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Social Science Pentathlon 24-25 > Social Science Section III > Flashcards

Social Science Section III Flashcards

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1
Q

The word Anthropocene comes from which 2 Greek words?

A

anthropos and kainos

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2
Q

What does anthropos mean?

A

human

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3
Q

What does kainos mean?

A

new

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4
Q

What element can be found as a trace of nuclear weapon testing in the 1950s?

A

Plutonium-239i

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5
Q

Who were the first to use the term Anthropocene?

A

Paul J. Crutzen and Eugene F. Stoermer

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6
Q

When did Crutzen and Stoermer first use Anthropocene?

A

2000

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7
Q

What time did Crutzen and Stoermer think the Anthropocene started?

A

the late 1700s, when the steam engine became popular and GHG levels were growing

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8
Q

The late 1700s is often labeled as the start of what?

A

the Industrial Revolution

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9
Q

The date 1950 corresponds with what?

A

the “Great Acceleration”

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10
Q

What was the Great Acceleration?

A

when many of the developments made in the Industrial Revolution started to be used more frequently

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11
Q

What does IPCC stand for?

A

International Panel on Climate Change

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12
Q

What is the IPCC’s definition of the Anthropocene?

A

a proposed geological epoch resulting from significant human-driven changes to Earth

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13
Q

Based on what we know about previous times, what would scholars expect after the Holocene would have what type of weather?

A

cold weather, but the Anthropocene moved the climate toward rapid warming

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14
Q

A study of the warming trends over the past 2000 years has found what?

A

the largest warming trends have occurred since the middle of the 20th century (1950s)

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15
Q

When did the Industrial Revolution technically start?

A

the late 1700s

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16
Q

When did the Industrial Revolution really take off?

A

the 1800s

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17
Q

Charles Dickens is from which country?

A

Britain/England

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18
Q

What image of the Industrial Revolution did Charles Dickens popularize through his literature?

A

an image of large, fiery factories fueled by coal and hundreds of workers lined up in rows

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19
Q

What 2 books by Charles Dickens are mentioned in the SS Resource Guide?

A

Oliver Twist and A Christmas Carol

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20
Q

What did the fact that people in the 1800s used the term Industrial Revolution demonstrate?

A

it shows us that the people of those times recognized the dramatic changes in the workplace, and society in general

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21
Q

What did environmental historian J. R. McNeill call the overall increase in 1950?

A

the Great Acceleration

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22
Q

What was the global human population in 1780?

A

under 1 billion people

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23
Q

What was the global human population in 1930?

A

2 billion people, more than double since the start of the Industrial Revolution

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24
Q

By how much has the global population increased from 1930 to now?

A

it has quadrupled, from 2 billion to 8 billion

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25
Q

What layer(s) of the atmosphere are getting warmer?

A

only the troposphere

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26
Q

What layer(s) of the atmosphere are getting colder?

A

all the layers of above the troposphere

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27
Q

How many million barrels of oil do the top 10 producers of oil make per day? (2022)

A

73.86, 73% of the world total

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28
Q

How many million barrels of oil does the whole world produce? (2022)

A

99.89

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29
Q

Eunice Newton Foote is a scientist from which country?

A

the US

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30
Q

What did Eunice say about greenhouse gases as early as the mid-1800s?

A

that water vapor and CO2 could interact with solar rays and increase Earth’s temperature

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31
Q

What are the 3 fossil fuels?

A

coal, oil, and natural gas

32
Q

Where do fossil fuels come from?

A

the remains of prehistoric plants and animals

33
Q

Once GHGs get inside the atmosphere, they act like a ______________, making the Earth warmer.

A

blanket

34
Q

How does geography affect the extraction of fossil fuels?

A

fossil fuels can only be extracted where they are found, so not all places get them

35
Q

Who was the top producer and top consumer of oil in the early 2020s?

A

the US

36
Q

When did Europeans discover oil in the Middle East?

A

shortly before WWI

37
Q

Kirkuk is in what country?

A

Iraq

38
Q

When was oil discovered in Kirkuk?

A

1927

39
Q

When oil was discovered in Kirkuk, what happened to the towns and cities there?

A

the British reshaped them to model colonial towns, straining relationships between different groups within the city’s populations

40
Q

In 2021, the US and China accounted for what percent of the global GDP?

A

42%

41
Q

In 2020, what percent of GHG emissions were from fossil fuel combustion (CO2)?

A

72.6%

42
Q

In 2020, what percent of GHG emissions were from methane?

A

10.9%

43
Q

In 2020, what percent of GHG emissions were from nitrous oxide?

A

7.1%

44
Q

What is black gold?

A

another term for oil

45
Q

Fossil fuels, coal, oil, and natural gas, make up what percent of GHG emissions?

A

75%

46
Q

Fossil fuels, coal, oil, and natural gas, make up what percent of CO2 emissions?

A

90%

47
Q

What did many European countries do starting the year 1500?

A

a lot of them built colonies and traveled the world, allowing them to gather valuable resources for profit

48
Q

What does GDP stand for?

A

Growth Domestic Product

49
Q

When using GDP as a marker of wealth, one sees it is concentrated in countries where?

A

in the Western, or Western countries

50
Q

While the US and EU have cut GHG emissions, what 2 very large countries have increased theirs?

A

India and China

51
Q

Who is the world’s leading emitter, taking CO2 emissions as a marker?

A

China

52
Q

What place is India among the most CO2-emitting countries?

A

4th, just behind the US and EU

53
Q

What does EU stand for?

A

European Union

54
Q

Why may making China and India cut their fossil fuel use/emission be unfair?

A

because many other developed countries have used them to give a foundation for their economy and communities, India and China could achieve this, but now they are being stopped

55
Q

How many tonnes is 1 megatonne?

A

1 megatonne = 1,000,000 tonnes

56
Q

Per person, China emits about ______ as much CO2 as the US does.

A

half

57
Q

Per person, India emits about ______ as much CO2 as the US does.

A

one-seventh

58
Q

Why do China and India still have more emissions, even though they emit less CO2 per person?

A

because of how many people they have

59
Q

China has produced about ______________ of the cumulative amount of CO2 emissions of Western nations since 1750.

A

one-fourth

60
Q

Are the effects of climate change on nature and Earth one-sided?

A

No, it is double-sided. When we affect them, they affect us too

61
Q

What is another term used for climate change?

A

global warming

62
Q

What are the 3 main crises in the Anthropocene?

A

climate change, air pollution, and biodiversity loss

63
Q

In the summer of 2023, Iran reached a heat index of how much?

A

158° F

64
Q

What are the 3 most notable areas that are particularly impactful to human societies that have been worsened by climate change?

A

floods, fires, and droughts

65
Q

Within the past years, what areas have had the most abnormal, severe fires?

A

Greece, Australia, California, Canada, and Hawaii

66
Q

How do warmer temperatures cause/impact forest fires?

A

they amplify the dry and windy conditions that spread and fuel these forest fires

67
Q

How does a warm climate affect floods?

A

it worsens many of the factors that contribute to flood risk, like rain and snowmelt

68
Q

What communities do rising sea levels threaten?

A

coastal communities, especially ones on islands

69
Q

What does NOAA stand for?

A

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

70
Q

High-tide flooding has gotten how much more frequent over the past 50 years?

A

this flooding is now 300%-900% more frequent than 50 years ago

71
Q

How much money did Hurricane Ian cause in damages?

A

$112 billion

72
Q

How many fatalities did Hurricane Ian cause?

A

156

73
Q

When did Hurricane Ian strike Florida?

A

2022

74
Q

A megadrought in the Western US is thought to be the worst in how many years? (2022)

A

1,200 years

75
Q

The Horn of Africa is ____ times more likely to experience drought.

A

100

76
Q

What area of the US has the most drought?

A

the Western United States

77
Q
A

Social Science Pentathlon 24-25 (6 decks)

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