Social Science Flashcards
study of human groups, their customs and institutions and their development at all times and places
Sociology
the process of learning to become a responsible adult member of a society as defined by the norms of that society. It is shown when people talk, act and think is acceptable ways
Enculturation
a short, well-known saying, stating a general truth or piece of advice
Proverbs
Social status of a person is achieved through their effort not on their family background, ethnicity, gender or religion.
Open-class Society
norms for routine or casual interaction. Ex. Appropriate greeting and proper dress in different situations. Draw a line between right and rude.
Folkways
culturally defined standards held by human individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, beautiful, good or bad that serve as broad guidelines for social life
Values
patterns of beliefs that serve to guide, control and regulate conduct
Norms
norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance. Distinguish between right and wrong
Mores
actions or behaviors that violate social norms
Deviant act
spread of cultural traits from one sociocultural system to another
Diffusion
human action out of the ordinary/unique/unprecendented
Innovation
unique or novel device, method, composition or process
Invention
found in a leader who mission and vision inspire others. Leader of a new social movement and one instilled with divine or supernatural powers such as a religious prophet. Favored by Weber
Charismatic authority
Ability and right to rule is passed down via heredity. It does not change overtime, does not facilitate social change, tends to be irrational and inconsistent
Traditional authority
the right which is delegated to an individual or department to control specified processes, practices, policies or other matters relating to activities undertaken by persons in other departments
Functional authority
fosters belief in competence of the individual discharging statutory obligation
Legal authority
having internal cause of origin
Endogenous
socio-economic and political worldview or inquiry based on a materialist interpretation of historical development a dialectical view of social transformation, an analysis of class-relations and conflict within society
Marxist’s Model
overemphasis on importance of economic class to explain historical trends
Major criticism
A reward for conformity or a punishment for nonconformity that reinforces socially approved forms of behavior
Sanction
any structure of mechanism of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of a set of individuals within a given community
Institution
The network of social relationships which link individuals through common ancestry, marriage or adoption
Kinship
A group within the broader society that has values, norms and lifestyle distinct from those of the majority
Subculture
A group of people who share a common sense of identity and interact with one another on a sustained basis
Community
effective form of social control among Chinese communists is by group manipulation of guilt and shame
Pepinsky
A formal organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority, the existence of written rules of procedure, staffed by full-time salaried officials, and striving for the efficient attainment of organizational goals
Bureaucracy
establish orderly relationship between man and surroundings
Primary function of religion in human societies
small social group whose members share close, personal, enduring relationships
Primary groups
interact on a less personal level than primary, and relationships are temporary rather than long lasting. Established to perform functions and people’s roles are interchangeable
Secondary groups
form of radial authoritarian nationalism. Unify nation through totalitarian state that promoted mass mobilization of national community. View political violence, war and imperialism as means to achieve national rejuvenation and asserts that stronger nations have the right to expand their territory by displacing weaker nations
Fascist system
form of social stratification characterized by hereditary transmission of style of life which often includes an occupation, ritual status in hierarchy and customary social interaction and exclusion based on cultural notions of purity and pollution
Caste system
people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being upper, middle and lower classes
Class system
A rigid and inflexible image of the characteristics a group
Stereotypes
initial awareness of existing but unobserved elements of nature
Discovery
ability to gain information about an object, person, location or physical event through means other than the known human senses
Clairvoyance
supposed ability to move objects by mental effort alone
Psychokinesis
foreknowledge of an event especially as a form of extrasensory perception
Precognition
supposed communication of thoughts or ideas by means other than the known senses
Telepathy
concept originating from Sigmund Freud. It is the state in which becomes obsessed with an attachment to another person, being or object
Fixation
psychological process whereby the subject assimilates an aspect, property or attribute of the other and is transformed, wholly or partially after the model the other provides
Identification
to repel one’s own desires and impulses towards pleasurable instincts by excluding the desire form one’s consciousness and holding or subduing it in the unconscious
Repression
defense mechanism leading to temporary or long-term reversion of the ego to an earlier stage of development rather than handling unacceptable impulses in a more adult way
Regression
distortion of the senses, revealing how the brain normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation
Illusion
perception in the absence of apparent stimulus which has qualities of real perception
Hallucination
form of mental imagery that is used to organize and analyze sounds when there is no external auditory stimulus present
Auditory imagery
The Eidetic Image has been identified in psychological literature as a vision, as a source for new thought and feeling, as a material picture in the mind which can be scanned by the person as he would scan a real current event in his environment
Eidetic imagery
psychological disorder characterized by elevation or lowering of a person’s mood, such as depression or bipolar disorder
Affective disorder/Mood disorder
an acute overwhelming attack of fear or anxiety producing personality disorganization that may persist
Panic reaction
an anxiety disorder characterized by chronic free-floating anxiety and such symptoms as tension or sweating or trembling or lightheadedness or irritability etc that has lasted for more than six months
Generalized anxiety
a long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behaviour, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation
Schizophrenia
neurotransmitter- chemical released by nerve cells to send signals to other nerve cells
Dopamine
involved in regulating nociception (pain) in the body
Enkephalin
many functions in body, regulating heart rate, blood vessel and air passage diameters. Crucial part of fight or flight response
Epinephrine
synthetic drug used as a tranquillizer or sedative
Thorazine/Chlorpromazine
an object of perception; something that is perceived
Percept
below the threshold of sensation or consciousness
Subliminal
magnitude or intensity that must be exceeded for a certain reaction
Threshold
birth through 18-24 months- only aware what is immediately in front of them. They focus on what they see, what they are doing and physical interactions with their immediate environment
Sensorimotor
Toddlerhood to childhood (7)- Think about things symbolically. Their language becomes more mature and develop memory and imagination which allows them to understand the difference between past and future
Preoperational
ages 7-12- demonstrate logical and concrete reasoning. Thinking becomes less egocentric and increasingly aware of external events
Operational
adolescence through adulthood- able to logically use symbols related to abstract concepts
Formal operational
aka isolation effect, predicts that an item that “stands out like a sore thumb” is more likely to be remembered than other items
Von Restorff effect
people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed tasks
Zeigarnik effect
experimental effect found in some studies of verbal conditioning in which the speaker’s use of certain classes of words may increase in frequency when reinforced by the listener making appropriate diffident gestures of assent
Greenspoon effect
optical illusion consisting of stylized arrow
Muller-Lyer illusion
brain is holistic, parallel and analog with selforganizing tendencies
Gestalt Principle of perceptual organization
objects or events that are near to one another are perceived as belonging together as a unit
Proximity
there is innate tendency to perceive a line as continuing its established direction
Continuation
innate tendency to perceive incomplete objects as complete and to close or fill gaps and to perceive asymmetric stimuli as symmetric
Closure
aspects of perceptual field that move or function in a similar manner will be perceived as a unit
Common fate law
parts of a stimulus field that are similar to each other tend to be perceived as belonging as a unity
Similarity law
Loving parent who is firm and consistent produces a competent and self-reliant child.
COMPETENT AND SELF RELIANT CHILD
being able to focus one’s auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli
Selective attention
change over time in the responsiveness of sensory system to a constant stimulus
Sensory adaptation
Smallest detectable difference between a starting and secondary level of particular sensory stimulus
Just noticeable difference
Roger’s rejected the deterministic nature of psychoanalysis and behaviorism and maintained that we behave as we do because of the way we perceive our situation. Believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendency to self-actualize- to fulfill one’s potential and achieve the highest level of human-beingness we can
Roger’s Self Theory
the obstruction of or interference with new learning because of previous learning.
Negative transfer
phenomenon of learning and memory which was first seen in classical conditioning and refers to a re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay
Spontaneous recovery
conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response
Operant conditioning
transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus
Stimulus generalization
an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something
Phobias
learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone
Classical conditioning
process of reducing sensitivity
Desensitization
for of learning where individuals ascertain how to act or perform by observing another individual
Modeling
