Social Psychology Flashcards
Schizophrenia and Hindsight Bias.
- People w/ Schizophrenia are more strongly affected by hindsight bias.
- Newly learned info combined w/ REJECTION of past memories can disconfirm behavior and enhance delusions.
COUNTERFACTUAL THINKING
- Questioning one’s actions as to the wonder if things could have turned out differently. I.E. “What if I left 10 minutes later? Would I still have gotten in that accident?”
- Overall, this thinking is more likely to produce negative emotions.
- “Upward” or “Downward” counterfactuals.
- Aristotle & Plato began thinking about this phenomenon.
REGRESSION TOWARD THE MEAN
- When a non-random sample is selected, the average of that sample tends to regress towards the mean.
- i.e. Olympic Gold medalists tend to have a dip in performance after the Olympics. They were likely hitting their peak performance in the Olympics.
- This is observed in a range of areas: Economy, politics, sports, and evolution,
TESTOSTERONE and AGGRESSION
-Hormones are also important in creating aggression.
-The sex hormone testosterone is associated w/ increased aggression in both animals & humans.
-weaker correlation in humans vs animals.
-Engaging in aggression causes temporary increases in testosterone.
-Experience of stress = more aggression and testosterone.
-Serotonin tends to INHIBIT aggression.
-Low levels of Serotonin tends to PREDICT FUTURE AGGRESSION.
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AUTOKINETIC EFFECT
- Autokinesis: A phenomenon of visual perception in which a stationary, small point of light in an otherwise dark or featureless environment appears to move.
- Autokinesis occurs when no eye movements happen.
- Eye movements which correct movements due to muscle fatigue are wrongly interpreted in the brain as movement of the perceived light.
SOCIAL FACILITATION
- an increase in performance on a task that occurs when the task is performed in the presence of others.
- i.e. when playing sports.
SOCIAL INHIBITION
- when the presence of others makes performance worse.
- i.e. when giving a speech.
SOCIAL LOAFING
- reduced effort a person puts into a task as a result of the size of the group.
- i.e. if you are lifting a large box, it takes great effort, but if you are one of 4 people lifting, you may tend to put less effort than your share in hope others won’t KNOW you are SLACKING OFF.
- Studies began w/ rope pulling experiments by Ringelmann.
- people slack because you feel your effort doesn’t matter to the group.
- in US culture men loaf more than women.
- collectivist societies do less social loafing (China)
GROUP POLARIZATION
- Exaggeration of our initial attitudes.
- when a JUDGEMENT or decision of a group is more extreme than what individual members of the group would have reached on their own.
- i.e. people w/negative racial attitudes are placed into a group and told to discuss racial issues, those who started off the experiment with high prejudice often end up with an even higher prejudice after the discussion.
FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
- pertains to the process of judging the behaviors of others.
- people are more likely to overestimate the role of dispositional attributes and underestimate the role of the situation.
- i.e. if your friend is late to the movies you blame the lateness on laziness or procrastination INSTEAD of the traffic jam or a car accident.
SHARED OPINIONS
- having shared opinions is a basis for interpersonal attraction and is generally thought of as a FORM OF SOCIAL REINFORCEMENT.
- if we are praised for our opinions, when tend to prefer their company.
- age and race tends to be a good predictor of interpersonal attraction.
MERE EXPOSURE EFFECT
- also called the FAMILIARITY PRINCIPLE
- people are more likely to be attracted to those in close physical proximity.
- more familiar
- Gustav Fechner
COMPLIANCE
-is the propensity to give in to the requests of others even at the expense of your own interests.
FOOT-IN-THE-DOOR PHENOMENOM
- which involves making requests in small steps at first
- then they WORK UP TO BIG REQUESTS.
- one’s likelihood of compliance for a request also depends on our regard for the person making the request. THE MORE highly we regard the person making the request, the more likely we are to comply with the person’s request.
What INCREASES MOTIVATION to
NOT social loaf?
- when individuals have high expectations about the GOAL
- really VALUE the goal
