Social Studies Flashcards
1
Q
Who wrote The Wealth of Nations, and invented field of modern economics?
A
Adam Smith
2
Q
Economics
A
The study of how people produce, buy, sell goods and services
3
Q
Goods
A
Things you buy
4
Q
Services
A
Tasks that you pay people to do
5
Q
What did Adam Smith believe in?
A
More freedom people had, more harmonious society would be
6
Q
Exports
A
Goods sold to other countries
7
Q
Imports
A
Good bought from other countries
8
Q
Mercantilism
A
Governments actively interfered with the economy. Supported their own nation’s industries, and discouraged the purchase of goods from other countries
9
Q
Zero-Sum Game
A
Where one country’s gain is necessarily anther’s loss; wealth comes from labor, not gold or silver
10
Q
How can a country’s economy grow without decreasing wealth of its neighbors?
A
Through increased labor or productivity
11
Q
What are the 3 general strategies for helping economy grow?
A
- Letting people pursue own self-interest or individual goals. 2. Division of Labor 3. Free Trade
12
Q
Invisible Hand (of the market place)
A
Allowing people to pursue own self-interest or individual goals
13
Q
How can one produce more goods?
A
When work is broken up into simple tasks
14
Q
Free Trade
A
When government stays out of way of international trade everyone benefits
15
Q
What is preferable to an economy?
A
Free Market
16
Q
Free Market idea is known as…
A
laissez-faire, french for “Let it be”
17
Q
Laissez-faire
A
Let it be
18
Q
Who is known as the father of modern economics?
A
Adam Smith
19
Q
Communism
A
Is an economic system where wealth is distributed evenly to everyone
20
Q
Capitalism
A
Everybody competes to make money
21
Q
What does a pure communist society include?
A
No private property and everybody would be equal in wealth and social status
22
Q
Communism was created by what two German philosophers?
A
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
23
Q
What did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish?
A
A short pamphlet called The Communist Manifesto
24
Q
What was their thought on capitalism?
A
Created of two unequal classes Proletariat and Bourgeoisie
25
Proletariat
Is the working class in the "capitalism" society
26
Bourgeoisie
Or Bourgeois, are the wealthier classes in the "capitalism" society Owners of Capital factories, buildings, properties
27
Both Russia and China the leaders of a communism country quickly established what type of government?
Totalitarian
28
Totalitarian
Most power in single dictator
29
Communist societies have what type of economy?
Centralized economy
30
Centralized Economy
about everything is controlled by the government
31
Socialism
Cross between capitalism and communism, found in many countries in Europe, but have many different degrees of socialism
32
What do the laws of supply and demand control?
How much we pay for goods and servies
33
The price that a consumer pays for a good or services is determined by what two things?
1. Supply 2. Demand
34
Supply
How much of a good or service there is; how much of something producers or service providers will sell at a particular price
35
Demand
How much people want a product or a service
36
Companies will...
produce more of a product if they think they can sell a lot of it at a HIGHER price
37
People will...
buy more of something if it's cheap
38
When products gets more expensive, what happens to the demand?
Demand decreases
39
Producers desire to make money pushes prices ____ and consumers desire to save money pushes prices \_\_\_\_
up down
40
Equilibrium Point
The price amount where supply is equal to the amount demanded; where the supply and demand curves intersect
41
What do we say when supply and demand equal out?
Market has cleared
42
Widget
is used to describe any device or contraption they're using in an example
43
Where did the assembly line come from?
Industrial Revolution
44
Industrial Revolution
A major period of technological advances beginning in the 18th century
45
What company became the first to mass produce cars?
Olds Motor Vehicle Company
46
Who perfected the process of mass production of cars and what did they use?
Henry Ford, used conveyor belts
47
Assembly Line
Is a system that's used a lot for mass production in factories
48
Interest
A percentage of your cash the bank gives you just for keeping your money there
49
Essential Expenses
Things you absolutely need
50
Fixed
Means amounts stays the same every month
51
Variable
Means amount changes from month to month
52
What are the three problems of debt?
1. Can't pay for everything you need 2. Serious financial trouble 3. Bankruptcy
53
Stock
Is the money that's raised by a corporation that sells shares of itself to the public
54
Person who owns stock is called a...
...shareholder or investor.
55
Incorporating
aka corporation, is one way to organize a business
56
What is a country's economy?
The sum total of all the buying and selling that goes on
57
Business Cycle
The pattern of expansion and contraction is known
58
Beliefs
Are ideas that make sense to us
59
Segregate
to separate or set apart from others: ISOLATE
60
Racism
When one group of people is treated less fairly than others because of their race
61
After Civil war in 1868, what amendment was ratified?
14th Amendment
62
What does the 14th Amendment protect?
Protected the rights of all the newly freed African Americans
63
What does the 14th Amendment say?
You couldn't take away anyone's life, liberty, or property
64
What did the Supreme Court decide when they heard about the Plessy vs. Ferguson Case?
Decided segregation was okay as long as the separate thins were equal in quality; "separate but equal"
65
What was the problem of the Supreme Court's decision after hearing about the Plessy vs. Ferguson case?
Most things got separated and was very equal
66
In 1950, what happened in Tompeka, Kansas?
Oliver Brown tried to enroll his daughter in a local white school, but because she was African American, she was forced to go to a segregated school that was much further away.
67
Who was Oliver Brown's lawyer when their case made it to the supreme court?
Thurgood Marshall
68
What did Thurgood Marshall argue?
Separate schools could never be equal
69
How did the Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka end?
All 9 Supreme Court Justices decided in Brown's favor
70
The original 13 colonies didn't like what? Was it enough to spark a revolution?
Being Ruled by a king; King George III of England No
71
What were the colonist really angry about in England?
Not having any representation in Parliament
72
Parliament
The British version of Congress
73
What could Parliament do to the colonist?
They could pass laws affecting the American colonists, even though none of the colonists voted
74
Parliament passed what act in 1765?
Quartering Act
75
What did the Quartering Act say?
British soldiers in the colonies could stay in any private home they wanted; Families there would have to house and feed them
76
What were the colonists ESPECIALLY angry about?
All the taxes Parliament heaped on them
77
What was the first of the Tax act on the colonies?
Sugar Act of 1764
78
What was the Sugar Act of 1764?
A tax on sugar, molasses, and other stuff the colonies imported
79
This act prompted who to say what?
James Otis, a Massachusetts lawyer, "Taxation without representation is tyranny!"
80
The colonists battle cry after the first act was passed was...
"No taxation without representation!"
81
Did Parliament listen to the colonies? What did they do after the first tax act?
Parliament did not listen to the colonies, and just kept adding more taxes
82
What was the act after the Sugar Act of 1764?
Stamp Act of 1765
83
Stamp Act of 1765 taxed what?
All legal and commercial documents included diplomas, contracts, newspapers, and playing cards
84
What did the colonist organize after the Stamp Act of 1765?
Stamp Act Congress in NYC
85
What did Samuel Adams of Boston organize?
Chapters of the Songs of Liberty
86
What did the Sons of Liberty do?
They burned any stamp act paper they could find; tarred and feathered British officials
87
What did the colonists do to British goods?
Boycotted
88
What did the Daughters of Liberty help do?
Helped create things like what people were no longer buying from the British like clothing
89
The boycott hurt the British trade and what did the parliament do in conclusion to the boycott?
They repealed the Stamp Act in 1766, but they passed another set of new taxes with the Townshend Acts in 1767
90
What were the Townshend Acts?
Taxed imports like glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea; also allowed British officers to search homes and businesses for smuggled goods
91
What did the British Officers need in order to search homes and businesses for smuggled goods?
Needed search warrants called Writs of Assistance
92
Eventually, anger boiled over during what event?
Boston Massacre
93
What was the Boston Massacre
British troops opened fire on rioting colonists
94
During the same year of the Boston Massacre, what happened?
The Townshend Acts were repealed
95
Later after the Townshend Acts were repealed, what was passed?
Tea Act in 1773
96
What did the Tea Act say?
Said colonists had to buy all of their tea from England
97
How did the colonist responded of the Tea Act?
Colonist responded with the Boston Tea Party on December 16th, 1773
98
What was the Boston Tea Party?
A group of men disguised as American Indians boarded 3 tea ships docked in the Boston harbor; broke open the tea chests and threw them overboard
99
What was the Coercive Acts in 1774?
In response to the Boston Tea Party, these acts called for a naval Blockade of Boston harbor until the tea from the Boston Tea Party was paid for
100
To the colonists, the Coercive Acts was known as
Intolerable Acts; which also banned committees of correspondence
101
What was the committees of correspondence?
Groups in different colonies that exchanged letters about colonial politics
102
All the colonies except for ____ met in the \_\_\_\_\_
Georgia First Continental Congress
103
What did the First Continental Congress decide?
Decided to ban all trade with England until the acts were repealed; called on each colony to train as militias, or armies
104
When did fighting break out between the British and Colonial Soldiers? Beginning of the Revolutionary War
In Lexington, MA on April 19, 1775
105
How were the American Colonists out matched during the American Revolution?
Had inexperienced volunteer militia, and up against the British (most powerful military in the world)
106
How did the colonist know the British were coming to Lexington?
Because of silversmith Paul Revere and his patriots William Dawes and Samuel Prescott warned them in their famous Midnight Ride
107
Minutemen
Were militia fighters who pledged to be ready at a minute's notice; they were ready for when the British troops moved from Lexington, MA to Concord, MA
108
What did the colonist leaders decide when they met in the Second Continental Congress?
Decided to form a Continental Army led by George Washington
109
Thomas Pain wrote a famous pamphlet in 1776 and what did it convince the colonies?
Pamphlet called Common Sense, convinced many that the only course was independence from England
110
When and what did the Continental Congress write?
1776 the Declaration of Independence
111
After all 13 colonies adopted the Declaration of Independence...
the war with England was final
112
When did George Washington lead his men across the Delaware River and took the British forces by surprise?
Christmas Day 1776
113
What battle was the turning point in the war?
Battle of Saratoga
114
What war did it lead European nations to lend support to the colonial cause?
Battle of Saratoga
115
Benedict Arnold
was an American general who helped win the battles of the beginning of the American Revolution, but became a traitor for England and switched sides
116
Who was France's support for the colonies?
Benjamin Franklin
117
Due to the colony soldiers short on supply in the winter of 1777, what happened to Washington's troops?
A quarter of his troops died from cold, starvation, and disease at Valley Forge, PA
118
John Paul Jones
An American officer who won a major naval battle off the cost of England
119
How did John Paul Jones naval battle win affect the British naval?
It embarrassed them because they were a world-renowned supremacy on the seas
120
Early on during the American Revolution, the colonies could not defeat the British through traditional warfare. How did the colonies beat the British?
Through Guerilla Warfare
121
Guerilla Warfare
Staged small hit and run raids and ambushes
122
What battle was fought with the American and French forces against the British to win the war's final battle?
1781 battle of Yorktown, VA
123
In the final battle of the American Revolution who did they defeat?
British general Lord Comwallis
124
What was the American Civil Rights Movement about?
Having universal rights for all people regardless of gender, income, or color
125
In 1955, what did Rosa Parks do and what was the outcome?
Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a public bus, so that a white person could sit down because she wouldn't give up her seat, and she was arrested
126
What boycott did Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. organize and supervise?
Boycott of the Montgomery bus system
127
What was the boycott of the Montgomery bus system?
Most of the black people refused to ride the bus and walk instead
128
The organized protests were ...
nonviolent, but firm
129
Freedom Rides
Freedom Rides were integrated bus rides through the south with black and whites sitting next to one another on the same bus; blacks rode in front and white rode in the back
130
Peaceful protests were often met with ...
anger and sometime violence
131
What was the high point of the civil right movement and when did it occur?
Occurred on August 28, 1963 between 200,000 and 500,000 people of all color marched on Washington D.C. for universal human rights like economic justice and freedom for all people
132
The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
Featured Dr. King delivering his famous "I Have a Dream" speech at Lincoln Memorial
133
After the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, what happened?
1964, the Civil Rights Act was passed
134
What did the Civil Rights Act do?
Made segregation in public facilities and employment discrimination illegal
135
What are two things that we still struggle with today over the world?
Racial Prejudices and Inequality
136
When did the Civil War begin?
1860 & 1861
137
How many southern states seceded?
11
138
Seceded
Left United States to make their own country
139
The southern states that left the United States, what were they called?
Confederate States of America, or Confederacy
140
The northern states that stayed with the U.S. were called
the Union
141
President at the time of the Civil War was...
Abraham Lincoln
142
President of Confederacy was..
Jefferson Davis
143
During Civil War, Davis did not....
want to go to war
144
Lincoln could not...
allow 11 states to leave the Union because it would set a bad example for the future
145
What were two reasons states were leaving the United States?
States did not like the rules/laws Issue of slavery
146
When did actual fighting of the Union and Confederacy begin?
April of 1861
147
Where did the first battle of the Civil War take place?
Fort Sumter in S.C.
148
Who won the battle at Fort Sumter in South Carolina?
The south
149
Border States like Kentucky and Delaware were pro - \_\_\_\_\_\_, but anti - \_\_\_\_\_\_
pro-slavery, but anti-secession
150
West Virginia was formed after what happened?
After parts of VA refused to secede to the Confederacy with the rest of the state.
151
How many states stayed with the Union?
24
152
Why did the North think the Civil War would be easy?
Because it was 24 states, vs. 11
153
Was the North right about thinking the Civil War would be easy?
No because they lost a lot of battle in the beginning
154
What do historians think why the South won a lot of early battles during the Civil War?
Because they had strong and brilliant generals
155
Who was the commander of all the Confederate armies?
Robert E. Lee
156
What was the biggest early battle victory for the south? It is sometimes called what?
First Battle of Bull Run First Battle of Manassas
157
To solve the north's problem during the Civil War because of Robert E. Lee, what was their solution?
Ulysses S Grant - he was a talented general for the Union army, and became Commanding Officer for the Union
158
What was one of the battles where Ulysses S. Grant saw a lot of casualties? How many casualties were there during that battle?
Battle of Shiloh 24,000 casualties on both sides
159
During the middle of the war in 1863, Lincoln issued what?
Emancipation Proclamation
160
What was the Emancipation Proclamation?
Freed all states held in Confederate-controlled states
161
When was slavery officially outlawed in ALL states?
In 1865, after the Civil War
162
What battle was the begging of the Confederacy's fall?
Battle of Gettysburg
163
When was the Battle of Gettysburg?
Summer of 1863
164
After the Battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln made his famous...
Gettysburg Address
165
November of 1864, who made a famous march across Confederate Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah?
Union General William Tecumseh Sherman
166
In Sherman's March to the Sea, what did the Union troops do?
Devastated the state, Georgia, by burning crops, killing livestock, and wrecking local infrastructure
167
By 1865, the Confederacy was exhausted, why?
Lost a huge percentage of its young men and its economy was destroyed
168
The south turned slaves for army and promised what?
Freedom in return
169
Where did General Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant?
Appomattox Court House, VA on April 9, 1865
170
Five days after the war was over, what happened to Lincoln and where?
Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth while watching a play in Washington, D.C.
171
Who was John Wilkes Booth?
Maryland actor who was mad about the South's defeat
172
In the end, between how many people died our of 3 million combatants?
600,000 - 700,000
173
The Civil War is known as ..
America's Bloodiest War
174
In 1868 who became president?
Ulysses S. Grant
175
What did the Confederacy (the South) believed in before and during the Civil War?
States' Rights
176
States' Rights
The idea that each state gets to make its own laws
177
10th Amendment of the Constitution
Gives each state the right to make its own laws, as long as they don't go against federal law
178
What did the North and the South disagree about federal laws?
How powerful the federal laws should be
179
In 1832, South Carolina almost seceded over what argument??
In the Nullification Crisis
180
What did South Carolina want the right to nullify, or cancel?
A federal tariff that was hurting its economy
181
Tariff
A tax usually on trade
182
A tariff usually favored who and hurt who?
Favored Northern industry Hurt Southern farms
183
What are the two thoughts on what the main reason southern states seceded?
1. Over States' Rights 2. Slavery
184
In 1787, most states north of Delaware had made what illegal? Why?
Slavery because it went against everything the United States was all about
185
What were the states especially worried about before the Civil War? Why?
The Louisiana Purchase lands that were bought from France in 1803. They didn't want the new states to be pro-slavery
186
In 1820, the northern and the southern states agreed to what?
Missouri Compromise
187
Missouri Compromise
Basically divided the Louisiana Purchase evenly between slavery and freedom and it set a balancing rule
188
What was the balancing rule during the Missouri Compromise?
So that for every free state joined the Union, a slave state would also join
189
In 1854, what were the southern politicians able to pass?
The Kansas- Nebraska Act
190
Kansas - Nebraska Act what did it do, and what did it say?
Repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and said that any new state could be a slave state if it wanted to.
191
The Supreme Court supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act with their infamous ...
Dred Scott Decision
192
Dred Scott
Was a slave whose owner traveled throughout free states and territories
193
What did the Supreme Court say about Dred Scot and his owners traveling through free states and territories?
Scott still belonged to his owner, and African Americans could never be U.S. Citizens and slave owners from the South could keep their slaves if they moved to free states
194
The infamous Dred Scott decision angered who? Who were they?
Abolitionists - people actively against slavery
195
What increased the differences between the North and the South?
States' rights and slavery issues
196
What was the Cold War?
a 40 year standoff between U.S. and the Soviet Union
197
What countries were included in the Soviet Union?
Russia, Ukraine, and bunch of other countries
198
During World War II, U.S. and Soviet Union were ...
allies
199
After World War II, the U.S. and other Western nations thought that the Soviets led by dictator Joseph Stalin would try to do what?
Try to spread communism all over the world
200
Communist countries like Soviet Union and China tend to become what time of economic system?
Dictatorships
201
In 1948, the Soviet Union limited access to what city?
Berlin, Germany (didn't let anyone in or out!)
202
Germany eventually split into two. Explain each side and what type of government they became.
East Germany became a Communist state West Germany was a democracy
203
City of Berlin was also divided, what did the Soviets build to keep people from coming into or leaving communist East Berlin.
the Berlin Wall
204
The Berlin Wall became a symbol for..
Soviet oppression and the Cold War
205
What has descended across Europe (during the Cold War) according to Winston Churchill, a British prime minister, due to Soviet oppression. This name caught on.
Iron Curtain
206
What did President Harry S. Truman begin during the Cold War? What is it supposed to stop?
Began the U.S. policy of containment to stop the spread of communism.
207
What are the 3 different approaches of the Containment created by Harry S. Truman during the Cold War?
Marshall Plan Truman Doctrine NATO
208
What is the Marshall Plan?
This plan gave $13 billion to help Europe rebuild after World War II
209
What is the idea of the Marshall Plan?
European countries who accepted U.S. aid would be unlikely to ally themselves with the Soviet Union
210
What was the Truman Doctrine?
A promise to supply military and economic aid to any country struggling to create or maintain a democracy
211
What does NATO stand for and what was it?
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance between U.S., Canada, and various Western European countries
212
What is a good reason that the Soviet Union distrust the West?
The U.S. had invented and used the atomic bomb at the end of the World War II; so they feared America would use this new weapon to control the rest of the world
213
What was the arms race between soviets and U.S.?
Soviets had to build more nuclear weapons to counter U.S. and vice versa
214
Why is the Cold War called this name?
Because it wasn't a war and never erupted into a real war between the U.S. and Soviets. This is because you cannot have an all out nuclear war and have a winner. Which both sides understood
215
Why did America fight a war in Korea?
To contain communism
216
Why was the U.S. worried about the influence of communism China?
Their leader Mao Zedong
217
The Vietnam conflict was actually really part of ..
the Cold War
218
The Cold War was partially responsible for ....
getting humans into space. Both U.S. and Soviets spent billions of dollars on rockets and satellites because they both wanted to win the space race.
219
When did the Cold War begin to end?
1980s
220
What began to end the war?
Soviet economy wasn't strong enough to hold the USSR together.
221
In 1989, towards the end of the Cold War, what two things occurred?
Berlin Wall fell and soon Communists governments in Eastern Europe were being overturned
222
In 1991, what happened at the end of the Cold War?
Soviet Union collapsed and broke up into distinct democratic countries
223
Who was Cesar Chavez?
A Mexican American farm worker, who led a campaign to improve the working conditions of million of other farm workers
224
Migrant Workers
People who move around the country harvesting seasonal crops
225
Why did the migrant farmers have a hard life?
didn't pay much, often lived in government camps without access to clean water or bathrooms
226
Why did Chavez become a civil rights leader for Latin Americans?
They made up the majority of farming labor community
227
Who founded the National Farm Workers Association? Why?
Chavez and Doiores Huerta to improve wages and working conditions
228
Labor Union
A group of workers who join together in order to protect their rights
229
Who was Chavez influenced by? And for what reason?
Mahatma Gandhi in India by peaceful rebellions that were led by him
230
What are the 3 techniques Chavez relied on?
Strikes Boycotts Protest Marches
231
What is Chavez best known for?
For the grape picker strike
