Social Psychology Flashcards
Philip Zimbardo
Prison experiment (6 days - the guards became evil and by the end everyone thought it was a real prison), fried grasshopper experiment
Solomon Asch
Developed the line test to test for conformity- people conformed 33% of the time
Robert Cialdini
Developed the foot-in-the-door phenomenon, “start small and build”
John Darley
Worked with Bibb Latane to decipher why people performed better when being watched by others (ex: emergencies)
Leon Festinger
Proposed the cognitive dissonance theory
Irving Janis
Coined the term “groupthink”, studied how it affected politics
Bibb Latane
Worked with Darley about people’s behavior when watched by others, was French. WEIRD name.
Stanley Milgram
Student of Asch, shock experiments with the “teacher” and “learner”, tested obedience (which varied based on circumstances in each experiment)
Muzafer Sherif
Boy scout experiment- created conflict and then used superordinate goals to override it
Social psychology
explore how we think about, influence, and relate to each other
attribution theory
internal disposition or external situations, proposed by Fritz Heider
situational attribution
we attribute something to the situation
dispositional attribution
we attribute something to our personality
fundamental attribution error
we overestimate the influence of personality
actor-observer effect
seeing the world from the actor’s perception we better appreciate the situation, how we view thing from the outside or n the actor’s view
self-serving bias
we like to skew our perceptions to make ourselves seem better, like attributing good things to ourselves and bad to the situation
central route persuasion
people are analytical and involved with the problem, giving facts, demonstrating, etc. (focus on arguments and respond with favorable thoughts), less superficial
peripheral route persuasion
people respond to incidental cues, attractiveness, celebrity endorsement, etc. (faster judgements)
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
people agree to a small action and then are more likely to agree to a larger one -Cialdini
familiarity effect
being familiar/ recognizing with something and thus being affected by it (ex: oreo)
validity effect
you hear about something often and thus believe it more (ex: I’ve heard it a lot, so it’s probably true)
role
the set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
cognitive dissonance theory
when we know our attitudes and actions don’t match -Festinger
conformity
adjusting behavior and thinking toward a group standard, Chartrand studied the chameleon effect where humans copycat and Asch developed the line test
normative social influence
we understand social norms because the price for being different is severe, influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
informational social influence
influence resulting from willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
social facilitation
people perform better when competing against others- only in simple tasks. For harder ones, people performed worse when being watched.
social loafing
tendency for people to work less in a group
deindividuation
abandoning normal restraints to power of group, loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity (ex: KKK, riots, food fights, tribal masks, etc.)
group polarization
amplification of group’s prevailing tendencies- terrorism!
Groupthink
to preserve good feelings dissents are self-censored, desire for harmony in a group- Janis came up with this
culture norm
rules for accepted and expected behavior
personal space
body buffer zone! (personal bubble please)
Prejudice
prejudgement (the attitude, not the action)
Stereotype
a trait commonly associated with a type of person (ex: dumb blondes), rationalize inequalities
ethnocentrism
people believe their own race is best
contact hypothesis
interaction/ contact can help people accept each other
discrimination
predisposition to action (the prejudiced beliefs may influence such acts)
implicit and explicit attitudes
internal and external attitudes (what we really feel vs. what we show or say on the outside)
Implicit Association Test
test what people associate other people with (ex: black names = violence)
Ingroup
“us”-a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity
Outgroup
“them”-a group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup.
ingroup bias
people like their own group best
scapegoat theory
finding someone to blame releases tension
other-race effect
tendency to recognize your own race more accurately
social identity
we associate ourselves with certain groups and contrast ourselves with others
ethnic identity
we associate ourselves with a certain ethnicity and contrast ourselves with others
just-world phenomenon
Good behavior is rewarded and bad behavior is punished, believe that other people get what they des
blaming the victim
people think that the victim is partly to blame for their situation
aggression
any physical/verbal behavior intended to destroy
frustration-aggression principle
frustration creates anger which may create aggression
mere-exposure effect
familiarity breeds fondness
passionate love
physical arousal and cognitive appraisal, temporary, beginning of a love relationship
companionate love
deep affectionate attachment, comes after passionate stage
equity
both partners receive in proportion to what they give
self-disclosure
revealing intimate details about ourselves
altruism
unselfish regard for welfare of others
bystander effect
when more people share the responsibility to help, any single observer is less likely to help
diffusion of responsibility
bystander effect, people feel less responsible when in the presence of others
social exchange theory
maximize reward and minimize cost
the theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one’s rewards and minimize one’s costs.
reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
social-responsibility norm
we help others who need our help, expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
conflict
perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas
social trap
harm collective well-being by pursuing personal interests
mirror-image perceptions
each demonizes the other
self-fulfilling prophecy
influence makes you act so that it comes true (Ex: You think he hates you, so you act coldly to him. He is offended and thus does hate you)
superordinate goals
goals that bring people together to cooperate
attitude
feelings that influence our thoughts, actions, etc.
central route to persuasion
persuasion that occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.
peripheral route to persuasion
persuasion that occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.
normative influence
conformity based on a person’s desire to fulfill others’ expectations, often to gain acceptance.
informational influence
conformity occurring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people
social facilitation
(1) original meaning-the tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present (2) current meaning-strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses owing to the presence of others.
GRIT
acronym for “graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction”-a strategy designed to de-escalate international tensions.
group polarization
group-produced enhancement of members’ preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members’ average tendency, not a split within the group.
culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
prejudice
a negative prejudgment of a group and its individual members
just-world phenomenon
the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
