Social Psychology

Question 1

Social: Causal Attributions: Causal attributions are defined as:

Answer 1

inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behaviors

Question 2

Attributions can be either:

Answer 2

internal also known as (AKA) dispositional or external AKA situational;
stable or unstable;
specific or global.

Question 3

What causal attributions may an individual with an optimistic explanatory style employ as an explanation for the failing attempt? (Failing the EPPP)

Answer 3

external
unstable (effort)
specific

Question 4

What causal attributions may an individual with a negative explanatory style employ as an explanation for the failing attempt? (failing the EPPP)

Answer 4

internal aka dispositional
stable (effort)
global

Question 5

What are biases affecting causal attributions?

Answer 5

Fundamental attribution error
Actor-observer affect
Self-servicing bias
Ultimate attribution error
group attribution error

Question 6

What is fundamental attribution error?

Answer 6

blame the victim, 2 people involved. In social psychology, fundamental attribution error, also known as correspondence bias or attribution effect, is a cognitive attribution bias in which observers underemphasize situational and environmental factors for the behavior of an actor while overemphasizing dispositional or personality factors

Question 7

What is actor-observer effect?

Answer 7

the same negative consequence to two consequences. involves 2 people. For example, if you perform poorly on a test, you might blame the result on external factors such as teacher bias or the questions being harder than usual. However, if a classmate fails the same test, you might attribute their failure to a lack of intelligence or preparation

Question 8

What is self-servicing bias?

Answer 8

always going to do with you. The tendency to attribute our successes to internal, personal factors, and our failures to external, situational factors. In other words, we like to take credit for our triumphs, but we are more likely to blame others or circumstances for our shortcomings.

Question 9

What is the ultimate attribution error?

Answer 9

external excuse for their
behavior majority minority would be external
ingroup majority
outgroup minority internal

Question 10

What is group attribution error?

Answer 10

The group attribution error refers to people’s tendency to use a group’s decision to attribute correspondent attitudes to its members, even when information is available that indicates that all members do not support the decision. One person.

Question 11

What is controlled processing?

Answer 11

One definition of a controlled process is an intentionally-initiated sequence of cognitive activities. In other words, when attention is required for a task, we are consciously aware and in control. Controlled processes require us to think about situations, evaluate and make decisions.

Question 12

What is automatic processing?

Answer 12

Automatic processing is a type of thinking or cognition that does not involve any effort or deliberation. It is also known as unconscious processing and often occurs almost like an automatic reflex. One does not have to try to do it.

Question 13

What errors and biases caused by Automatic processing?

Answer 13

confirmation bias
illusory correlation
base rate fallacy
hindsight bias “knew it all along”
false consensus effect/consensus bias
gambler’s fallacy/Monte Carlo fallacy
spotlight effect
sunk-cost fallacy/Concorde effect
counterfactual thinking
illusory control
illusion of tranparency

Question 14

What is a confirmation bias?

Answer 14

only pay attention to things of what we
Already think
tendency to seek pay attention to concerns that validates our own biases.

Question 15

Illusory correlation?

Answer 15

two variables that aren’t related but only
Slightly related
over estimating the relationship between unrelated things.

Question 16

Base rate fallacy?

Answer 16

percentage of ppl who or something happening to
tendency to ignore or underuse base rate info instead
being influenced the distinctive features of case being judged

Question 17

Hindsight bias/effect?

Answer 17

Hindsight 2020. The term “hindsight bias” refers to the tendency people have to view events as more predictable than they really are. Before an event takes place, while you might be able to offer a guess as to the outcome, there is really no way to actually know what’s going to happen.

Question 18

False consensus effect/consensus bias?

Answer 18

tends to overestimate the extent to which
other ppl share our opinions our values our beliefs
found to effect judgments in a variety of situations

Question 19

Gambler’s fallacy/Monte Carlo fallacy?

Answer 19

you try to predict chance events keep betting
particular chance event is a predictor of
future events not the case.

Question 20

Spotlight effect?

Answer 20

more ppl take note of your actions who they
are and their appearance. Social Anxiety.

Question 21

Under the Spotlight effect what is Imaginary Audience (Elkind)?

Answer 21

The imaginary audience refers to a psychological state where an individual imagines and believes that multitudes of people are listening to or watching them. It is one of the mental constructs in David Elkind’s idea of adolescent egocentrism (along with the personal fable).

Question 22

Sunk-cost fallacy/Concorde effect?

Answer 22

This incident gave birth to the term “Concorde fallacy,” which describes how people continue with failing endeavors because they’ve already invested so much. But more commonly, the Concorde fallacy is called by another name—the sunk cost fallacy.

Question 23

Counterfactual thinking?

Answer 23

the woulda coulda shoulda
involve imagine better or worse outcomes
something is personally relevant

Question 24

Illusory control?

Answer 24

the belief that ppl can influence events
outside of their control Superstitious behaviors

Question 25

Illusion of transparency?

Answer 25

ppl can see right through belief that
ppl know your innermost thoughts feelings

Question 26

Define heuristics.

Answer 26

Heuristics is the process by which humans use mental shortcuts to arrive at decisions. Heuristics are simple strategies that humans, animals, organizations, and even machines use to quickly form judgments, make decisions, and find solutions to complex problems.

Question 27

Representativeness heuristic/prototype heuristic?

Answer 27

The representativeness heuristic involves estimating the likelihood of an event by comparing it to an existing prototype that already exists in our minds. This prototype is what we think is the most relevant or typical example of a particular event or object.

Question 28

What is conjunction fallacy under representativeness heuristic/prototype heuristic?

Answer 28

The `Conjunction Fallacy’ is a fallacy or error in decision making where people judge that a conjunction of two possible events is more likely than one or both of the conjuncts.

Question 29

Availability heuristic?

Answer 29

The availability heuristic, also known as availability bias, is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person’s mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision.

Question 30

Anchoring and adjustment heuristic?

Answer 30

One way to make judgments under uncertainty is to anchor on information that comes to mind and adjust until a plausible estimate is reached.

Question 31

Simulation heuristic?

Answer 31

The simulation heuristic is a psychological heuristic, or simplified mental strategy, according to which people determine the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to picture the event mentally