam. Ghana became followers of Islam called Muslims.
Mali
took control of Ghana 1240. Mali’s centers became center for trade. Largest city was Timbuktu. Greatest ruler Mansa Musa. Under his rule Timbuktu became a center for learning and art as well as trade. Later taken over by Songhai.
The Renaissance
1300’-1400’s. Europeans took a new interest in the writing, art, and science and the ideas of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
Johannes Gutenberg
Developed the printing press in 1454. Allowed books and ideas to spread across Europe.
Astrolabe
Navigation tool developed by North Africans. measures the height of the sun or a star above the horizon. Europeans also learned about the compass from North Africans.
Gun powder
invented by Chinese. Allowed European sailors to use cannons and guns for defense.
Sea route to asia.
Faster than silk road for trade. Portugal first European country to find the sea route to Asia.
Prince Henry
From Portugal. created school for navigation. Created Caravels light ships for exploring.
Slavery
1448 Portugal set up a trading post off the coast of West Africa. Forced Africans into slavery and sold them to Europe.
Bartolomeu Dias
After being blown around the tip of Africa by a storm, proved it was possible to sail around Africa and reach its East Coast. Tip of Africa was named The Cape of Good Hope.
Vasco de Gama
1498 reached the Indian port o Calicut. Other sailor’s soon followed and used the route to trade spices.
Christopher Columbus
born in 1451 in Italy. Discovered Americas while trying to reach Asia by a new Route. Set sail Aug, 3, 1492
The Columbian Exchange
Goods were exchanged from Europe to the West Indies when Columbus mad his settlements. Diseases were also brought to the Indies.
Pedro Alvarez Cabrel
explored eastern South America in 1500 and claimed it for Portugal
Amerigo Vespucci
made several voyages to South America and the Caribbean
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
sailed to present day Panama in Central America. In 1513, he crossed the mountains and jungles of Panama and reached the Pacific Ocean.
Magellan
Portuguese solider and sailor who sailed for Spain. Believed he could sail west, go around South America, cross the Pacific Ocean, and end up back in Spain. Named the Pacific Ocean. First explorers to circumnavigate the world. However Magellan did not survive the trip. Out of 250 crew only 18 returned to Spain.
Hernan Cortez
1519 led an expedition to Mexico. Cortez used his conquistadors along with local indians to attack Moctezuma and the Aztec people. After infecting them with disease and weakening their army he defeated them and by 1535 claimed all of Mexico and renamed it New Spain.
Francisco Pizarro
1530 a conquistador who defeated the Inca empire in South America.
Juan Ponce de Leon
1513 led an expedition to present day Florida. Claimed it for Spain while looking for a “Fountain of Youth”
Hernando De Soto
1539 Spain sent to conquer and settle Florida. First European explorer to reach the MS river. Died in 1542 without starting any settlements in North America.
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
led an expedition into North America looking for cities of gold.
Pedro Menendez de Aviles
started settlement of St. Augustine in Florida. Oldest city in United States built by Europeans.
Juan de Onate
Led soldiers, settlers, and priest to present day New Mexico. In 1610, the city of Santa Fe became the capital of that part of Spain.
Junipero Serra
1769 a priest that led an expedition up the coast of California. Helped build the settlement of San Diego.
Bartolome de las Casas
Spanish priest who wanted to protect American Indians.
Pope
Pueblo Indian leader who led a revolt against the Spanish in New Mexico.
John Cabot
An Italian Explorer who thought he could reach Asia by sailing across the Atlantic ocean. 1497 left and landed at Canada. Explored here thinking it was Asia. Found rich fishing grounds and European fishing boats began to sail these waters
Giovanni da Verrazano
1524 France sent to look for the NW passage. Explored much of East Coast of North America including what is now New York City.
Jacques Cartier
continued France’s search for a water route to Asia. Sailed up Lawrence River in Canada.
Samuel de Champlain
Founded fur trading post on Lawrence river. Called it Qubec. First permenant french settlement in North America.
Henry Hudson
Hired by the dutch to find the NW passage. Traveled up the Hudson river. Founded Hudson Bay
King Phillip
part of a movement called counter reformation that tried to spread the Catholic Religon. He wanted England to be a Catholic nation again and stop English attacks on his ships.
The Virginia Company
1607 sent about 100 men and boys to present-day Virginia. Named their colonyJamestown after King James I.
John Smith
Took over Jamestown ordering them to plant crops and work to earn their food.
“The Starving Time”
1609 Smith went back to England. Winter hit most colonist died.
John Rolfe
1612 learned from local American Indians that tobacco grew well in Virginia’s hot humid weather. Jamestown sold the tobacco to England to buy food and supplies. Married Pochontas to make peace with Powhatans Indians.
Mayflower Compact
Pilgrims plan of government. in Massachusetts.
Squanto
American Indian who made peace with the pilgrims and taught pilgrims how to plant crops and hunt and fish. Celebrated Thanksgiving with Squantos people the Wampanoags
John Winthrop
Puritain first governor of the new colony. Named their settlement the Massachusetts Bay colony after the massachusetts Indians. Colony was very successful became known as New Englanb because so many English settled there.
Roger Williams
Banished from Massachusetts for his belief in religious freedom. In 1636 founded a new colony known as Rhode Island. Started the seperation of government and church.
Anne Hutchinson
criticized Puritain ministers and held meetings in her home where men and women discussed religion. Banished went to Rhode Island
Thomas Hooker
founded Hartford after deciding that all men should vote not just church members.
Pequot War
1630 war between settlers and Pequot Indians over land ownership. Colonist killed most of Pequot. A few were enslaved and a few fled.
Triangular Trade
Shipping routes between North America, Europe, and Africa. Many New Englander’s traders became rich because of this trade route.
Middle Passage
Voyage from Africa to the West Indies. Used to sell slaves.
The Great Awakening
Pastors such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield traveled New England urging people to renew their faith.
William Penn
Founded the colony of Pennsylvania. Memberr of Quakers. The Land was given to him in 1681 by King Charles II to repay a debt. Penn founded this colony for religious freedom. Treated Indians with respect. Planned the first large city of Philadelphia which became a center of trade.
Benjamin Franklin
Philadelphia’s most famous citizen. Came from Boston bringing his own printing press. Printed Poor Richard’s Almanac. Started library, fire company, and hospital. Also inventor and scientist.
The House of Burgesses
The first elected legislature in the colonies (1619) Virginia
Cecilius Calvert
Lord of Baltimore. Began the colony of Maryland in 1632 after he was given the land by King Charles I. Refuge for Catholics.
James Oglethorpe
Was given Georgia in 1732 by King George II. Wanted Georgia to be a place for poor people and debtors.
The French and Indian War
1754 War that began in the Ohio river valley between the British and the French. Britain and its colonies fought against France and its American Indian Allies.
Albany Congress
1754 representatives from the colonies held a meeting to discuss how to fight France. Met in Albany New York.
William Pitt
1757 became the leader of Britain’s Parliament. He sent many ships and soldiers to North America. By 1763 France was ready to make peace with Britain. Signed the Treaty of Paris.
Pontiac’s Rebellion
An Ottowa chief led the Indians in a war against the British because soldiers were still occupying the Ohio River Valley. Pontiac’s army was defeated in less than one year.
The Proclamation of 1763
British recognized the Indians rights to their land and declared there would be no settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Sugar Tax
1764 created by Britain to raise money that had been spent on French and Indian War. Taxed goods such as coffee and cloth,
Stamp Act
Taxed anything printed on paper.
Patrick Henry
member of Virgina’s House of Burgesses. Made an angry speech against the Stamp act which spurred the formation of a group across the colonies known as the Sons of Liberty,
Samuel Adams
an important leader of the Sons of Liberty in Boston. organized protests against the stamp act and sometimes used violence .
Repeal of Stamp Act
1766 caused by the boycotting of British goods by the colonies.
The Townshend Acts
- Put a tax on the tea, glass, lead, paints, and paper that the colonies imported.
Daughters of Liberty
Wove their own cloth to help the colonies boycott buying British cloth. Caused the British to remove taxes on all but tea.
Crispus Attucks
One of the five men killed during the Boston Massacre. He was a sailor who had escaped slavery.
Paul Revere
Son of liberty and Boston Silversmith created a picture of The Boston Massacre which was used to convince colonist that British soldiers were dangerous.
John Adams
Defended the British Soldiers in court. Six soldiers were found innocent and two were lightly punishment.
Tea Act
1773 allowed the East India Company of Britain to sell tea in America at a very low price.
The Boston tea Party
Dec. 16, 1773 several dozen Sons of Liberty boarded the ships and threw the tea into the harbor.
Intolerable Acts
Called the Coercive acts by the British passed to punish the colonists after The Boston Tea Party. Stopped trade between Boston and Britain. Gave Britain more control over the colony’s government.
The First Continental Congress
Sept. 5, 1774. Delegates from every colony except Georgia met.
Mercy Otis Warren
A patriot writer. wrote plays criticizing British officials in Boston.
paul Revere and William Dawes
rode out to warn the militia. April 18, 1775 “The Regulars are coming out!”
“the shot heard round the world”
Ralph Waldo Emerson referred to the meeting of British soldiers and a few minutemen that ended with eight dead colonist and 9 injured. No one knows who fired the first shot. Lexington April 19
William Prescott
“Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes” Referring to the battle of Bunker Hill which was actually shot on the adjacent Breed’s Hill. British won but with many casualties.
Second Continental Congress
The second meeting of delegates after Britain refused to meet their demands. Spring of 1775
Commander for the new continental army
George Washington
The Olive Branch Petition
July of 1775 delegates sent King George III a written request asking King George to help end the war. He did not read it. He only sent more soldiers.
Patrick Henry
“Give me liberty or give me death!”
Thomas Paine
Jan. 1776 published Common Sense, a pamphlet that pushed for Independence
Richard Henry Lee
June 7, 1776 Virginia delegate who asked congress to officially declare independence.
Thomas Jefferson
Wrote the declaration of Independence along with four others. Used ideas from John Locke and others
July 4, 1776
Congress voted to accept the Declaration of Independence
Abigail Adams
wife of John Adams wanted congress to recognize the equal rights of women.
Nathan Hale
sent to spy behind enemy lines by General George Washington “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country” Then he was hanged.
John Burgoyne
led an army south toward Albany, New York. Was assisted by Thaddeus Kosciuszko a polish engineer who built a wall of earth and logs for the Americans to fight behind.
Yorktown
Last big battle of the war for Independence. Cornwall was defeated on Oct. 19,1781
Treaty of Paris
Signed on Sept. 3,1783 gave the patriots independence and land.
Articles of Confederation
1781 created a weak national govt and left most power with the states.
Land Ordinance of 1785
explained how the new land in the Northwest territory would be measured divided and sold.
Ordinance of 1787
explained the govt of the NW territory.
Shay’s Rebellion
1786 a group of farmers rose in protest because the state was taking their farms and not giving them time to repay their debts. showed that a weak national govt could not keep order.
Constitutional Convention
Spring of 1787, 55 delegates met in Philidelphia to discuss how the Articles of Confederation needed to be changed.
Virginia Plan
James Madison’s plan for the new govt. Federal System in which the national govt has three parts.
The Father of the Constitution
James Madison
Ratification of Constitution
June, 1788
Legislative Branch
makes laws, Congress (House and Senate) Elects representatives based on state’s population for the House. Each state selects two senators for senate. Has the power to raise money through taxes or borrowing
Executive Branch
Head is President who is also Head of the US military. Carries out laws made by Congress.
Judicial Branch
Supreme Court. Decides the meaning of laws and if they have been followed
Checks and Balances
System that lets each branch of govt limit the powers of the other two.
Amendment
proposed by 2/3 of the House and the Senate. 3/4 of states must ratify.
Bill of Rights
10 amendments added in 1791 to protect the rights of the people.
1st Amendment
Freedom of speech, religion.
10th Amendment
Federal government only has powers given to it by the constitution.
The First President
elected in 1789 by the electoral college. All agreed George Washington was the man for the job.
First Secretary of State
Thomas Jefferson
First Secretary of Treasury
Alexander Hamilton
First Secretary of War
Henry Knox
First Attorney General
Edmund Randolph
Pierre L’Enfant
designed the new capitol city which was named Washington to honor the president.
Third president of the United States
Thomas Jefferson This changed the govt from Federalist (John Adams) to Democratic-Republican
Louisiana Purchase
Bought from the French leader Napoleon Bonaparte to help fund his war against the British. This gave the Americans The port of New Orleans for trade and doubled the size of the country.
Lewis and Clark
Jefferson asked them to gather info about landforms, plants, animals and climates of the west. Study the cultures of the Western Indians and to explore the Missouri and Columbia rivers looking for a water route to the Pacific Ocean. May, 1804
Corps of Discovery
People who traveled with Lewis and Clark
Sacagawea
made the journey with Lewis and Clark. Collected plants for food and medicine and served as an interpreter and helped them trade for important supplies and horses.
War of 1812
June 18, 1812 Congress declared war on Britain hoping to stop impressment and keep the British from helping American Indians who fought with settlers.
British Invasion
August 1814 The Brits attacked Washington D.C.
Dolley Madison
Saved important documents during the British invasion on Washington D.C
Francis Scott Key
wrote the “Star Spangled Banner” as he observed British ships firing on Fort McHenry in Baltimore.
Treaty of Ghent
Stopped the war of 1812 after two years of fighting and no clear winner. Returned thisngs to the way they were before the war started with no land given to either side,
Era of Good Feelings
During these 10 years people had a sense of nationalism and prosperity.
Monroe Doctrine
warned other countries that the United States might act to protect the Western Hemisphere. In return, he stated that the UNited States would not get involved in European WArs.
Noah Webster
Published the first dictionary of English 1828
Washington Irving
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle set in the US rather than Europe. Also, Cooper’s The Last of the Mohicans
President Andrew Jackson
Closed the national bank because it only benefited the wealthy. Put money in state banks.
Indian Removal Act
- Law that ordered all the Indian nations east of the MS river move to the west of the MS river
Samuel Slater
1790 opened the first cotton-spinning mill in the US.
Eli Whitney
1793 Invented the cotton gin A few years later invented interchangeable parts for guns to speed up the manufacturing process. He used a system of mass production to increase productivity.
Francis Cabot Lowell
created the first mill to turn raw cotton into finished cloth under one roof. This began the Lowell textile mills. The first workers were girls and young women as young as 10 years old. Workday 5am-7pm.
Cyrus McCormick
Invented the horse drawn reaper changing life for farmers.
John Deere
1837 Blacksmith from Illinois invented the steel plow.
Robert Fulton
1807 Invented steam-powered boat.
Erie canal
built 1825 connecting Hudson river and Lake Erie
Railroads
By 1850 the nation had 9000 miles of railroad track.
Seneca Falls Convention
Marked the beginning of the women’s rights movements
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
leader of the Seneca Falls Convention was joined in her fight by many other women as well as Susan B. Anthony
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Mexico’s president 1836 led a large Army to San Antonio to stop the rebellion and capture the Alamo.
Sam Houston
Chosen to lead the army to fight Santa Anna
Manifest Destiny
The belief that the United States should spread across the entire North American continent.
War with Mexico
Texas joined the US but Polk and Mexico disagreed on where the border should be. Congress declared war with Mexico on May 13, 1846
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexico agreed to the annexation of Texas and that the Rio Grande would be the border. Mexico was also forced tto give up land called the Mexican Cession.
South Pass
A passage through the Rocky Mts that was wide enough for wagons. Shown to a trapper by Crow Indians in 1824
Oregon Trail
By the end of the 1850’s thousands of people traveled through the south pass on a route called the Oregon Trail.
Marcus and Narcissa Whitman
2 of the first pioneers to travel the Oregon Trail. Missionaries who settled in Eastern Oregon in 1836. The Whitman Mission became a place where travelers could rest.
John Fremont
explored parts of the west and helped to make maps of the Oregon Trail.
Brigham Young
1847 led the Mormon West to settle in Utah.
Forty-niner
a miner who went to California around 1849
California Gold Rush
more than 250,000 people poured into California.
California
By 1850 only 2 years after becoming a territory California had enough people to become a state.
Nat Turner
1831 a Virginia slave who led a rebellion against slave owners Killed 59 people and caused white people to pass stricter laws on slaves and free black people.
John C. Calhoun
1828 Vice President who did not believe the government had the right to create tariffs.
States Rights
The idea that states, not the federal government, should make the final decisions about matters that affect them.
Sectionalism
Loyalty to one part of the country
abolitionist
someone who joined the movement to abolish or end slavery.
William Lloyd Garrison
1831 began printing an antislavery paper called The Liberator. In it he demanded that all enslaved people be free.
Fredrick Douglass
a well known black abolitionist. He escaped from slavery He was a writer and a speaker
Sojourner Truth
another important abolitionist born into slavery and spoke of Women’s rights.
Underground Railroad
A series of escape routes and hiding places to bring slaves out of the south
Harriet Tubman
Most famous conductor on the Underground railroad. Escaped from slavery in Maryland and returned 19 times to lead others to freedom.
Missouri Compromise
1820 Congress accepted Missouri as a slave state and Maine a s a free state. Congress then created an invisible line across the rest of the territories. Only territories South of that line would allow slavery.
Compromise of 1850
allowed popular sovereignty allowing territories to make the decision for themselves.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
1854 law that gave popular sovereignty to the Kansas and Nebraska territories.
Fugitive Slave Law
slaves who had escaped to the North had to be returned to slavery.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin pointing out that slavery was not just the South’s problem but the nation’s problem
Dred Scott
1857 an enslaved man from Missouri asked the court for freedom. He argued that he should be free because he once lived in Illinois a free state. Supreme Court disagreed.
John Brown
1859 started a rebellion against slavery attacking a U.S> Army post at Harpers Ferry. He was hanged for treason.
December 20, 1860
South Carolina withdrew from the Union. MS, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas soon did the same.
Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederate States
Fort Sumter
This attack by the confederate states marked the beginning of the civil war
Border States
Slave states that stayed in the Union
Emancipation Proclamation
went to affect on Jan. 1, 1863. Declared that slaves in the confederacy were free.
Vicksburg and Gettysburg
Union victories brought about a turning point in the war.
Civil War
Deadliest war in American History. Disease killed twice as many soldiers as fighting did.
Clara Barton
Served as a nurse in the Civil War. later founded the American Red Cross.
Matthew Brady
took pictures of soldiers, camp Life, and battlefields. Showed his photos to the North to show how bad the war actually was.
Ulysses S. Grant
Lincoln made him commander of all Union Armies.
Appomattox Court House
Lee surrenders to Grant after a year long battle to end the war.
Reconstruction
The period when the south rejoined the Union
John Wilkes Booth
April 14, 1865 murdered President Lincoln on his way to Ford’s theater
Black Codes
Harsh laws passed by the southern states limiting the rights of former slaves to travel, vote, and work in certain jobs
Freedmen’s Bureau
provided food, clothing, medical care, and legal advice to poor blacks and whites. It set up hospitals and schools and found jobs for many.
Scalawags
Southerners who helped the govt during reconstruction
Carpetbaggers
Northerners who traveled south during reconstruction. Some wanted to help rebuild others wanted to make money. Southerners did not welcome them.
14th Amendment
gave citizenship to African Americans. Required due process of law for all citizens
Blanche K. Bruce and Hiram Revels
MS became two of the first black senators
Jim Crow laws
made segregation legal
Booker T Washington
Opened the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
George Washington Carver
most famous teacher at Tuskegee. Invented over 300 products made from peanuts
Samuel Morse
1844 Sent the first telegraph from Washington DC to Baltimore
Pacific Railway Act
1862 law that the govt could loan money to the Union pacific and Central Pacific railroads. This was the beginning of the Transcontinental Railroad
Promontory Point
May 10, 1869 Both the East and West tracks joined at Promontory point Utah.
Homestead Act 1862
In order to settle the great plains, the government passed the Homestead Act which offered 160 Acres of land to citizens or those that wanted to become citizens. Settlers had to pay a small amount of money and farm the land for 5 years. Then it was theirs.
Exodusters
African Americans who moved to the Great Plains between 1877 and 1879. They started their own towns and created their own laws where they could feel safe from injustice,
sodbusters
Great Plains Farmers.
railhead
a town where railroad tracks begin and end.
Sand Creek Massacre
1864 Colorado Militia attacked a Cheyenne tribe near Sand Creek. The Cheyenne were asleep when the attack began and quickly surrendered. The soldiers ignored the surrender and killed nearly half of the men, women, and children. After this, many Plains Indians thought peace was impossible.
Little Big Horn
1876 Custer tried to force the Lakota and Cheyenne onto a reservation after discovering gold in the Black Hills. Led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, the tribes defeated the American soldiers.
Dawes Act
1887 Congress passed the act to make Indians become farmers.
Elijah McCoy
1872 invented an oil cup to keep trains and other machines running longer.
Alexander Graham Bell
invented the telephone in 1876.
Thomas Edison
Created over 1,000 inventions. 1877 phonograph,and light Bulb 1879
Andrew Carnegie
By 1900 Carnegie’s steel company produced about one quarter of all the steel made in the United States.
John D. Rockefeller
Owned the Standard Oil Corporation. Controlled 90 percent of the oil sold in the US
Knights of Labor
Formed in 1869, First large Labor Union
American Federation of Labor
1886 Samuel Gompers president. First Trade Union
Ellis Island New York
Angel Island in San Francisco Bay
Immigrant station. They were asked where they planned to live and work and checked by doctor’s for diseases.
Tenement
Many immigrants lived in these poorly built, crowded apartment buildings which often had no windows or running water.
Anna Rosenburg
Born in Hungary she was the first female Assistant Secretary of Defense for the US
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 Congress limited immigration by passing this law to keep out almost all new Chinese immigrants.
Frederic Auguste Bartholdi
Built the statue of liberty, originally known as Liberty Enlightening the World, as a symbol of the long friendship between France and the US.
Chicago 1885
The first Skyscraper was built
“Steel City”
Pittsburg It provided two major rivers and natural resources such as coal.
Progressives
reformers who wanted to make cities and factories cleaner and safer,
Upton Sinclair
A muckraker who published a book in 1906 called The Jungle based on his observations of unsafe and dirty conditions in meat packing plants
The Pure Food and Drug act and the Meat Inspection Act
1906 Roosevelt passed these laws so that medicine and foods had to be made without harmful chemicals and clean
John Muir
A conservationist who showed Roosevelt Yosemite in California in 1903. After this, Roosevelt set aside millions of acres for national parks
19th amendment
1920 3/4 of the states agreed to the amendment that gave women the right to vote.
NAACP
Founded in 1909 to work for equality of African Americans
W.E>B. Du Bois
African American writer and professor. Helped persuade many Americans that change was needed. Souls of Black Folk
Booker T. Washington
African American leader who started a school to educate and give job training to southern black people.
The Great Migration
Between 1910 and 1930 1.5 million African Americans left the rural south to escape difficult life and to work in large factories.
Rough Riders
Roosevelt formed this volunteer fighting group during the Spanish-American War.
Buffalo Soldiers
A group of African American Soldiers
Spanish-American War
Ended in Aug. 1898 agreed to give Puerto Rico, the Philippians, and Guam to the United States
Panama Canal
Finished in 1914 in Central America. It shortened the trip between the two coasts of the United States by thousands of miles and helped increase the nation’s trade
WWI
U.S joined 3 years after the war began after Germany attacked American ships.
Harlem Renaissance
The work of great African AMerican writers, musicians, and artist living in Harlem in the 1920’s
Charles Lindbergh
1927 the first person to fly across the Atlantic Ocean.
October 24, 1929
The stock market crash that began the Great Depression.
The New Deal
Roosevelt was elected president 1932. He promised to create govt programs to help people who were suffering the effects of the Great Depression.
Public Works Administration
A new deal program that created jobs by hiring people to work on public projects such as improving roads and keeping up parks.
Social Security
A New Deal Program that gave money to people who were unemployed or who had stopped working at age 65
Dec 7, 1941
Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor which caused the US to join the fight in WWII on the side of the Allies
War Bonds
loans to the federal govt
internment camp
Roosevelt issued orders that over 110,000 Japanese Americans were to live in these camps during WWII so they could not aid the enemy
D-Day
June 6, 1944 Allies invaded Europe. They landed in France and were led by General Eisenhower. By mid Sept the Allies had freed much of France and Belgium.
May 7, 1945
Germany surrendered. The war in Europe ended
Hiroshima
The US killed nearly 100,000 people by dropping an Atomic bomb on Hiroshima Japan on Aug. 6 1945. 3 days later another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. Japan surrendered and the war was over.
United Nations
1950 Formed during the early years of the Cold War
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Banned segregation in schools, workplaces, and public places.
Peace Corp Program
1960 started by president Kennedy sends volunteers to teach children, help grow food, and develop business in countries around the world.
Vietnam
1959-1975 Vietnam split between communist and capitalist. US wanted to stop the spread of communism.
Nixon
First US president to ever resign.
Camp David Accord
President Carter 1978 He invited the leaders of Israel and Egypt to a meeting at Camp David in Maryland. He got them to sign a peace agreement.
Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton
The only two American Presidents to ever be impeached.
5 themes of geography
Location, Regions, Movement, Place, Interaction
One degree of latitude
represents a distance of about 69 miles
Same-shape maps
map projections that accurately show the shape of landmasses. most common type is Mercator Projection
Equal Area Maps
Map projections that show the correct size of landmasses usually distort shapes.
Robinson Map
A compromise between the Mercator and equal area projections. Keeps the size and shape relationships of most continents and oceans but distorts the size of the polar regions.
Fertile Crescent
stretched in an arc from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. Site of the world’s first civilization.
Hammurabi
ruled Babylonia from about 1792 to 1750 B.C. He set down rules called Hammerabi’s code for everyone to follow.
Development of writing
First developed in Mesopotamia around 3100 B.C.
Judaism
influenced Christianity and Islam. 10 commandments are core beliefs
The Nile
flows northward until it reaches the Mediterranean Sea.
Ancient Egypt’s three time periods
Old Kingdom, The Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom.
Hinduism
complex religion that developed over about 3.500 years. Believed in nonviolence and that good behavior would be rewarded and bad behavior would be punished.
China’s first known civilization
Shang Dynasty
Confucianism
Chinese govt. by requiring that civil service workers be hired based on merit.
Hundred Years War
Long series of clashes between England and France lasted from 1337 to 1453
