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Social Studies Finals > Social Studies Finals Semester 2 > Flashcards

Social Studies Finals Semester 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cicero

A

Roman orator and philosopher, he tried to limit the power of Rome’s generals and give control of the government back to the Senate.

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2
Q

Julius Caesar

A

Roman general, he was one of the greatest military leaders in history. Caesar conquered most of Gaul and was named dictator for life, but was later murdered by a group of senators.

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3
Q

Pompey

A

He was a roman general. All of Caesar but later the 2 went to war and Pompey was defeated in Egypt.

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4
Q

Marc Antony

A

Roman general, he fought against Octavian after the death of Julius Caesar. Antony was allies with Cleopatra of Egypt, but was defeated by Octavian at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.

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5
Q

Augustus

A

It means “revered one.” First Roman emperor, he was originally named Octavian. He was the great-nephew of Julius Caesar and gained control of Rome after defeating Marc Antony in battle. As emperor, Augustus built many monuments and a new forum.

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6
Q

Pax Romana

A

Roman Peace; a period of general peace and prosperity in the Roman Empire that lasted from 27 BC to AD 180

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7
Q

Aqueduct

A

a human-made raised channel that carries water from distant places

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8
Q

Romance Language

A

languages that developed from Latin, such as Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian

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9
Q

Civil Law

A

a legal system based on a written code of laws

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10
Q

Christianity

A

a religion based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth that developed in Judea at the beginning of the first century AD

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11
Q

Jesus of Nazareth

A

Founder of Christianity, he taught about kindness and love for God. His teachings spread throughout the Roman Empire and the world.

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12
Q

Messiah

A

in Judaism, a new leader that would appear among the Jews and restore the greatness of ancient Israel

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13
Q

Crucifixion

A

a type of execution in which a person was nailed to a cross

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14
Q

Apostles

A

the 12 chosen disciples of Jesus who spread his teachings

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15
Q

Paul of Tarsus

A

One of the most important figures in the spread of Christianity, he worked to spread Jesus’s teachings and wrote letters that explained key ideas of Christianity.

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16
Q

Constantine

A

Roman emperor, he was the first Roman emperor to become a Christian. Constantine moved the empire’s capital from Rome to Constantinople and removed bans on Christianity.

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17
Q

Diocletian

A

Became emperor in 200s. Convinced that empire was to big to rule along. Ruled eastern half.

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18
Q

Attila

A

Leader of the Huns. Led invasions of Constantinople, Greece, Gaul, and North Italy. Was greatly feared by Romans.

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19
Q

Corruption

A

decay of people’s value

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20
Q

Justinian

A

Emperor of Byzantine empire. Reconquered parts of western empire. Married Theodora. Waged military campaigns.

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21
Q

Theodora

A

Married Justinian. Worked to restore the power, beauty, and strength of a vast empire. Helped create laws to aid women and children and to end government corruption.

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22
Q

Byzantine Empire

A

historians call the society that developed in the eastern roman empire

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23
Q

Oasis

A

wet, fertile area in a desert

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24
Q

Caravan

A

group of traders that travel together

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25
Muhammad
Born in Mecca around 570. Once grown, managed a caravan business with a wealthy women named Khadija. Married her at age 25.
26
Islam
messages Muhammad received from the basis of this religion
27
Muslim
follower of islam
28
Quran
holy book of islam
29
Pilgrimage
journey to a sacred place
30
Mosque
building for muslim prayer
31
Jihad
to make an effort or to struggle; has also been interpreted to mean holy war
32
Sunnah
a collection of writings about the way Muhammad lived that provides a model for the Muslims to follow
33
Five Pillars of Islam
Five acts of worship required of all muslims 1. statement of faith 2. daily prayer 3. yearly donation to charity 4. fasting 5. hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)
34
Abu Bakr
One of Muhammad's first converts. First caliph.
35
Caliph
title muslims use for the highest leader of islam
36
Tolerance
acceptance
37
Janissaries
slave soldiers that converted to islam and became fierce warriors
38
Mehmed the 2nd
Ottoman sultan. Defeated Byzantine empire in 1453.
39
Suleyman the 1st
Ottoman ruler. Governed the empire at its height.
40
Shia
a member of the second largest branch of islam
41
Sunni
a member of the largest branch of islam
42
Ibn Battutah
Muslim traveler and writer. Visited Africa, India, China, and Spain.
43
Sufism
movement in islam that taught people they can find G-d's love by having a person relationship with G-d
44
Omar Khayym
Sufi poet, mathematician, and astronomer. Wrote "The Rubiyt."
45
Patron
sponsors
46
Minaret
narrow tower from where Muslims are called to prayer
47
Calligraphy
decorative writing
48
Rifts
long, deep valleys formed by the movement of the Earth's crust
49
Sub Saharan Africa
Africa south of the Sahara
50
Sahel
a strip of land with little rain the divides the desert and the wetter areas
51
Savannah
open grassland with scattered trees
52
Rain Forests
moist, dense wooded areas
53
Extended Family
includes father, mother, children, and close relatives in 1 household
54
Animism
the belief the bodies of water, animals, trees, and natural objects have spirits
55
Silent Barter
the process in which people exchange goods without contacting each other directly
56
Tunka Manin
King of empire of Ghana. Kingdom was visited by muslim writers.
57
Sundiata
Founder of empire of Mali. Reign was recorded in legends.
58
Sunni Ali
Emperor of Songhai. Conquered Mali. Made Songhai into a powerful state.
59
Askia the Great
Songhai ruler. Overthrew Sunni Baru. Reign was highpoint of Songhai culture.
60
Oral History
spoken record of past events
61
Griots
West African storytellers. Highly respected in their communities.
62
Proverbs
short saying of wisdom or truth
63
Kente
hand woven, brightly colored west African fabric
64
Period of Disunion
time of disorder following the collapse the Han Dynasty
65
Grand Canal
a canal linking northern and southern China
66
Empress Wu
Empress of China during Tang Dynasty. Ruled ruthlessly and brought prosperity to China.
67
Porcelain
thin, beautiful pottery invented in China
68
Wood Block Printing
a form of printing in which an entire page is carved into a block of wood, covered in ink, pressed to a piece of paper to create a printing page
69
Gunpowder
mixture of powders used in guns and explosives
70
Compass
instrument that uses Earth's magnetic field to indicate direction
71
Bureaucracy
body of unelected government officials
72
Civil Service
service as a government official
73
Scholar-Official
educated member of the government
74
Genghis Khan
Ruler of the Mongols. Led people in attacks against China and other parts of Asia.
75
Kublai Khan
Mongol ruler. Completed conquest of China. Found Yuan Dynasty.
76
Zheng He
led great voyages that overthrew the Mongols
77
Isolationism
policy of avoiding contact with other countries
78
Clans
extended family
79
Shinto
traditional religion of Japan
80
Prince Shotoku
influential in bringing Buddhism and Chinese ideas to Japan
81
Regent
person who rules a country for someone who is unable to rule alone
82
Court
group of nobles who live near and serve or advise a ruler
83
Lady Murasaki Shikibu
Noble and writer. Wrote "The Tale of Genji" which is the world's first known novel.
84
Zen
form of Buddhism that emphasizes meditation
85
Daimyo
large landowners of feudal Japan
86
Samurai
trained professional warriors in feudal Europe
87
Figurehead
person who appears to rule even though real power rests with someone else
88
Shogun
general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name
89
Bushido
code of honor followed by the samurai in Japan
90
Maize
corn
91
Pacal
Maya king in the city of Palenque. Built temple to record his achievements.
92
Observatory
buildings from which people study the sky
93
Pachacuti
expanded the Incas territory
94
Quechua
official Inca language
95
Atahualpa
Last Inca king. Killed by Francisco Pizarro.
96
Francisco Pizarro
Conquered Inca Empire. Spanish conquistador. Killed Atahualpa.
97
Causeways
raised road across water or wet ground
98
Conquistador
Spanish soldiers
99
Hernan Cortes
went to Mexico in search of gold and conquered the Aztec Empire
100
Moctezuma the 2nd
Last Aztec emperor. Killed in Spanish conquest led by Hernan Cortes.
101
Topography
shape and elevation of a land
102
Middle Ages Period
period that lasted from 500 to 1500
103
Medieval Period
another name for the middle ages period
104
Patrick
First missionary to travel to Europe. Took it upon himself to teach people about Christianity. Faced resistance to his teachings. Converted Irish to Christianity.
105
Monks
Religious men who lived apart from society in isolated communities. Ran school. Copied books for those who could not read or write. Performed services. Provided basic services. Saved ancient writings. Served as scribes and advisors. Spread Christian teachings into new areas. Gave aid to poor and needy. They are built all over Europe.
106
Monasteries
communities of monk
107
Benedict
Italian monk. Most European monasteries follow rules created by him.
108
Charlemagne
Spent much time at war. Led Franks into building a huge empire. Great administrator of schools. Scholars were brought during his reign to teach in his kingdom.
109
Knights
Warriors who fought on horseback. Swear vows of loyalty to the lords. People expected them to fight well and be fearless in battle. Live disciplined and honorable lives. Follow chivalry. Need weapons, armor, and horses which are expensive to own. Served their noble lords in exchange for land.
110
Vassal
knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land
111
feudalism
historians call this system of promises that governed the relationship between lords and vassals
112
William the Conqueror
French noble that was the duke of Normandy, when it decided to conquer England. Invaded England in 1066. Defeated the English.
113
Manor
large estate owned by a knight or lord
114
Serfs
workers who were tied to the land on which they lived
115
Eleanor of Aquitaine
French. Had great political power.
116
Chivalry
Europeans called their code of honorable behavior for knights
117
Haiku
short, 3 line poems of 17 syllables that describe nature scenes
118
Excommunicate
cast out from the church
119
Pope Gregory the 7th
Disapproved of bishop chosen by holy romans. Bishop, convicted by Henry, thought that they should remove Gregory. Excommunicated Henry.
120
Emperor Henry the 4th
Henry convicted bishop that they should remove Gregory. In response, Gregory excommunicated Henry.
121
Crusades
long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in southwest Asia
122
Holy Land
Europeans called Palestine holy land because it was the region where Jesus lived, preached, and dies
123
Pope Urban the 2nd
Called on Christians from all over Europe to retake land from the Turks. Challenged Europe's kings and nobles to quit fighting among themselves and fight together against the Turks.
124
King Richard the 1st
Richard's main opponent was Saladin. Fought and negotiated with Saladin.
125
Saladin
Saladin's main opponent was Richard. Leader of Muslim forces. Crusades respected kindness towards enemies. Fought and negotiated with Richard.
126
Clergy
church officials
127
Religious Order
a group of people who dedicate their lives to religion and follow common rules.
128
Francis of Assisi
Founder of Franciscans. Franciscans didn't live in monasteries and are not monks.
129
Friars
People who belong to religious orders but lived and worked among the public. Live simply. Wore plain robes and no shoes. Owned no property. Roamed about preaching and begging for food.
130
Thomas Aquinas
Teacher. Argued that rational thought could be used to support beliefs. Wrote argument to prove existence of g-d. Believed that g-d created natural law.
131
Natural Law
law that governed how the world operated
132
Magna Carta
document listing rights that the king could not ignore
133
Parliament
law making body that governs England today
134
The Hundred Years' War
conflict between England and France
135
Joan of Arc
Teenage peasant girl. Rallied French troops. The English captured and killed her.
136
Black Death
deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351
137
Heresy
religious ideas that oppose accepted church teachings
138
Reconquista
efforts to retake Spain from the Moors
139
King Ferdinand
Married Isabella. Became king. Ruled all of Spain. Brought together the end of Reconquista.
140
Queen Isabella
Married Ferdinand. Became queen. Ruled all of Spain. Brought together the end of Reconquista.
141
Spanish Inquisition
organization of priests that looked for and punished anyone in Spain suspected of secretly practicing their old religion

Social Studies Finals (1 decks)

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