Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC112 > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 approaches to social psychology (how do we believe people’s behaviours are influenced)?

A

Cognitive, learning, motivational, biological and cultural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the cognitive perspective?

A

Idea that perception influences behaviour. If we believe people’s actions are accidental, we tend to be unaffected. (less aggression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the learning perspective?

A

emphasises principles of reinforcement and imitation; ignores cognition and posits that behaviour is observed and learnt from the past.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the motivational perspective?

A

Basic human needs; we have psychological needs where we require relationships & people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the biological perspective?

A

The evolutionary past and genetic predispositions influence our psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the cultural perspective?

A

Culture affects social behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 4 levels of explanation in psychology?

A

Intrapersonal, interpersonal, inter-group and societal levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the intrapersonal level?

A

Personal internal assessments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the interpersonal level?

A

Occurs between 2 people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the intergroup level?

A

Occurs between groups.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the societal level?

A

Cultural effects on behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What was Jean Jacques Rousseau’s opinion on the nature of humanity, and how did it differ from Thomas Hobbes’?

A

Rousseau believed humans were good by nature, with institutions making him bad vs Hobbes believed man to be brutish and solitary, requiring society’s civilising shackles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How did Freud view mankind’s nature?

A

He held similar opinions to Hobbes, stating that the human condition was a “seething cauldron of pleasure seeking instincts.” However, he believed our impulses will always find alternative ways to manifest, and were external restraints of society were internalised during childhood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 subsystems driving conflict within the subconscious?

A

Id, ego and superego.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the Id, according to Freud?

A

Most primitive part of the psyche and works on the pleasure principle, contains the most basic urges like hunger, thirst, comfort, warmth and sex. demands instant gratification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the Ego?

A

Works on the reality principle, satisfying the id pragmatically according to societal norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the SuperEgo?

A

Acting as a moral policeman, representing internalised rules of parents & society. If these rules are broken as the id surpasses the ego, the superego punishes the self through guilt, anxiety & self-reproach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are defence mechanisms for, according to Freud?

A

They manage the impulses that manifest through other outlets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 4 main defence mechanisms?

A

Displacement, reaction formation, projection and isolation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is displacement?

A

Impulses are redirected to safer courses (sexual energy channelled into running & exercise)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is reaction formation?

A

Expresses original wish in the opposite manner. (bullying gay people due to internalised homophobia, or bullying a person you like because you can’t handle your feelings)

22
Q

What is projection?

A

Urges are projected onto others. (you think someone doesn’t like you because maybe you don’t like them? projecting your own insecurities)

23
Q

What is isolation?

A

Awareness of memories but not emotions. (trauma, compartmentalisation where intense emotions are repressed)

24
Q

What are Freud’s different stages in which pleasure is achieved during a child’s development?

A

Oral (0 - 2), anal (2 - 4), phallic (4 - 6), latency (6 - 12) and genital (12+).

25
Q

What problems arise during the phallic stage?

A

Castration anxiety: born from the Oedipus Complex, the son worries that the father will catch onto his feelings for his mother and castrate him.

Electra Complex: Develops penis envy as she believes she has been castrated, thus turning to father for the return of this organ through a baby.

26
Q

What are some difficulties Freud associated with lack of attention during certain stages?

A

Oral: oral fixation, smoking, drinking, thumb sucking

Anal: obstinate, likes painting won’t spend money

Phallic: becoming gay

27
Q

What are the issues with Freud’s reasoning?

A

He lacked evidence, never studied children and his ideas were falsifiable.

28
Q

What claim did Freud make about how authoritarian aggression is caused?

A

Redirection of impulses repressed by harsh parents, leading to inflicting aggression upon those with less power. However, studies show that this is due to observational learning.

29
Q

What did Bruner and Postman’s experiment reveal about Freud’s claim that threatening stimuli is repressed?

A

It supported his claim as participants hesitated when reporting threatening words seen in the tachistoscope. However, experiment is flawed.

30
Q

What are the 3 components of attitude?

A

Affective, Behavioural and Cognitive.

31
Q

What are some techniques of measuring attitudes?

A

Likert scales, the bogus pipeline and electromyographies.

32
Q

What did LaPiere find out about the relationship between racist attitudes and behaviour?

A

Attitude doesn’t always predict behaviour. Only 1 restaurant refused the chinese couple service, but when LaPiere wrote to each establishment asking if they would accommodate to a Chinese couple, 92% said no.

33
Q

What is the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

A

This model explains why there are inconsistencies between attitudes and behaviours, according to 3 factors:

1) personal positive attitude towards the behaviour

2) norms support our attitudes

3) behaviour is within our control

34
Q

What did Himmelweit find out about the stability of attitudes?

A

In a 15-year study, he found that people’s attitudes towards capital punishment remained unchanged.

35
Q

Why do attitudes sometimes change?

A

When there is inconsistency between behaviour and attitude (cognitive dissonance), people may align their attitudes to fit behaviours since the behaviour is already done.

36
Q

What factors influence changes in attitude?

A

Credibility, trustworthiness, attractiveness and likeability. If a message is delivered quickly, over a period of time without hesitance + approached on a sunny day or when happy

37
Q

What are some emotional appeals to influence attitudes?

A

Moderate to strong fear is evoked, and feasible low cost ways to reduce the threat.

38
Q

What does attribution research explore?

A

It examines the extent to which perceptions of why (causes) things happen affects how they feel and react.

39
Q

What are some measurements of attribution?

A

Likert scales of external vs internal attributions.

40
Q

What are the consequences of attributions?

A

1) Frey & Rogner found that people were hospitalised longer 30 vs 20 days) when they felt they were to blame for the accident

2) Couples experiencing marital distress tended to attribute negative behaviour to internal characteristics

3) Men, aged 45 - 60, who explained past events through reference to internal characteristics experienced poorer health

41
Q

What are the 2 motivational bases of attributions?

A

Self-esteem and control.

42
Q

How is self-esteem linked to attributions?

A

In 2 ways:

1) If we attribute successes to internal factors, we achieve & maintain high self-esteem.

2) If we attribute failures to internal factors, we suffer from low self-esteem.

43
Q

How do attributions link to control?

A

They enhance our sense of control. Attributing successes to internal factors = we are in control.

However, in striving to maintain control, we may engage in victim blaming, attributing bad experiences to other people’s intrinsic failings, so that the same thing won’t happen to us.

44
Q

What are the 4 levels of analysis?

A

Intrapersonal, interpersonal, inter-group and societal.

45
Q

What is the intrapersonal analysis of attributions?

A

It concerns

1) correspondence inference, where the behaviour matches internal dispositions. It helps people determine whether their behaviours are consistent, and whether they are due to internal or external attributes.

2) covariation
3) configuration

46
Q

How does one determine internal vs external attributes at an intrapersonal level?

A

Consistency - whether someone is always hostile

Consensus - whether other people are also hostile to you

Distinctiveness - whether said person is hostile to ONLY you

47
Q

What is the actor-observer effect?

A

People tend to attribute cause of their own actions to external factors, whilst cause of others’ = internal factors

48
Q

What is the self-serving bias?

A

People take credit for their successes, but not failures.

49
Q

Is there a difference between Western and non-Western societal views of explaining behaviour?

A

Yes. Western = favour internal attributions

Non-Western = favour external attributions

50
Q
A

PSYC112 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions