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Yr 1 Psychology AS OCR: Studies > Social studies > Flashcards

Social studies Flashcards

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1
Q

name the 2 social studies and state the date they were published

A

Milgram (1963)

Bocchiaro (2012)

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2
Q

what was the key theme in the Milgram study

A

Obedience

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3
Q

why was the Milgram study done

A

were the Nazi soldiers ‘just obeying orders’?
Would everyone do the same in that situation?
Was the ‘Germans are different hypothesis’ correct?

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4
Q

what is the definition of obedience

A

responding to a direct order given by a perceived authority figure. There has to be an assumption that the behaviour wouldn’t have taken place without the order

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5
Q

what was the aim of the Milgram study

A

to investigate whether people (outside the German population) would obey a perceived authority figure even to the point of harming someone

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6
Q

what was Milgram’s hypothesis

A

(although not specific enough to be a proper research hypothesis) anyone will be capable of murder (he thought that anyone would obey his orders to kill someone)

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7
Q 
which of these was Milgram's study:
overt/covert
uncontrolled/controlled
unstructured/structured
observation/interview
qualitative/quantitative
primary/secondary
A

overt/covert —> overt
uncontrolled/controlled —> controlled
unstructured/structured —> structured
observation/interview —> observation
qualitative/quantitative —> both
primary/secondary —> primary

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8
Q

why was the Milgram study not an experiment

A

There was no IV (independent variable) or DV (dependent variable)

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9
Q

Describe the sample in the Milgram study:
how many participants (gender)
how old were they
where were they from

A

40 males
between 20-50 years
from New Haven area
range of occupations and backgrounds

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10
Q

what was the target population in the Milgram study

A

All men, only really from the New Haven area

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11
Q

in the Milgram study what sampling method did they use to gather the sample

A

self-selected sampling (volunteer sampling) (advert asking for volunteers)

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12
Q

Briefly describe the Milgram study procedure

A

A man was recruited to play the role of Mr Wallace (the learner) and the participant played the role of the teacher.
The naïve participant received a 45V shock and saw the room the learner would be in.
participant went into next room (cant see Mr Wallace) and saw electric shock machine.
participant read word pairs to learner (learner should have memorised them)
participant was told by investigator (man in white coat) to give the next shock up when the learner got it wrong. (2/3 of the times)
While shocks were given a tape recording of Mr Wallace was played complaining. 330V it went silent and stopped responding.

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13
Q

in the Milgram study what did the investigator say when the participant didn’t want to continue

A

verbal prods like:
“you must go on”
“the experiment requires that you continue”

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14
Q

in the Milgram experiment how were the shocks displayed on the shock machine

A

went up in 15V intervals from 15V to 450V

Labels on the machine ranged from ‘very mild shock’ to ‘danger - extreme shock’ to ‘XXX’

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15
Q

When did Mr Wallace stop responding in the Milgram study

A

the recording stopped responding at 330V

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16
Q

in a survey Milgram did, what percentage of people would go to 450V

A

1%-3%

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17
Q

in the Milgram study, what percentage of participants went to 300V

A

100% of participants went to 300V

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18
Q

in the Milgram study, how many people stopped at 300V

A

5 people stopped at 300V

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19
Q

in the Milgram study, how many people stopped between 315V - 375V

A

9 people stopped between 315V and 375V

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20
Q

in the Milgram study, how many and what percentage of people went all the way to 450V

A

65% (26/40) of people went all the way to 450V

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21
Q

what was the physical and emotional reaction of most of the participants in the Milgram study

A

most people showed very severe physical and emotional signs of stress: shaking, sweating, hysterically laughing - and one man had a seizure

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22
Q

What were Milgram’s conclusions

A

anyone will commit murder if they’re put in the right situation. ‘the German are different’ hypothesis is false.
Obedience is caused by ‘situational factors’

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23
Q

Milgram study - Internal validity

Studies that suggest internal validity

A

Orne and Holland - participants had guessed the shocks weren’t real and were obeying as a response to demand characteristics.

Sheridan and King (1974) - same study but with puppies. shows that people really are obedient even when they know they’re harming someone/something

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24
Q

Milgram study - External validity
population
ecological

A

population - androcentric = all men, however Sheridan and king found that obedience might have been even higher if women were included
ecological - (low mundane realism) this is not an everyday task but it did mimic the pressure the Nazi soldiers were under

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25
Q

Milgram study - Internal reliability

A

Recordings of Mr Wallace
test shock pad (45V)
participants were always the teacher (rigged)
same moment Mr Wallace went silent
Mr Wallace and the investigator were the same people

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26
Q

Milgram study - External reliability

A

it would be unethical to repeat the study now

similar research shows lower levels of obedience

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27
Q

how was the Milgram study replicated in a real life situation

A

Hofling - 21/22 nurses gave the wrong drug to a patient because of the doctors orders

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28
Q

How did Milgram deceive his participants

A

Milgram actively deceived his participants by telling them that they were actually giving real shocks to Mr Wallace

29
Q

How did Milgram comply with the protection of participants guideline

A

He didn’t comply with this guideline as he put them under very stressful situations (one man had a seizure because he was so stressed) many others were trembling, sweating, stuttering and laughing nervously

30
Q

How did Milgram comply with the right to withdraw guideline

A

Even though the participants didn’t know, they did actually have a choice to leave the study however the experimenter kept telling them that they “had to continue” and “the experiment requires that they continue” and “you have no choice but to continue”

31
Q

what debates does the Milgram experiment relate to:
Nature/Nurture
Determinism/Free-will
Reductionism/Holism

A 
nurture = Taught to obey authority figures (white lab coat) from an early age
determinism = effected by the way the other person is acting (white lab coat was casual about the situation)
Reductionism = slightly because if we assume obedience will occur based on only one factor (presence of authority figure0 then we assume all other factors influencing obedience are irrelevent
32
Q

why was the Bocchiaro study done

A

individuals in authority (legitimate/illegitimate) have social power to influence those with a lower power and their behaviour

33
Q

what are the key themes in the Bocchiaro study

A

obedience/disobedience/whistleblowing

34
Q

define whistleblowing

A

A person who exposes/informs on a person or organisation they believe is engaging in unlawful or immoral activity

35
Q

what were the aims of the Bocchiaro study

A
  1. to investigate how people deal with an unethical and unjust request. Participants have the option of obeying, disobeying or whistleblowing
  2. to investigate the difference between how people think they will behave and how they actually behave
  3. to investigate whether people who disobey/whistle blow show different personality characteristics from those who don’t.
36
Q 
which of these was Bocchiaro's study:
overt/covert
uncontrolled/controlled
unstructured/structured
observation/interview
qualitative/quantitative
primary/secondary
A

overt/covert —> overt
uncontrolled/controlled —> controlled
unstructured/structured —> structured
observation/interview —> observation
qualitative/quantitative —> quantitative (qualitative=personality tests)
primary/secondary —> primary

37
Q

why was the Bocchiaro study not an experiment

A

The Bocchiaro study was not an experiment because there were no independent variables

38
Q

In the Bocchiaro study what were the dependent variables

A

whether the participants obeyed, disobeyed, blew the whistle

The scores of the two personality tests

39
Q

where was the Bocchiaro study conducted

A

VU university in Amsterdam

40
Q

what was the sampling method used to recruit the participants in the Bocchiaro study

A

volunteer sampling (flyers around the university advertising the study)

41
Q

In the Bocchiaro study the first sample (they were asked what they would do) how many participants were there and where were they from

A

138 undergraduate students participating in the first study and they were from VU university in Amsterdam

42
Q

In the Bocchiaro study how many participants were there, where did they come from, and how much were they paid for taking part
males and females (age)

A

149 participants in the main study (96 women, 53 men) (mean age = 20.8)
7 euros or course credit
11 participants were removed from the 160 original main study due to their suspiciousness

43
Q

give brief description of the Bocchiaro study procedure

A
  • the first sample of 138 participants were given a detailed description of what the study entails and were asked “what would they do? and what would an average student at your university do?”
  • The experimenter was a dutch male who was formally dressed with a stern demeanor
  • the experimenter asked the participants to give a few names of fellow students forward and were told the cover story
  • the participants were told to write a statement convincing the students they chose to take part in the study
  • the experimenter left the room for 3 minutes
  • they were told they could chose words from the list of “exiting”, “incredible” and “superb” (no negative effect of sensory deprivation)
  • the participant wrote the statement in a 7 minute period
  • If a participant believed the proposed research on sensory deprivation violated ethical norms he/she could anonymously challenge it by putting a form in the mailbox.
  • the participants were then fully debreifed
44
Q

in the Bocciaro study, how many pilot studies did they do and why did they do them

A

8 pilot studies and they did them to standardize the experimenters behavior and to make sure it was an ethically correct experminet

45
Q

in the Bocchiaro study, how long did the session last

A

about 40 minutes

46
Q

in the Bocchiaro study how can students be disobedient but not whislteblowers

A

they would use negative words or not use the positive words to describe the study to the other students but they wouldn’t mail the ethics form

47
Q

In the Bocchiaro study how can students be whistleblowers but not disobedient

A

they would mail the ethics complaint form but they would use positive words and describe the study in a good way to the other students

48
Q 
In the Bocchiaro study, what did the first group of 138 participants respond to:
How they would:
obey
disobey
whistle-blow

How an average student at the university would:
obey
disobey
whistle-blow

A

How they would:
obey —> 3.6%
disobey —> 31.9%
whistle-blow —> 64.5%

How an average student at the university would:
obey —> 18.8%
disobey —> 43.9%
whistle-blow —> 37.3%

49
Q

In the Bocchiaro study what did the 149 participant actually do:
obey
disobey
whistle-blow

A

obey —> 76.5% (n=114)
disobey —> 14.1% (n=21)
whistle-blow —> 9.4% (n=14)

50
Q

among the whistle-blowers how many were open and how many were anonymous in the Bocchiaro study

A 
open = 6.0% (n=9)
anonymous = 3.4% (n=5)
51
Q

In the Bocchiaro study, what did the personality test find

A

that there was no significant relation to personality traits

52
Q

what were the conclusions in the Bocchiaro study

A
  • people tend to obey to authority figures, even if the request is unethical
  • people tend to act differently to how they say they will because we think that we’re special than we actually are
  • we think that we are better than other people at resisting social pressure (poor at predicting our own actions)
  • obedience depends on situational factors (personality did not effect the participants judgment
56
Q

Bocchiaro - internal validity

A
  • Highly controlled observation, well controlled extraneous variables (same amount of time to decide actions, same cover story)
  • participants may have guessed the aim (11 participants were removed from the study because of suspiciousness) and may have responded tot demand characteristics
  • volunteers means that they may have been more motivated and help the investigator and be more obedient
57
Q

Why was Bocchiaro especially careful when it came to the ethical guidelines

A

Because Bocchiaros study was so similar to Milgrams study, that had many ethical issues

58
Q

What debates does the Bocchiaro study relate to:
Free-will/determinism
Situational/individual
Nature/Nurture

A 
Freewill = participants actually did have a chance to choose how to behave and Bocchiaro purposely left them to discuss for 3 minutes so they could decide (14 people actually did whistle blow)
Determinism = the situation seemed to force most people to obey (and not whistle blow) even when they didn't expect/predict they would
Situational = depends on that environment and how that causes people to act i certain ways (caused by other people) e.g. Put form in the box if you see other people doing it
Nurture = people have been taught to whistle blow
Individual = whether certain personality types would be less obedient
59
Q

How did Bocchiaro comply with the right to withdraw

A

The participants were informed clearly at the start they had the right to withdraw at any moment

60
Q

How did Bocchiaro comply with the deception guideline

A

Deception did occur but didn’t cause harm and only what was necessary

61
Q

Bocchiaro - external reliability

A

We could test the external reliability

62
Q

How did Bocchiaro comply with the debriefing guideline

A

All details of the study and why it was being carried out was given to the participants

63
Q

Bocchiaro - external validity

Population

Ecological

A

Population - we can generalise because the study used both men and women
-limited age range (18 - 20’s, mean age =20.8)

Ecological - it is related to real life obedience and whistleblowing processes
-mundane realism is quite lw as it is not a normal everyday task

64
Q

Bocchiaro - internal reliabilty

A

Highly Controlled observation, that was highly standardised as they all have the same cover story for all the participants so they all go through the same experiences

65
Q

what are the similarities between the 2 core studies in the social area

A
  • Both a test of obedience
  • They were not experiments (controlled observations)
  • (Venn diagram in folder)
66
Q

how does the contemporary study change our understanding of the key theme from the classic study in the social area

A

people tend to obey, even a figure in less authority

67
Q

how does the contemporary study change our understanding of individual, social and cultural diversity from the classic study in the social area

A
  • From Bocchiaro’s study we found that women are equally or more obedient than men
  • People were very bad at predicting behaviours (their own and others behaviours) Bocchiaro asked about their own behaviour as well as others
68
Q

what are the main assumptions of the social area

A
  • All behaviour occurs in social context, even when no one else is physically present
  • Other people and the society they have created are a major influence on peoples behaviour, thought processes and emotions
  • An individuals behaviour is affected by situational factors
69
Q

what are the most common research methods used in the social area

A

observations

experiments

70
Q

what are the most common issues in the social area

A

ethics
ethnocentrism (cultural bias)
androcentrism/estrocentrism (male/female dominant)

71
Q

What are the strengths of the social area:
evidence from studies
analysis

A

**Can explain large scale historical and social events in a way no other area can e.g. the holocaust, civil rights movement, women’s suffrage, football hooligans. explains the immense power of social groups

evidence = Milgram - people will do almost anything to obey a figure in authority

analysis = Influenced by situational factors

**Can be applicable to everyone, so can bring psychology to wider audiences (whilst also helping us understand our own individual behaviours)

evidence = Milgram - further test to prove

analysis = further tests to prove hypothesis

72
Q

What are the weaknesses of the social area:
evidence from studies
analysis

A

**Human social behaviour changes over time and across different cultures. This means research can have a ‘shelf life’ or be difficult to generalise to other cultures

evidence = Bocchiaro - Results are more convincing

analysis = more people obeyed, better ethics

**Very difficult to abide by all ethical guidelines-very hard to study natural social behaviour without deceiving or harming participants in some way

evidence = Milgram - had to deceive participants so they didn’t know what they were being tested on and respond to demand characteristics

analysis = didn’t abide by ethical guidelines, seizure = protection of participants

Yr 1 Psychology AS OCR: Studies (8 decks)

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