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Social Studies Finals > Social Studies Finals Semester 2 > Flashcards

Social Studies Finals Semester 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cicero

A

Roman orator and philosopher, he tried to limit the power of Rome’s generals and give control of the government back to the Senate.

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2
Q

Julius Caesar

A

Roman general, he was one of the greatest military leaders in history. Caesar conquered most of Gaul and was named dictator for life, but was later murdered by a group of senators.

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3
Q

Pompey

A

He was a roman general. All of Caesar but later the 2 went to war and Pompey was defeated in Egypt.

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4
Q

Marc Antony

A

Roman general, he fought against Octavian after the death of Julius Caesar. Antony was allies with Cleopatra of Egypt, but was defeated by Octavian at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.

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5
Q

Augustus

A

It means “revered one.” First Roman emperor, he was originally named Octavian. He was the great-nephew of Julius Caesar and gained control of Rome after defeating Marc Antony in battle. As emperor, Augustus built many monuments and a new forum.

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6
Q

Pax Romana

A

Roman Peace; a period of general peace and prosperity in the Roman Empire that lasted from 27 BC to AD 180

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7
Q

Aqueduct

A

a human-made raised channel that carries water from distant places

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8
Q

Romance Language

A

languages that developed from Latin, such as Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian

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9
Q

Civil Law

A

a legal system based on a written code of laws

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10
Q

Christianity

A

a religion based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth that developed in Judea at the beginning of the first century AD

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11
Q

Jesus of Nazareth

A

Founder of Christianity, he taught about kindness and love for God. His teachings spread throughout the Roman Empire and the world.

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12
Q

Messiah

A

in Judaism, a new leader that would appear among the Jews and restore the greatness of ancient Israel

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13
Q

Crucifixion

A

a type of execution in which a person was nailed to a cross

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14
Q

Apostles

A

the 12 chosen disciples of Jesus who spread his teachings

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15
Q

Paul of Tarsus

A

One of the most important figures in the spread of Christianity, he worked to spread Jesus’s teachings and wrote letters that explained key ideas of Christianity.

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16
Q

Constantine

A

Roman emperor, he was the first Roman emperor to become a Christian. Constantine moved the empire’s capital from Rome to Constantinople and removed bans on Christianity.

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17
Q

Diocletian

A

Became emperor in 200s. Convinced that empire was to big to rule along. Ruled eastern half.

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18
Q

Attila

A

Leader of the Huns. Led invasions of Constantinople, Greece, Gaul, and North Italy. Was greatly feared by Romans.

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19
Q

Corruption

A

decay of people’s value

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20
Q

Justinian

A

Emperor of Byzantine empire. Reconquered parts of western empire. Married Theodora. Waged military campaigns.

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21
Q

Theodora

A

Married Justinian. Worked to restore the power, beauty, and strength of a vast empire. Helped create laws to aid women and children and to end government corruption.

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22
Q

Byzantine Empire

A

historians call the society that developed in the eastern roman empire

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23
Q

Oasis

A

wet, fertile area in a desert

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24
Q

Caravan

A

group of traders that travel together

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25
Q

Muhammad

A

Born in Mecca around 570. Once grown, managed a caravan business with a wealthy women named Khadija. Married her at age 25.

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26
Q

Islam

A

messages Muhammad received from the basis of this religion

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27
Q

Muslim

A

follower of islam

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28
Q

Quran

A

holy book of islam

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29
Q

Pilgrimage

A

journey to a sacred place

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30
Q

Mosque

A

building for muslim prayer

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31
Q

Jihad

A

to make an effort or to struggle; has also been interpreted to mean holy war

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32
Q

Sunnah

A

a collection of writings about the way Muhammad lived that provides a model for the Muslims to follow

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33
Q

Five Pillars of Islam

A

Five acts of worship required of all muslims

  1. statement of faith
  2. daily prayer
  3. yearly donation to charity
  4. fasting
  5. hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)
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34
Q

Abu Bakr

A

One of Muhammad’s first converts. First caliph.

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35
Q

Caliph

A

title muslims use for the highest leader of islam

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36
Q

Tolerance

A

acceptance

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37
Q

Janissaries

A

slave soldiers that converted to islam and became fierce warriors

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38
Q

Mehmed the 2nd

A

Ottoman sultan. Defeated Byzantine empire in 1453.

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39
Q

Suleyman the 1st

A

Ottoman ruler. Governed the empire at its height.

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40
Q

Shia

A

a member of the second largest branch of islam

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41
Q

Sunni

A

a member of the largest branch of islam

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42
Q

Ibn Battutah

A

Muslim traveler and writer. Visited Africa, India, China, and Spain.

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43
Q

Sufism

A

movement in islam that taught people they can find G-d’s love by having a person relationship with G-d

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44
Q

Omar Khayym

A

Sufi poet, mathematician, and astronomer. Wrote “The Rubiyt.”

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45
Q

Patron

A

sponsors

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46
Q

Minaret

A

narrow tower from where Muslims are called to prayer

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47
Q

Calligraphy

A

decorative writing

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48
Q

Rifts

A

long, deep valleys formed by the movement of the Earth’s crust

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49
Q

Sub Saharan Africa

A

Africa south of the Sahara

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50
Q

Sahel

A

a strip of land with little rain the divides the desert and the wetter areas

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51
Q

Savannah

A

open grassland with scattered trees

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52
Q

Rain Forests

A

moist, dense wooded areas

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53
Q

Extended Family

A

includes father, mother, children, and close relatives in 1 household

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54
Q

Animism

A

the belief the bodies of water, animals, trees, and natural objects have spirits

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55
Q

Silent Barter

A

the process in which people exchange goods without contacting each other directly

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56
Q

Tunka Manin

A

King of empire of Ghana. Kingdom was visited by muslim writers.

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57
Q

Sundiata

A

Founder of empire of Mali. Reign was recorded in legends.

58
Q

Sunni Ali

A

Emperor of Songhai. Conquered Mali. Made Songhai into a powerful state.

59
Q

Askia the Great

A

Songhai ruler. Overthrew Sunni Baru. Reign was highpoint of Songhai culture.

60
Q

Oral History

A

spoken record of past events

61
Q

Griots

A

West African storytellers. Highly respected in their communities.

62
Q

Proverbs

A

short saying of wisdom or truth

63
Q

Kente

A

hand woven, brightly colored west African fabric

64
Q

Period of Disunion

A

time of disorder following the collapse the Han Dynasty

65
Q

Grand Canal

A

a canal linking northern and southern China

66
Q

Empress Wu

A

Empress of China during Tang Dynasty. Ruled ruthlessly and brought prosperity to China.

67
Q

Porcelain

A

thin, beautiful pottery invented in China

68
Q

Wood Block Printing

A

a form of printing in which an entire page is carved into a block of wood, covered in ink, pressed to a piece of paper to create a printing page

69
Q

Gunpowder

A

mixture of powders used in guns and explosives

70
Q

Compass

A

instrument that uses Earth’s magnetic field to indicate direction

71
Q

Bureaucracy

A

body of unelected government officials

72
Q

Civil Service

A

service as a government official

73
Q

Scholar-Official

A

educated member of the government

74
Q

Genghis Khan

A

Ruler of the Mongols. Led people in attacks against China and other parts of Asia.

75
Q

Kublai Khan

A

Mongol ruler. Completed conquest of China. Found Yuan Dynasty.

76
Q

Zheng He

A

led great voyages that overthrew the Mongols

77
Q

Isolationism

A

policy of avoiding contact with other countries

78
Q

Clans

A

extended family

79
Q

Shinto

A

traditional religion of Japan

80
Q

Prince Shotoku

A

influential in bringing Buddhism and Chinese ideas to Japan

81
Q

Regent

A

person who rules a country for someone who is unable to rule alone

82
Q

Court

A

group of nobles who live near and serve or advise a ruler

83
Q

Lady Murasaki Shikibu

A

Noble and writer. Wrote “The Tale of Genji” which is the world’s first known novel.

84
Q

Zen

A

form of Buddhism that emphasizes meditation

85
Q

Daimyo

A

large landowners of feudal Japan

86
Q

Samurai

A

trained professional warriors in feudal Europe

87
Q

Figurehead

A

person who appears to rule even though real power rests with someone else

88
Q

Shogun

A

general who ruled Japan in the emperor’s name

89
Q

Bushido

A

code of honor followed by the samurai in Japan

90
Q

Maize

A

corn

91
Q

Pacal

A

Maya king in the city of Palenque. Built temple to record his achievements.

92
Q

Observatory

A

buildings from which people study the sky

93
Q

Pachacuti

A

expanded the Incas territory

94
Q

Quechua

A

official Inca language

95
Q

Atahualpa

A

Last Inca king. Killed by Francisco Pizarro.

96
Q

Francisco Pizarro

A

Conquered Inca Empire. Spanish conquistador. Killed Atahualpa.

97
Q

Causeways

A

raised road across water or wet ground

98
Q

Conquistador

A

Spanish soldiers

99
Q

Hernan Cortes

A

went to Mexico in search of gold and conquered the Aztec Empire

100
Q

Moctezuma the 2nd

A

Last Aztec emperor. Killed in Spanish conquest led by Hernan Cortes.

101
Q

Topography

A

shape and elevation of a land

102
Q

Middle Ages Period

A

period that lasted from 500 to 1500

103
Q

Medieval Period

A

another name for the middle ages period

104
Q

Patrick

A

First missionary to travel to Europe. Took it upon himself to teach people about Christianity. Faced resistance to his teachings. Converted Irish to Christianity.

105
Q

Monks

A

Religious men who lived apart from society in isolated communities. Ran school. Copied books for those who could not read or write. Performed services. Provided basic services. Saved ancient writings. Served as scribes and advisors. Spread Christian teachings into new areas. Gave aid to poor and needy. They are built all over Europe.

106
Q

Monasteries

A

communities of monk

107
Q

Benedict

A

Italian monk. Most European monasteries follow rules created by him.

108
Q

Charlemagne

A

Spent much time at war. Led Franks into building a huge empire. Great administrator of schools. Scholars were brought during his reign to teach in his kingdom.

109
Q

Knights

A

Warriors who fought on horseback. Swear vows of loyalty to the lords. People expected them to fight well and be fearless in battle. Live disciplined and honorable lives. Follow chivalry. Need weapons, armor, and horses which are expensive to own. Served their noble lords in exchange for land.

110
Q

Vassal

A

knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land

111
Q

feudalism

A

historians call this system of promises that governed the relationship between lords and vassals

112
Q

William the Conqueror

A

French noble that was the duke of Normandy, when it decided to conquer England. Invaded England in 1066. Defeated the English.

113
Q

Manor

A

large estate owned by a knight or lord

114
Q

Serfs

A

workers who were tied to the land on which they lived

115
Q

Eleanor of Aquitaine

A

French. Had great political power.

116
Q

Chivalry

A

Europeans called their code of honorable behavior for knights

117
Q

Haiku

A

short, 3 line poems of 17 syllables that describe nature scenes

118
Q

Excommunicate

A

cast out from the church

119
Q

Pope Gregory the 7th

A

Disapproved of bishop chosen by holy romans. Bishop, convicted by Henry, thought that they should remove Gregory. Excommunicated Henry.

120
Q

Emperor Henry the 4th

A

Henry convicted bishop that they should remove Gregory. In response, Gregory excommunicated Henry.

121
Q

Crusades

A

long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in southwest Asia

122
Q

Holy Land

A

Europeans called Palestine holy land because it was the region where Jesus lived, preached, and dies

123
Q

Pope Urban the 2nd

A

Called on Christians from all over Europe to retake land from the Turks. Challenged Europe’s kings and nobles to quit fighting among themselves and fight together against the Turks.

124
Q

King Richard the 1st

A

Richard’s main opponent was Saladin. Fought and negotiated with Saladin.

125
Q

Saladin

A

Saladin’s main opponent was Richard. Leader of Muslim forces. Crusades respected kindness towards enemies. Fought and negotiated with Richard.

126
Q

Clergy

A

church officials

127
Q

Religious Order

A

a group of people who dedicate their lives to religion and follow common rules.

128
Q

Francis of Assisi

A

Founder of Franciscans. Franciscans didn’t live in monasteries and are not monks.

129
Q

Friars

A

People who belong to religious orders but lived and worked among the public. Live simply. Wore plain robes and no shoes. Owned no property. Roamed about preaching and begging for food.

130
Q

Thomas Aquinas

A

Teacher. Argued that rational thought could be used to support beliefs. Wrote argument to prove existence of g-d. Believed that g-d created natural law.

131
Q

Natural Law

A

law that governed how the world operated

132
Q

Magna Carta

A

document listing rights that the king could not ignore

133
Q

Parliament

A

law making body that governs England today

134
Q

The Hundred Years’ War

A

conflict between England and France

135
Q

Joan of Arc

A

Teenage peasant girl. Rallied French troops. The English captured and killed her.

136
Q

Black Death

A

deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351

137
Q

Heresy

A

religious ideas that oppose accepted church teachings

138
Q

Reconquista

A

efforts to retake Spain from the Moors

139
Q

King Ferdinand

A

Married Isabella. Became king. Ruled all of Spain. Brought together the end of Reconquista.

140
Q

Queen Isabella

A

Married Ferdinand. Became queen. Ruled all of Spain. Brought together the end of Reconquista.

141
Q

Spanish Inquisition

A

organization of priests that looked for and punished anyone in Spain suspected of secretly practicing their old religion

Social Studies Finals (1 decks)

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