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social psychology in paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

agency theory

what is autonomous state?

A

when your in control of your own behaviour and therefore will need to take responsibility for your own actions.

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2
Q

agency theory

what is agentic state?

A

if the authority is legitimate, we change from an autonomous state to an agentic state.

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3
Q

agency theory

what is moral strain?

A

feeling stressed when obeying orders that causes harm or doesnt comply with your morals.

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4
Q

agency theory

what is a binding factor?

A

factors that lead you to listen to an authoritive figure.

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5
Q

agency theory

what is a strength of this theory?

A

Supports research evidence
- milgrams study
. 100% administered shocks up to 300V to a confederate when ordered to.
Hofling et al
- 21/22 nurses followed the doctors order to administer a deadly amount of drugs.

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6
Q

agency theory

what is a weakness of this theory?

A

Doesnt explain obedience completely.
- 35% didnt administer to deadly shock.
- human behvaiour is more complicated.
Buger study
- desire for control affected obedience, clear personality traits are involved with the level of obedience.

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7
Q

social impact theory

what is social impact?

A

The effect that real or imagined people can have on our behaviour.
Social impact theory describes how all people have ‘social force fields’ or psychosocial forces that affect our interactions.

impact on target = stregnth x immediacy x number of sources

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8
Q

social impact theory

what is stregnth?

A

percieve power or authority
- appearing charasmatic or intense.
- affected by wealth, status, age, relationships.

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9
Q

social impact theory

what is immediacy?

A

the closeness of the source and target.
could be physical distance or even time difference.

texting you has less of an impact than when they are over your shoulder

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10
Q

social impact theory

what is the number of sources?

A

The number of people involved in the situation.
This can add to or detract from social impact.

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11
Q

social impact theory

what is psychosocial law?

A

The most significant difference in social impact will occur in the transition from 0 to 1 source and as the number of sources increases, there are diminishing returns for the social forces.

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12
Q

social impact theory

what is diminshing returns?

A

At a certain point, each additional source has less of an impact.

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13
Q

social impact theory

what is division of impact?

A

The target number of targets, the lesser the impact.

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14
Q

social impact theory

what is a stregnth of this theory?

A

Supports research evidence
- sedikies and jackson
- 224 participants, as the experiment went on less and less complied.
- behaviour measured 4 times to test immediacy.

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15
Q

social impact theory

what is a weakness of this theory?

A

Immediacy may not have as much of an impact as what Bibb Latane proposed.
- Hofling et al
- contradicts it
- doctor wasnt present (low immediacy) yet 21/22 nurses complied.

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16
Q

milgrams study

what was the aim of the study?

A
  • To investigate how obedience may have led to the atrocities commited in Nazi controlled Germany durring WWII.
  • To test the extent of humans willingliness to obey orders from an authoritive figure.
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17
Q

milgrams study

what was the procedure?

A
  • 40 volunteers from New Haven, all white men, aged 20-50.
  • they are given ‘learner’ and ‘teacher’ roles but its rigged.
  • if the learner gets the answer wrong, the teacher every wrong answer. (15v to 450v)
  • to show its real 45v was given to participants.
  • an audio of learner screaming would play, eventually theyll stop responding.
  • prods were given if they tried to stop.
  • afterwards they were told the truth.
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18
Q

milgram study

what were the findings of the study?

A
  • all participants continued up to 300v.
  • 65% of participants delievered the maximum 450v shock.
  • 14/40 participants showed nervous laughter.
  • 3/40 participants had seizures.
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19
Q

milgram study

what was the conclusion of the study?

A
  • most people would harm others as long as they are being instructed by an authority figure.
  • obedience to authority is ingrained in most people.
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20
Q

milgrams study

whats a stregnth of the study?

A

Highly controlled
- instructions, researcher, prods, everything was the same throughout.
Useful real life applications
- tarmow (2000), trained pilots, reduced crashes.
High validity
- hofling et al, 21/22 nurses obeyed.
- burger (2009), 70% continued, applies to modern day.

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21
Q

milgram study

what is a weakness of this study?

A

Low population validity
- 40 males from New Haven USA.
Lack of mundane realism
- wouldnt have to shock a peson in real life Participants exposed to stressful situations
- 3 had seizures
- defence: effects were short term
Participants were told experiment was to do with punishment and learning.
- roles were rigged
- defence: no choice, wouldnt get the right results
Many prods were given (right to withdraw)
- defence: could leave, free will.

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22
Q

milgram variation study

explain variation 7 (telephonic instructions)

A
  • aimed to see if proximity affected obedience.
  • 22.5% obeyed.
  • people gave lower shocks than what they were told.
  • other studies support this showing its reliability (sedikides and jackson)
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23
Q

milgram variation study

explain variation 10 (rundwon office block)

A
  • aimed to see whether legitimacy of environment would affect obedience.
  • set up in a less prestigious commercial building and run by an unknown organisation (resesrch associates of bridgeport)
  • 40% obeyed.
  • high level of validity, natural behaviour most likely shown.
  • managed to collect quantitive and qualitative data.
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24
Q

milgram variation study

explain variation 13 (ordianary man)

A
  • aimed to see whether legitmacy of authority would affect obedience.
  • recorder took over once experiment left.
  • 20% obeyed
  • suppoerts other studies results so its reliable (sedikides and jackson)
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25
Q

burger study

what was the aim of this study?

A
  • to investigate whether there is a difference in the level of obedience that people exhibit in the modern day.
  • to investigate if personality factors such as empathy and desire for control affect obedience.
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26
Q

burger study

what was the procedure of this study?

A
  • 29 men and 41 women aged 20-81
  • people who took psychology or would’ve founded experiment stressful were excluded (interviewed them)
  • personality questionnaires]
  • similar to milgrams
  • participants told they could leave multiple times.
  • consent forms were signed.
  • 15v to 150v, pre-recorded sounds after 75v and 150v.
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27
Q

burger study

what were the findings of this study?

A
  • 33% of men and 27.3% of women stopped at 150v or earlier (30% together)
  • 66.7% of men and 72.7% of women went to continue after 150v (70% together)
  • out of those who stopped earlier, 19.2% had empathic concern and 106.92% had desire for control.
  • out of those who went to continue, 19,25% had empathic concern and 98.24% had desire for control.
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28
Q

burger study

what was concluded?

A
  • the level of obedience shown in Milgrams study was not era bound or male bound.
  • reliable as results were replicated.
  • a lack of empathy is not the reason that people followed orders to harm others.
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29
Q

burger study

what was a stregnth of this study?

A
  • high internal validity
    screening done
  • reliable
    replicated from milgrams study, adding to the inter-rater reliability.
  • followed BPS guidlines
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30
Q

burger study

what was a weakness of this study?

A
  • low mundane realism
    shocks is out of the ordinary
  • low generaliability
    people anxiety removed, people who were tested couldve been robust.
  • low application
    Ended at 150v mark which is before participants felt intense internal conflict.
    Cant be used to understand obedience in reall ife situations.
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31
Q

factors affecting obedience

what is individualism

A
  • each individual takes care of themselves.
  • independence and personal identity are promoted, more resistant to compliance.
  • likely to describe themselves in terms of personality traits (im funny)
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32
Q

factors affecting obedience

what is collectivism?

A
  • people identify with and take care of respective families and communities.
  • cooperation and compliance for the stability of the group.
  • likely to describe themselves in social relationship roles (im a good parent)
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33
Q

factors affecting obediene

what is power distance?

A
  • the measure of how accepting people are of inequality amd hierachy in society.
  • high P.D. = subordinate more likely to accept authority.
  • low P.D. = subordinate more likely to question authority, increasing rates of dissent.
34
Q

factors affecting obedience

evaluating obedience and culture

A

cultural dimensions correlate with obedience.
- kilnam and mann (1974)
- low obedience in australia (28%), P.D. was 36%
- dolinski et al (2017)
- high obedience in poland (90%), P.D. was 68%
- useful in prediciting obedience.

35
Q

factors affecting obedience

what leads to an authoritarian personality

A
  • having parents that have a psychological need for domination and onese who harshly threaten their child to compel obedience.
  • due to that the child suffers emotionally from the supression of their feelings of agression and rage.
  • leading to them following rules and hierachies and being obedient to those considered above them.
36
Q

factors affecting obedience

what studies prove obedience and personality are linked?

A
  • burger (2009)
  • elms and milgram (1966)
    compareed 20 obedient and 20 disobedient people, obedient participants scored higher on the F-scale (authoritarian personality)
37
Q

factors affecting obedience

what is an internal locus of control?

A
  • someone with a high internal locus control would believe they are personally incontrol.
  • they take more responsibility.
  • more liokely to dissent.
38
Q

factors that affect obedience

what is an external locus of control?

A
  • someone with a high external locus of control would believe that they have no control over the world.
  • they take less responsibility and blame others.
  • more likely to obey.
39
Q

factors affecting obedience

evaluating personality as a factor.

A
  • oliner and oliner (1998)
    406 of the rescuers who had resisted orders, were more likely to have a high LOC.
    Therefore making it difficult to conclude LOC as the only factor.
  • schurz (1985)
    Those who fully obeyed in giving painful doses of ultrasound did not really differ from those who resisted in terms of their scores on LOC.
    Personality has a little impact on obedience.
40
Q

factors affecting obedience

what did gilligan and attanucci research find out about women and men?

A
  • men are more preoccupied with fairness.
  • women are more preoccupied with care.
  • suggesting women would be less obedient in tasks that require harming others.
41
Q

factors affecting obedience

what did burger find out about gender difference in obedience?

A
  • there isnt much difference.
  • 66.7% of men obeyed in comparison to 72.7%, goes against Giligan and Attunaccis study.
  • gender doesnt play a big role in the level of obedience.
42
Q

Sherif et al, Robbers cave study

what was the aim of this study?

A
  • To find out what factors make 2 groups develop hostile relationships and then to see how this hostility can be reudeced.
  • Also to see how competition impacts 2 groups.
43
Q

sherif et al, robbers cave study

what was the procedure of this study?

A
  • patricipants were 22, 11 year old boys who didnt know eachother and all came from middle classes protestant families.
  • Stage 1: the boys were split into 2 groups, they did activities like swimming and camping, the boys also formed social hierachies and roles, one group being called the ‘rattlers’ and the other ‘eagles’
  • Stage 2: the 2 groups were told about each other, they had to cmpete with one another i.e. baseball and tug of war where only one group got things like pocket knives and money.
    This is where prejudice began to start, they burnt eachother flags and named called, ‘your not eagles your pigeons’ ‘stinky’
  • Stage 3: the experiments had the boys do activities togther like eating but that wasnt as affective so they had to work eachother i.e. fixing the water tank and build another camp, this reduced prejudice.
44
Q

sherif et al, robbers cave study

what were the findings of this study?

A
  • in stage 2, the boys preffered their own group compared to ther one, they didnt see them as friends were as in stage 3 this changed, showing the decrease in prejudice.
    6.4 % of rattlers and 7.5% of eagles considered someone in the other group as friends which changed to 36.4% rattlers and 23.2% of eagles.
  • Joint problem solving reduced hostility.
45
Q

sherif et al, robbers cave study

what was concluded from this study?

A
  • when separate groups are in competition, theyll become unfriendly and begin to demonstrate prejudice.
  • prejudice can be reduced with comparitive goals and activities.
46
Q

sherif et al, robbers cave study

whats a stregnth of this study?

A
  • Boys were carefully matched.
    Researches spent 300 hours matching the 2 groups, they were as similar as possible.
    Meaning there was no pre-existing group identity, the identies made and prejudice was created through competition.
47
Q

sherif et al, robbers cave study

what was a weakness of this study?

A
  • The circumstances that cause prejudice might be more specific than what the study suggests.
    Tyerman and Spencer (1983), all the boys knew eachother and there was no prejudice or ill will when competing.
    Suggesting it only happemns with groups who dont know it each other.
48
Q

realistic confflict theory

what is intergroup competition?

A
  • competitions between individuals from different groups.
  • i.e. the 2 groups competed for prizes
49
Q

realisitc conflict theory

what is negative interdependence?

A
  • when both groups are seeking the same goal but only 1 group can attain it.
  • only 1 winner.
  • leading to groups becoming hostile towards out-group but increases solidarity within the in-group.
  • i.e. insulted other group ‘stinky’
50
Q

realistic conflict theory

what is limited resources?

A
  • scarce resources or power and prestige.
  • i.e. competed for pocket knives, money and trophies.
51
Q

realistic conflict theory

what is positive interdependence?

A
  • when groups have to be reliant on eachother to achieve a goal, the prejudice can decrease.
  • i.e when the groups had to come together to fix the water tank.
52
Q

realistic conflict theory

what is superordinate goals?

A
  • goals which can only be achieved through intergroup cooperation.
  • decreasing prejudice.
  • i.e. made a new campsite and fixed the water tank.
53
Q

social identity theory

what is social identity theory?

A
  • The assumption that most important feature of peoples attempt to make sense of the social world is in the classification of groups as ‘us’ or ‘them’.
  • So making a distinction between in goups and outgroups.
54
Q

Tajfel (1970)

what was the aim of the study?

A
  • To investigate if intergroup discrimination would take place based on being put into different groups with consequent catergorisation into in-groups and out-groups in a situation where people had just met.
54
Q

Tajfel (1970)

what was the procedure of this study?

A
  • Sample of 64 school boys aged 14-15 from a state schol in the UK.
  • The boys were told that the psyhcologist was intrested in visual judgement and therefore the boys had to estimate the number of dots in each cluster.
  • The boys were then catergorised on the basis of over or underestimations.
  • They were then asked to give rewards of real money to the other boys, they were given an 18 paged booklet with sets of numbers that they had to choose from to determine the amount each group would get.
55
Q

Tajfel (1970)

what were the findings of this study?

A
  • A large majority of the boys gave more mone to memebers of their own group than to members of the other group.
56
Q

Tajfel (1970)

what was the second procedure of this study?

A
  • 3 new groups of 16 boys were tested.
  • They were divided based on their artistics preferences.
  • They were shown 12 paintings and then randomly told that they preferred Paul Klee or Wassily Kandinsky.
  • They were then asked to fill out a simiar booklet to first procedure.
57
Q

Tajfel (1970)

What was the aim of the second procedure?

A
  • To see which of the 3 variables would have the greatest effect on the boys choices: Maximum joint profit or largest possible reward to in-group or maximum difference.
58
Q

Tajfel (1970)

What were the findings of the second procedure?

A
  • The most important factor was maximizing the difference between the 2 groups.
59
Q

Tajfel (1970)

what was concluded?

A
  • Out-group discrimination is very easily triggered and once triggered discrimination tends to occur.
  • In group favouritism, therefore supporting Social identity theory.
60
Q

Social identity theory

What is categorisation?

A
  • The seperation of people into groups, the process is automatic and can occur without conflict.
  • e.g. lanyards
61
Q

Social identity theory

What is identification?

A
  • When the individual starts to adopt the same vales and beliefs of the group and may start to change their behaviour to fit in.
  • If the group is doing well, theyll feel better about themselves. (affects their self-esteem)
  • e.g. adopting college ethos
62
Q

Social identity theory

What is social comparison?

A
  • When the individual compares their own group to others.
63
Q

Social identity theory

What is positive distinctiveness?

A
  • In these comparisons, people tend to notice things that make their group appear superior, making them feel better about belonging to to their group.
  • Theyll also further treat the outgroup negatively which boots thheir self-esteem.
  • e.g. more/better skills.
64
Q

social identity theory

whats a stregnth of this theory?

A
  • Tafjels minimal group paradigm study supports social identity theory as an explanation for prejudice.
    . boys were assigned groups at random and thry knew eachother before.
    . therefore showing that as long as theres groups, prejudice will occur, regardless of competition.
65
Q

social identity theory

whats a weakness of this theory?

A
  • the theory on attitudes towards outgroups however may be ethnocentric to western cultures.
    . Wetherall (1982) found that her replication of Tafjels experiment on NZ school kids outcome was more generous with their ppoints.
    . suggesting that SIL may be ethnocentric as if fails to predict the non-prejudice behaviours of collectivists cultures.
66
Q

factors affecting prejudice

how can situational factors affect prejudice?

A
  • individualism (realistic conflict theory)
  • Prejudice can increase if the situation is one where there is direct competition for limited commodities like jobs and money. (filindra and pearson-merkowitz (2013) increase prescence of immigrants led to immigration policies)
67
Q

factors affecting prejudice

how can culture affect prejudice?

A
  • Baldwin (2017) stated all people believe that their culture is better than others (ethnocentrism).
  • Collectivists cultures tend to be more focused on sharing and cooperation so this might reduce discrimination. (Weatherall)
  • Individualist cultures may have more of a competitive mindset due to trying to achieve indivual success.
68
Q

factors affecting prejudice

how can personality affect prejudice?

A
  • authoritarian personality = expressing fustrations on others (scapegoating) and are prejudice towards those they deem socially inferior.
  • right wing authoritarianism personality type develops a reaction to fear and uncertainty , they seek security in social order, they are hostile towards those who defy these norms. (cohrs et al (2012) correlation between RWA and prejudice)
69
Q

individual differences and development factors

what is Gilligans reasoning model?

A
  • Women think about caring for others when making moral decisions.
  • Girls exhibit distinct patterns of moral development based on realationships, care and responsibility for others, making them less obedient when orders are given to harm others.
  • Men care more about justice and are more detatched and are more likely to obey.
70
Q

individual differences and development factors

what evidence is there towards gender?

A
  • Evidence: Gilligans ideas are supported by research evidence, when men and women where presented with ethical dilemas (justice and care orientation) women tend to choose care, making them less obedient.
  • Counter evidence: Burger found women were slightly more obedient than men.
71
Q

indivdual differences and development factors

how is personality an explanation for obedience?

A
  • Stregnth: Elms and Milgram (1966), obedient participants scored higher on the F-scale and had characteristics of an authoritarian personality.
  • Weakness: Schurz (1985), found personality doesnt affect obedience, the participants who obeyed didnt significantly differ from those who resisted in terms of their scores on locus of control questionnaire.
72
Q

research methods

what are the different types of interviews?

A
  • structured interview - standerised, all participants asked the same questions, normally closed.
  • semi-structured - interviewer may ask follow up questions.
  • unstructured - free flowing rather than rigid.
73
Q

research methods

what are the different methods of sampling?

A
  • random sampling, everyone has an equal chance of being selected.
  • opportunity sampling, using anyone is avaliable.
  • volunteer sampling
  • stratified sampling, if the target population has a prominent characteristics that need to be proportionately represented.
74
Q

research methods

what is a hypotheses?

A
  • hypotheses are specific testable predictions about what you expect to find after analysing the data from your participants.
75
Q

research methods

what are the different types of hypotheses?

A
  • alternative - a prediction used in research that states a definite difference will be found in the data.
  • null - a prediction used in research that states no effect will be found.
76
Q

research methods

what ethical guidelines must researchers follow?

A
  • respect
  • consent
  • deception
  • withdrawl
  • competence
  • responsibility, avoid harm and debrief participants.
  • integrity, being honest and avoid forming relationships
77
Q

research methods

what are the different levels of measurement in data?

A
  • nominal - when data forms discrete categories i.e. gender and ethnicity.
  • ordinal - where numbers are rankings rather than scores themselves (1-5) i.e. grades and economic status.
  • interval/ratio - where an individual score for each participant is gathered and the score can be identified using a recognised scale i.e. time and weight.
78
Q

resesrch methods

what are the different measures of central tendency?

A
  • mean
  • median
  • mode
79
Q

research methods

what are the different measures of dispersion?

A
  • range
  • standard deviation, a large one = alot of variation.
80
Q

resesrch methods

what is thematic analysis?

A
  • an analysis of qualitative data.
  • allows pyschologists to reduce large amounts of data to patterns, trends and themes.

edexcel alevel psychology (2 decks)

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