Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Flashcards > Social Psychology Unit 1 > Flashcards

Social Psychology Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Social Representations

A

A society’s widely held ideas and values, including assumptions and cultural ideology. Our social representations help us make sense of our world.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen how something turned out (“I knew it all along”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Field Research

A

Research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Correlational Study

A

The study of naturally occurring relationships among variables.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Experimental Research

A

Studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (IVs) while controlling others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Random Sampling

A

Survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Framing

A

The way a question or an issue is posed; can influence people’s decisions and expressed opinions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Random Assignment

A

The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mundane Realism

A

Degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Experimental Realism

A

Degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Spotlight Effect

A

The belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance and behavior than they really are.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Illusion of Transparancy

A

The illusion tat our concealed emotions leak out and can easily be read by others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Self-Concept

A

What we know and believe about ourselves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Self-Schema

A

Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Possible Selves

A

Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Social Comparison

A

Evaluating one’s abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Independent Self

A

Construing one’s identity as an autonomous self (individualistic cultures)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Interdependent Self

A

Construing one’s identity in relation to others (collectivist cultures)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Planning Fallacy

A

The tendency to under-estimate how long it will take to complete a task.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Impact Bias

A

Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Immune Neglect

A

The human tendency to underestimate the speed and the strength of the “psychological immune system” which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Dual Attitude System

A

Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion. Implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Self-Esteem

A

A person’s overall self-evaluation sense of self-worth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Terror Management Theory

A

Proposes that people exhibit self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural world views and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Locus of Control

A

The extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

The sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

The tendency to perceive oneself favorably.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Self-Serving Attributions

A

(A form of self-serving bias) The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors.

31
Q

Defensive Pessimism

A

The adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one’s anxiety to motivate effective action.

32
Q

False Consensus Effect

A

The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors.

33
Q

False Uniqueness Effect

A

The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable or successful behaviors.

34
Q

Group-Serving Bias

A

Explaining away out group members’ positive behaviors; also attributingnegativebehaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one’s own group)

35
Q

Self-Handicapping

A

Protecting one’s self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure.

36
Q

Self-Presentation

A

The act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one’s ideals.

37
Q

Self-Monitoring

A

Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one’s performance to create the desired impression.

38
Q

Priming

A

Activating particular associations in memory.

39
Q

Embodied Cognition

A

The mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgments.

40
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Persistence of one’s initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.

41
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Incorporating “misinformation” into one’s memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it.

42
Q

Controlled Processing

A

“Explicit” thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious.

43
Q

Automatic Processing

A

“Implicit” thinking that is effortless, habituation, and without awareness (roughly corresponds to “intuition”)

44
Q

Overconfidence Phenomenon

A

The tendency to be more confident than correct – to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs.

45
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.

46
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

The tendency to presume that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member.

47
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace.

48
Q

Counterfactual Thinking

A

Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t.

49
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists.

50
Q

Illusion of Control

A

Perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one’s control or as more controllable than they are.

51
Q

Regression Toward the Mean

A

The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one’s average.

52
Q

Misattribution

A

Mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source.

53
Q

Attribution Theory

A

The theory of how people explain other’s behavior.

54
Q

Dispositional Attribution

A

Attributing behavior to the person’s disposition and traits.

55
Q

Situational Attribution

A

Attributing behavior to the environment.

56
Q

Spontaneous Trait Inference

A

En effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behavior.

57
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon other’s behavior.

58
Q

Behavioral Confirmation

A

A type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations.

59
Q

Attitude

A

A favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone.

60
Q

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A

A computer-driven assessment of implicit attitudes. The test uses reaction times to measure people’s automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluative words.

61
Q

Role

A

A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave.

62
Q

Foot-In-The-Door Phenomenon

A

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

63
Q

Lowball Technique

A

A tactic for getting people to agree to something. People who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requester ups the ante. People who receive only the costly request are less likely to comply with it.

64
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

Tension that arrises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions.

65
Q

Selective Exposure

A

The tendency to seek information and media that agree with one’s views and to avoid dissonant information.

66
Q

Insufficient Justification

A

Reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one’s behavior when external justification is “insufficient”

67
Q

Self-Perception Theory

A

The theory that when we are unsure of our attitudes we infer them much as would someone observing us – by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs.

68
Q

Facial Feedback Effect

A

The tendency of facial expressions to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.

69
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

The result of bribing people to do what they already like doing (they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing).

70
Q

Self-Affirmation Theory

A

The theory that…
–>People often experience a self-image threat after engaging in an undesirable behavior
–>They can compensate by affirming another aspect of the self
Threaten people’s self-concept in one domain, and they will compensate either by refocusing or by doing good deeds in some other domain.

71
Q

Depressive Realism

A

The tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate rather than self-serving judgements, attributions, and predictions.

72
Q

Explanatory Style

A

One’s habitual way of explaining life events. A negative, pessimistic, depressive explanatory style attributes failure to stable, global, and internal causes.

73
Q

Social Psychology

A

The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another

Flashcards (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions